Computer 2.0 Batch RBE Ebook (With SSC TCS PYQ)
Computer 2.0 Batch RBE Ebook (With SSC TCS PYQ)
ENGLISH
CO
OMPuTER
2.0
ALL SSC EXAMS
(CGL, CHSL, DELHI POLICE
CONSTABLE,
DELHI POLICE HCM, CPO, ETC.)
Also Useful For:
HARYANA CET,
DSSSB DDA, BSSC,
RSSB UPSSSC, SBI
PO
SBI CLERK
SSC मतलब RADHIKA MAM
RBE
SSC CGL 2022 Toppers Review of RBE computer classes & PDF
Computer
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History of Computer
Computer
1. An electronic device that consists of hardware and software.
2. Hardware components describe the physical parts of
the computer.
3. Software controls hardware and run the operating
system, different programs and applications.
4. A computer system comprises a CPU, memory, Radhika Goel Mam
(SSC CGL Selected)
input/output devices and storage devices.
History
1. It started with the birth of abacus, a wooden rack
holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them.
2. In 1642, first digital(mechanical) computer was
developed by Blaise Pascal in 1642
3. In 1833, Charles Babbage conceived an automatic calculator
or computer which is why he is called as the Father of computer.
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4. In 1890, Punched cards (Tabulating machine) were used by Herman Hollerith and James
Powers. These could read the information that had been punched into the cards
automatically without human help.
5. Punch cards using computers (Turing machine) was created by IBM (International
Business Machines). These were electromechanical devices. These could add, multiply
and sort.
6. In 1942, ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator), a high speed electronic
computer was developed by John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly and their associated at
Moore school of Electrical Engineering of University.
It occupied entire 30 by 30 feet room.
Was about 1000 times faster than previous computers and used 18,000 vacuum
tubes.
SEMI-CONDUCTOR CHIP
Facts:
1. First computer programme was developed by Lady Ada Augusta, a student of Babbage.
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2. December 2 is observed as Computer Literacy Day.
3. First computer made in India was Siddharth, which was manufactured by Electronics
Corporation of India.
4. First computer in India was installed in the Main Post Office in Bengaluru.
5. First super computer of the world is CDC 6600 released in 1964.
Generations of Computer
Generation Period Main components Examples
I 1940-56 Electronic valve EDSAC, EDVAC,
vacuum tube UNIVAC
II 1957-63 Transistor IBM-700,1401,
1620 CDC-1604,
3600, ATLAS,
ICL-1901
III 1965-71 Integrated circuit IBM-360, 370,
NCR- 395, CDC-
1700, ICI-2903
IV 1971-Present Large integrated APPLE, DCM
circuit
V ------ Optical fibre,
Artificial
Intelligence
Types of Computer
On the basis of data handling capabilities, there are three types of computers:
Analog computer
Digital computer
Hybrid computer
On the basis of computing power and speed there are following types of computer:
Personal computer
Workstation
Minicomputer
Main frame
Super computer
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1. Analog Computer
These involve data that continually changes and does not have discrete values. Eg:
Mercury thermometer, Speedometer
2. Digital Computer
These accept the raw data as input, done in binary numbers (0 and 1). Eg: Laptop, Desktops,
Smart phones etc.
3. Hybrid Computers
These have features of both digital and analog computers. These can process both discrete and
continuous data.
Eg: processors used in petrol pumps ( as they calculate both quantity and price).
4. Personal Computer or Microcomputer
Based on microprocessor technology enabling manufacturers to put an entire CPU on a
single chip. Eg: Laptop or notebook computer
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5. Workstation
Computer that is used explicitly for engineering applications like CAD/CAM, software
development, desktop publishing.
6. Mini Computer
Comparatively larger than micro computer.
5 to 50 times more power than micro computer.
7. Mainframe Computer
More than 100 people can work at a time on different terminals by time sharing and
multi tasking techniques.
8. Super Computer
Very powerful, most expensive, fastest computers.
Able to process most complex jobs with a very high speed.
The first supercomputer was developed in 1976 by Roger Cray.
9. Quantum Computer
Development of this type of computer is in final stage.
In quantum computers, Q-Bit will be used in lieu of Binary Bits.
Organization of Computer
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Referred to as the brain of the computer.
Given the instructions and data through programs. The CPU then fetches the program and
data from the memory and performs arithmetic and logic operations as per the given
instructions and stores the result back to the memory.
CPU stores the data as well as instructions in its local memory called registers which
are limited in size and number.
Divided into three main components:
ALU (Arithmetic and logic unit)
Control Unit
Registers
Arithmetic and Logic unit
• ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations that need to be done as per
the instruction in a program.
Control unit
CU controls sequential instruction execution, interprets instructions and guides data
flow through computer’s memory, ALU and input or output devices.
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Registers
Storage locations that hold instructions or data while CPU is using them.
Input/Output
Input enables us to enter data into a computer. Eg: Keyboard and Mouse
Output enables the computer to show the results. Eg: Printer, Monitor, Speakers etc.
Input-output devices are also called peripheral devices.
These are also called interface as they translate information for man and machine.
Input Devices
OMR (Optical Mark Reader) is an input device capable of reading specially prepared forms
which have a provision for black marks in a specific positions.
MICR (Magnetic Ink character reader) is an input device used by the banks.
BCR (Bar code reader) is able to scan and decode barcodes.
QR (Quick response) contains a matrix of code.
Keyboards
Consists of following keys:
Alphabetical keys (A-Z, a-z), Number keys (0-9), Function keys (F1 to F12), modifier keys
(Ctrl, Alt, Shift), Toggle keys (Caps lock, Num-lock, Scroll lock) etc.
There are 104 keys in standard keyboards, and 17 keys in number pad.
Mouses
There are two types of mouses: Optical mouse and mechanical mouse
Track ball
Pointing device that can be used instead of mouse
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Light pen
Used for digital signature. It can work with any CRT based monitor.
Stylus
Pen shaped input device that is used to draw or write on the screen of a graphic tablet.
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Output Devices
Monitor
Known as standard output
device. It is of the following types:
1. CRT (cathode ray tube)
2. TFT (thin film transistor)
3. LCD (Liquid crystal display)
4. LED (Light emitting diode)
On the basis of colours, monitors can be divided into monochrome monitors and
colour monitors.
Printers
Impact printers
Use hammer and ribbon on the paper directly.
Ex: Daisy wheel, Dot matrix, Line printers
This mechanism is known as
electromechanical mechanism. They are of two
types:
Character printers
prints only one character at a time
relatively slower speed.
Eg: Dot Matrix printers
Line printers
Prints one entire line of text at a time.
Non-impact printers
Does not use hammer and ribbon for printing.
Also does not strike the paper directly.
Eg: Inkjet, Laser, thermal printers etc.
Printers generally come in three popular versions:
Dot matrix printers
Ink-jet printers
Laser printers
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Dot Matrix Printer Inkjet Printer Laser Printer
Prints characters in the form Prints fully formed characters. Prints fully formed characters.
of dots.
Speed: 200-540 characters per Speed: 4-8 pages per minute. Speed: 4-20 pages per minute.
second.
Not very expensive Moderately priced. Expensive.
Plotters
Used to produce high quality, accurate and bigger drawings.
Used in CAD, CAM applications such as house maps, banners, hoardings, car parts etc.
Computer Memory
It is used to store data and instruction. It is three types:
1. Cache Memory
2. Primary or Main Memory
3. Secondary
Memory Cache
Memory
1. Very high speed semiconductor memory.
2. Acts as a buffer between CPU and the main memory.
3. Used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU.
4. Much faster than main memory and consumes less access time than main memory.
5. Stores data for temporary use.
6. Its very expensive.
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• Volatile or temporary memory
• Data gets erased when power supply is switched off.
• Faster memory
• CPU can change the contents of RAM at any time.
• It’s a read/write memory.
• Two main types of RAM are:
Static RAM
Dynamic RAM
ROM
• Read only memory
• Non-volatile or permanent memory
• ROM chip is used primarily in the start up process of a computer.
• Types of ROM are PROM, EPROM and EEPROM
PROM = Programmable Read Only Memory
EPROM = Erasable and Programmable Read Only memory
EEPROM = Electrically erasable and Programmable Read only memory.
Further
• BB (Bronto Byte) 1 BB= 1024 YB
• 1 Geop Byte= 1024 Bronto Byte
0 or 1 1 Bits
4 Bits 1 Nibble
8 bits 1 byte
1024 bits 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1024 KB 1 MB (Mega byte)
1024 MB 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB 1 TB (Tera Byte)
1024 TB 1 PB (Peta byte)
1024 XB 1 EB (Exa Byte)
1024 EB 1 ZB (Zeta byte)
1 ZB 1 YB (Yota Byte)
1 YB 1 BB (Bronto Byte)
1024 BB 1 Geop Byte
Microprocessors
• CPU now a days can be implemented on a single microchip which is called microprocessor.
• These carry out various tasks involved in data processing as well as arithmetic and logical
processing.
Computer Language
• To perform a particular task, programmer prepares a sequence of instructions known as
program.
• A program written for computer is known as software.
1 Generation language
st
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3rd Generation language
• These are high level languages.
• Eg: FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL. PL-1 etc.
• Focuses on How the problem gets programmed and how the problem will get solved
4 Generation languages
th
Ports
• Connection point acts as an interface between the computer and external devices like printers,
modems etc.
There are two types of ports:
1. Internal Port: It connects the system’s motherboard
to internal devices like hard disk, CD drive, internal
Bluetooth, etc.
2. External Port: It connects the system’s motherboard
to external devices like a mouse, printer, USB, etc.
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• It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disks, printers, scanners,
mouse, keyboards, etc.
• Data travels at 12 megabits per second.
4. Firewire Port:
• Transfers large amounts of data at a very fast speed.
• Connects camcorders and video equipment to the computer.
• Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per second.
5. Ethernet Port :
• Connects to a network and high-speed Internet.
• Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per second depending upon the network
bandwidth.
Facts:
1. Hardware comprises of the physical units of a computer system.
2. Software is a set of programs.
3. Data are raw facts and figures.
4. Operating system is an interface between the user and the computer hardware.
5. Some popular operating systems are DOS, UNIX, Windows, LINUX, Mac OS etc.
6. Database is a collection of interrelated data.
7. MS Access is a powerful program to create and manage our
databases. Windows explorer
New name = File explorer
Divided into two parts.
Left side displays disk drives and folders in hierarchical order.
Right side displays the contents of the folder.
Keyboard Shortcuts
◈ Ctrl + A Select all
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◈ Ctrl + B Bold
◈ Ctrl + C Copy
◈ Ctrl + E Centre Alignment
◈ Ctrl + I Italics
◈ Ctrl + J Justified Alignment
◈ Ctrl + L Left Alignment
◈ Ctrl + N New blank document
◈ Ctrl + O Open existing document
◈ F12 Save as
◈ Ctrl + R Right Alignment
◈ Alt + Tab Switch to next opened program
◈ Ctrl + Y Redo
◈ Ctrl + Z Undo
◈ Ctrl + W Close file
◈ Ctrl + X Cut
◈ Ctrl + V Paste
◈ Ctrl + S Save
◈ F7 Spell Check
◈ F2 Edit/Rename
◈ Ctrl + Home Go to the beginning of the file
◈ Ctrl + End Go to the end of the file
◈ Alt + Shift+ Tab Switch to previous opened program
◈ Alt + F4 Close window/ Shut down
◈ Ctrl + U Underline
◈ Ctrl + P Print
◈ Ctrl + K Hyperlink
Glossary
ENIAC = Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
EDVAC = Electronic discrete Variable automatic computer
EDSAC = Electronic Delay storage Automatic computer
UNIVAC = Universal Automatic Computer
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Software & Operating System
Data: Raw information
Information: Meaningful data or processed data
Programs: collection of instructions or commands
Software: collection of programs to perform some specific tasks. There are two types of Software:
1. System software
2. Application software
Software
• Comprises the instructions and data to be processed using the computer hardware.
• Examples are operating systems like UBUNTU or Windows 7/10
• It is of three types:
System software
Programming software (Languages)
Application software
Soft copy
• Document or image stored on the hard disk or pen drive is referred to as a soft
copy. Hard copy
• Printed document or image is referred to as hard copy.
System Software
Provides the basic functionality to operate a computer by interacting directly with
its constituent hardware
Provides services directly to the end user
Examples: Operating system, drive drivers, system utilities or utility software BIOS etc.
Utility software
• Software used for maintenance and configuration of the computer system.
• These enhance the performance of the system and devices.
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• Eg: anti-virus, disk cleaner, formatting tool etc.
Programming languages:
Each language in which computer programs are written has its own grammar called its
syntax.
Two major categories of computer programming languages are low-level languages
and high-level languages.
Low-level languages are machine dependent languages and include machine language (1GL)
and assembly language (2GL).
High level languages are machine independent and are simpler to write code into. But these
languages are not directly understood by the computer. Hence translators are needed to
translate them into machine language. Eg: C, C++, JAVA, Python, FORTRAN etc.
Translator
1. Program written in assembly or high level language are called source code.
2. Three types of translators are assembler, compiler and interpreter.
3. Assembler convert code written in assembly language to machine language.
4. Compiler converts the source code (high level language) into machine code.
5. Interpreter translates one line at a time instead of the whole program at one go.
Application Software
Designed and developed for the users to perform some specific tasks like writing a letter,
listening to music or seeing any video.
These are of two types:
General purpose software
Customised software
Word processors
MS-Word, Word pad, Word star, Corel Word Perfect, Google docs.
Database software
MS access, file maker, dBase, Clipper, MySQL, FoxPro
Web browser
Google chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer, opera
Multimedia software
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Adobe photoshop, Picasa, VLC media player, windows media player
Mailing software
MS outlook
Presentation software
MS Power point
Spreadsheet software
MS Excel, Lotus
123 Firmware
Permanent software which is embedded in the system’s read only memory. Eg: BIOS
Freeware
Softwares that are freely available for use but source code may not be available.
Eg: Skype, adobe reader etc.
General Purpose software
Adobe photoshop, Mozilla web browser, spreadsheet tool Calc etc.
Customised software
RBE website, school management software etc.
Free and Open Source software
Also known as FOSS software.
Software and source codes that are free to the public with an aim to develop and improve
further with each other’s help.
Eg: Ubuntu, Mozilla firefox, libreoffice, python etc.
Proprietary software
When software has to be purchased from the vendor who has the copyright of the software,
then it is proprietary software.
Eg: Microsoft windows, tally, quick heal
Operating System
Operating system
Considered as the resource manager which manages all the resources of the computer i.e.
hardware (CPU, RAM, Input Output) and application Softwares also.
Eg: Windows, Linux, Android, Macintosh etc.
Functions of OS
Process management.
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Messaging service
Device management
Error detection
Memory management
Security
File management
Command interpretation
OS User Interface
1. Command-based interface
User gives commands to perform different tasks like creating, opening, editing or deleting
a file. Primary input device is keyboard. Eg: MS-DOS and UNIX
2. Graphical User Interface
Programs and instructions are run in the form of icon, menus and other visual
options. Input devices include mouse and keyboard. Eg: Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu,
Fedora, Macintosh etc.
3. Touch based interface
Eg: Smart phones, tablets, pcs etc. Eg: Android and iOS, Windows 8.1 and 10 etc.
4. Voice based interface
Voice based commands are used to make a computer work in a desired way.
Eg: iOS (Siri), Android (OK GOOGLE), Microsoft windows 10 (Cortana) etc.
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MAC OS
• Macintosh operating system
• First version-Classical Mac OS
• Designed by Apple in 1984
• Inbuilt web browser= Safari
Android
• Associated with google and an open source operating system.
LINUX
• Open source operating system.
• Highly secured operating system.
UNIX
• Old name is UNICS (Uniplexed information and computing system)
• Eg: Microsoft, Oracle Solaris etc.
WIN: Windows
Windows - Shortcut
Win Keys + Print Screen For capture screen shot.
Win Keys + Pause break For open system configuration.
Win Keys + E For open my computer.
Win Keys + L For switch user mode.
Win Keys + M Minimize all active windows.
Win Keys + D Show the Desktop.
Win Keys + No. 1,2,3,4,5 Show the active window One by One.
Win Keys + R (Run) Open Run Dialogue Box.
Alt + Space + X For Maximize window.
Alt + Space + R For restore down window.
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Alt + Space + N For Minimize window.
Alt + Tab For show the screen.
Alt + F4 For Close the software / System shut down.
WINDOWS:
Wide interactive network development for office work solution
Inbuilt web browser: Internet explorer
Microsoft explorer is browser for windows 10
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• WAN Wide area network
• MAN Metropolitan area network
• CDMA Code division Multiple Access
• GAIS Gateway Internet Access Service
• E-mail Electronic Mail
• CD Compact Disc
• LDU Liquid Display Unit
• CPU Central Processing Unit
• CAM Computer aided manufacturing
• CAT-Scan Computerized Axial Oriented Language
• COBOL Common Business Oriented Language
• COMAL Common Algorithmic Language
• DOS Disk Operating System
• DTS Desk top System
• DTP Desk top publishing
• E-Commerce Electronic commerce
• ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
• FAX Facsimile Automated Xerox
• FLOPS Floating Operations per second
• FORTRAN Formula translation
• HLL High Level Language
• HTML Hyper text markup language
• IBM International Business Machine
• IC Integrated circuit
• ISH International Super Highway
• LISP List processing
• LLL Low level language
• MICR Magnetic Ink Character Reader
• MIPS Million Instructions per second
• MOPS Million Operations per second
• MPU Micro processor unit
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• NICNET National informatics center network
• OMR Optical mark reader/ recognition
• PC-DOS Personal computer disk operating system
• PROM Programmable read only memory
• SNOBOL String Oriented Symbolic Language
• UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
• VDU Visual Display Unit
• VLSI Very large scale integration
• WWW World Wide web
• CCTV Close circuit television
• Wi – Fi Wireless Fidelity
• ISP Internet Service Provider
• GPS Global Positioning System
• GPRS General Pocket Radio Service
• CC Carbon Copy
• BCC Blind Carbon Copy
• CVV Card Verification Value
• FAQ Frequently Asked Question
• TIFF Tagged Image File Format
• JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group
• GIF Graphic Interchangeable Format
• PNG Portable Network Graphics
• BMP Bitmap Image
• PDF Portable Documents Format
• PAN Permanent Account Number
• TIN Taxpayer Identification Number
• ERP Enterprises Resources Planning
• MIS Management Information System
• CSS Cascading Sheet Style
• SQL Structured Query Language
• CAD Computer Aided Design
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• DOS Disc Operating System
• USB Universal Serial Bus
• DVD Digital Versatile Disc
• VGA Video Graphic Adaptor
• LED Light Embedded Diode
• LCD Liquid Crystal Display
• UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply
• SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
MS – Office
MS-Office
• Family of client software, server software and services designed by Microsoft.
• Current version of MS-Office: Microsoft Office 2019
MS-Word
• Word processing program developed by Microsoft corporation.
• Native file formats are denoted by .doc, .docx, . docm
• Allows users to type and save documents.
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Quick Access Toolbar
Quick access contains save, undo, redo and then font.
Title bar
Bar at the top of the window bearing the name of the window.
FILE
File contains New, Open, Save, Save as, Print, Share, Export, Close, Account, Feedback and
options
Tabs of MS- Word
HOME:
Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
Default font = Calibri
Default font size = 11 points
Maximum font size = 72 points (automatically) and 1638 (manually)
Minimum font size = 8 points (automatically) and 1 (manually)
We can also change the alignments in home like left aligned (Ctrl+L), centre aligned
(Ctrl+E), right aligned (Ctrl+R) and Justify (Ctrl+J)
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INSERT:
Pages, Tables, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, comments, Header and Footer, Text, Symbols,
Hyperlink, drop cap
• Header and Footer Displays information such as title and page number of the
document, time, date etc.
• Hyperlink (Ctrl+K) is a word, phrase or image that you can click on to jump to a new
document or a new section within the current document.
Drop Cap: A drop cap is a large capital letter at the beginning of a text block that has the
depth of two or more lines of regular text.
DESIGN:
Document formatting, Page background, Watermark etc.
• Watermark is a Faded background image that displays behind the text in a document.
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LAYOUT:
Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
• In page setup, we can have two orientations: Portrait and Land scape.
• We can also increase or decrease indents in page layout section.
• We can add column breaks in page layout section.
Mailings: Create, Start Mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results, finish
Mail Marge:
• It allows us to create letters, mailing labels and envelopes by linking a main document
to a set of data or data source.
• The main document is linked to the data source by common fields of data, called merge
fields.
Review:
• Spelling and grammar, research, thesaurus, translate, change, compare, protect document.
• Thesaurus is used for finding the synonym for a word in the sentence.
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View:
• View, Page Movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
• Macros is a series of commands or shortcuts and recordings that is recorded so that it
can be played back at a later time.
Page | 31
Shortcut Keys in MS-Word
• Ctrl + O Open an existing file
• Ctrl + N Creating a new document
• Ctrl + A Select all
• Ctrl + X Cut
• Ctrl + C Copy
• Ctrl + V Paste
• Ctrl + F Find box
• Ctrl + I Make the text Italic
• Ctrl + B Make the text bold
• Ctrl + U Make the text underlined
• Ctrl + S Save the document
• Ctrl + P Opens the print window
• Ctrl + Z Undo last action
• Ctrl + Y Redo the last action performed
• CTRL + D Displays the font dialogue box.
• CTRL + E Centre alignment.
• CTRL + G Displays the go to dialog box.
• CTRL + H Displays the replace dialogue box.
• CTRL + J Full justification.
• CTRL + K Create hyperlink.
• CTRL + L Left alignment.
• CTRL + M Increase indent.
• CTRL + Q Remove indent.
• CTRL + R Right alignment.
• CTRL + T Increase hanging indent.
• CTRL + W Close document.
• CTRL + \ (Back slash) Expand / collapse sub document.
• CTRL +] Increase the font size by 1 point.
• CTRL + [ Decrease the font size by 1 point.
• CTRL + 1 One line spacing.
• CTRL + 2 Two line spacing.
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• CTRL + 5 1.5 Line spacing.
• CTRL + 0 Add & remove before paragraph space.
• CTRL + F1 Hide or show the ribbon.
• CTRL + F2 Show print preview.
• CTRL + F4 Closes the active document window.
• CTRL + F6 Opens the next document window.
• CTRL + END Take cursor to end of document.
• CTRL + Home Take cursor to home of document.
• CTRL + Cursor move one word to the left.
• CTRL + Cursor move one word to the right.
• Backspace Delete one character to the left.
• CTRL + Backspace Delete one word to the left.
• Delete Delete one character to the right.
• CTRL + Delete Delete one word to the right.
• CTRL + ENTER Manual page Break.
• CTRL + SPACE Clear formatting.
• CTRL + = (equal) Subscript.
• CTRL + Mouse wheel Zoom in and out document.
• CTRL + SHIFT + + Superscript.
• CTRL + SHIFT + F5 Open bookmark dialog box.
• CTRL + SHIFT + < Decrease font size.
• CTRL + SHIFT + > Increase font size.
• CTRL + SHIFT + Select one word to the left.
• CTRL + SHIFT + Select one word to the right.
• CTRL + SHIFT + * Show/hide.
• CTRL + SHIFT + A Convert to Caps.
• CTRL + SHIFT + C Copy format.
• CTRL + SHIFT + E Track changes.
• CTRL + SHIFT + F Font family.
• CTRL + SHIFT + D Double underline.
• CTRL + SHIFT + G Display the word count dialog box.
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• CTRL + SHIFT + K Convert to small caps.
• CTRL + SHIFT + L Applies bullets.
• CTRL + SHIFT + M Decrease indent.
• CTRL + SHIFT + N Demote to body text.
• CTRL + SHIFT + P Font size select.
• CTRL + SHIFT + T Reduce a hanging indent.
• CTRL + SHIFT + S Style.
• CTRL + SHIFT + W One word underline.
• CTRL + SHIFT + V Paste format.
• CTRL + ALT + C © Copyright symbols.
• CTRL + ALT + D Insert an endnote.
• CTRL + ALT + F Insert a footnote.
• CTRL + ALT + M Insert a comment.
• CTRL + ALT + N Switch to draft view.
• CTRL + ALT + O Switch to Outline view.
• CTRL + ALT + P Switch to print layout view.
• CTRL + ALT + R ® Registered mark symbols.
• CTRL + ALT + S Splits the Document.
• CTRL + ALT + T ™ Trademark symbols.
• CTRL + ALT + V Paste Special.
• ALT + SHIFT + C Remove the document window split.
• ALT + SHIFT + D Insert current date.
• ALT + SHIFT + I Mark citation.
• ALT + SHIFT + L Show the first line of body text.
• ALT + SHIFT + O Mark a table of contents entry.
• ALT + SHIFT + T Insert current time.
• ALT + SHIFT + X Mark entry.
• ALT + SHIFT + Move selected paragraph up.
• ALT + SHIFT + Move selected paragraph down.
• SHIFT + Select one character to the left.
• SHIFT + Select one character to the right.
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• ALT + F File menu options in current program.
• ALT + F8 Macros run.
• ALT + Left click Open research dialog box.
• ALT + Print Screen For screen shot.
• SHIFT + F3 Change case.
• SHIFT + F7 Runs a thesaurus check on the selected word.
• F5 Open the find, replace & go to windows.
• F7 Spelling & Grammar check.
• F12 Save as.
• Double Click Select the one word of the text.
• Triple Click Select the line or paragraph of the text.
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Q12. Which is NOT a type of paragraph formatting in MS-Word 365? --> Precise
Q13. Which keyboard shortcuts is used to insert a hyperlink for the selected text in Microsoft
Word? --> Ctrl + K
Q14. Which option of print settings is used to choose only specific pages in MS-Word 365? -->
Custom Print
Q15. Shading option in Ms-Word 365 is used for . --> Changing the color behind the
selected text
Q16. Which statement(s) about Quick Access Toolbar in MS-Word 2010 is/are incorrect?
P: The Quick Access Toolbar has Save, Undo, and Redo buttons by default.
Q: The Quick Access Toolbar has Cut, Undo, and Redo button by default.
R: You can place more buttons on the Quick Access Toolbar.
S: There is no option on Quick Access toolbar for “show below the Ribbon”.
Ans: Only Q and S
Q17. Which of the following font effects is not available in the MS-Word 2010 font dialog box?
(a) Double Strikethrough (b) Superscript
(c)Small Cap (d) Equalize Character Height
Ans: d
Q18. Which buttons are present in the Quick Access Toolbar by default in MS-Word 2010? -->
Save, Undo, Redo
Q19. Which keyboard shortcut is used to close a MS-Word 365 document? --> Alt + F4
Q20. In Ms-Word 365, Ctrl + E is the keyboard shortcut to . --> Centre align the
selected text
Q21. Consider the following statements regarding line spacing of a paragraph in MS-Word 2010:
P: Line spacing determines the amount of vertical space between lines of text in a paragraph.
Q: Line spacing determines the amount of diagonal space between lines of text in a
paragraph Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? --> Only P
Q22. Which shortcut key is used to move the cursor one word to the left in MS-Word 365? --> Ctrl
+ Left arrow Key
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MS-Excel
• Spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft corporation.
• It can perform calculation, graphics, pivot tables and has a micro programming language
called visual basic for application.
• Intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. The cell in which we are currently
working is called active cell.
Worksheet
• Worksheet is a collection of cells where we keep and manipulate data. Worksheets will
begin with row number 1 and column number A.
• In MS-Excel 2010, the maximum size of a worksheet is 1,048,576 rows by 16,384 columns.
• We can rename the worksheets by right clicking on the sheet tab and choose rename.
• We can also add new worksheet by the shortcut Alt+Shift+F1 or Shift + F11
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Workbook
• Collection of worksheets is called
workbook. Cell References in Excel
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Absolute Reference
• It does not change when the formula is copied.
• In an absolute cell reference, a dollar sign precedes both the column and row number.
Mixed Reference
• In this the column can be absolute and the row can be relative or vice-versa.
• Dollar sign is placed in front of the just the column or row number as per
requirements. Tabs in MS-EXCEL:
Tabs: File, Home, Insert, Page layout, Formula, Data, Review, and View
HOME: Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Style, Cells, Editing
INSERT: Tables, Illustrations (Pictures, online pictures), add-ins (charts, 3 D maps), spark lines
(line, column, win/loss), Filters etc.
Formulas: Insert function, function library, defined names: formula auditing, calculation
Some Important Functions used in MS-Excel:
1. LOWER
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• Converts all characters in a supplied text string to lower case.
2. UPPER
• Converts all characters in a supplied text string to upper case.
3. CONCATENATE
• Joins together two or more text strings.
4. LEFT
• Returns a specified number of characters from the start of a supplied text string.
5. RIGHT
• Returns a specified number of characters from the end of a supplied text string.
6. TIME
• Returns a time, from a user-supplied hour, minute and second.
7. NOW
• Returns the current date and time.
8. TODAY
• Returns todays date.
9. SUM
• Returns the sum of a supplied list of numbers.
10. MAX
• Returns the largest value from a list of supplied numbers.
11. MIN
• Returns smallest value from a list of supplied numbers.
12. COUNTIF
• Returns the number of cells (of a supplied range), that satisfy a given criteria.
13. AND
• Tests a number of user-defined conditions and returns TRUE if all the conditions evaluate
to true or false otherwise.
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14. OR
• Tests a number of user-defined conditions and returns TRUE if any of the conditions
evaluate to true or false.
15. NOT
• Returns a logical value that is the opposite of a user supplied logical value or expression
i.e. returns FALSE if the supplied argument is TRUE and vice-versa.
16. SQRT
• Returns the positive square root of a given number.
17. POWER
• Returns the power of a number raised to second number.
18. FLOOR
• Rounds the value down towards zero and always returns a numeric value.
19. CEILING
• If the formula reads =CEILING (7, 5) it will return the value of 10. The function will round
off number 7 to the nearest multiple of 5(10).
20. IF
• Tests a user defined condition and returns one result if the condition is true, and
another result if the condition is false.
21. ABS
• Returns the absolute value of a supplied number
22. Product
• Returns the product of a supplied list of numbers
23. Mod
• Returns the remainder from a division between two supplied numbers
24. Sumif
• Adds the cells in a supplied range, that satisfy a given criteria
25. Count
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• Returns the number of numerical values in a supplied set of cells or values
26. Average
• Returns the Average value from a list of supplied numbers
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• Alt + Shift + F2 Displays the (File > Save As) dialog box.
• Alt + Shift + F4 Closes all the workbooks (saving first) and exits Excel (File > Exit).
• Alt + Shift + F10 Displays the drop-down menu for the corresponding smart tag.
• Alt + Shift + F11 Activates the Microsoft Script Editor window.
• Ctrl + Shift + F3 Displays the (Insert > Name > Create) dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + F6 Moves to the previous open workbook or window.
• Ctrl + Shift + F10 Activates the Menu Bar or Shortcut Characters in 2007.
• Ctrl + Shift + F12 Displays the (File > Print) dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + 0 Unhide the columns in the current selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + 2 Enters the value from the cell directly above into the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + 8 Selects the current region (surrounded by blank rows and columns).
• Ctrl + Shift + 9 Unhide the rows in the current selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + F Activates the Font Tab of the format cells.
• Ctrl + Shift + O Selects all the cells with comments.
• Ctrl + Shift + P Activates the Font Size tab of the format cells.
• Ctrl + 0 Hides the columns in the current selection.
• Ctrl + 1 Displays the formatting dialog box.
• Ctrl + 2 Toggles bold on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 3 Toggles italics on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 4 Toggles underlining on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 5 Toggles the strikethrough of text on the current selection.
• Ctrl + 6 Toggles between hiding, displaying.
• Ctrl + 8 Toggles the display of Outline symbols on the active worksheet.
• Ctrl + 9 Hides the rows in the current selection (Format > Row > Hide).
• Ctrl + A Selects the whole worksheet or current date.
• Ctrl + B Toggles bold on the current selection.
• Ctrl + C Copies the current selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + D Copies the first cell in the selection downwards.
• Ctrl + F Displays the Find dialog box.
• Ctrl + G Displays the Go To dialog box.
• Ctrl + H Displays the Replace dialog box.
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• Ctrl + I Toggles italics on the current selection.
• Ctrl + K Displays the Insert Hyperlink dialog box.
• Ctrl + L Displays the Create Table dialog box.
• Ctrl + N Creates a new workbook.
• Ctrl + O Displays the Open dialog box.
• Ctrl + P Displays the Print dialog box.
• Ctrl + R Copies the leftmost cell in the selection to the right.
• Ctrl + S Saves, Displays the Save As dialog box if a new workbook.
• Ctrl + U Toggles underlining on the current selection.
• Ctrl + V Pastes the entry from the clipboard.
• Ctrl + W Closes the active workbook or window.
• Ctrl + X Cuts the current selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + Y Repeats the last workbook action.
• Ctrl + Z Undo/Redo the last workbook action.
• Shift + Enter Enters the contents of the active cell and moves to the cell above (by
default).
• Tab Enters the contents of the active cell and moves one cell to the right.
• Shift + Tab Enters the contents of the active cell and moves one cell to the left.
• Alt + = Enters the SUM() function (AutoSum) to sum the adjacent block of
cells.
• Alt + Enter Enters a new line (or carriage return) into a cell.
• Ctrl + ' Enters the contents from the cell directly above into the active cell.
• Ctrl + ; Enters the current date into the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + ; Enters the current time into the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + Enter Enters the formula as an Array Formula.
• Shift + Insert Enters the data from the clipboard.
• Alt + Down Arrow Displays the Pick From List drop-down list.
• Esc Cancels the cell entry and restores the original contents.
• Delete Deletes the selection or one character to the right.
• Backspace Deletes the selection or one character to the lift.
• Shift + Delete Cuts the selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + Delete Deletes text to the end of the line.
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• Ctrl + - Displays the Delete dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + = Displays the Cells dialog box.
• Ctrl + \ Selects the cells in a selected row that do not match the value in the
active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + \ Selects the cells in a selected column that do not match the value in the
active cell.
• Ctrl + / Selects the array containing the active cell.
• Alt + ; Selects the visible cells in the current selection.
• Ctrl + * Selects the current region (using the * on the number keyboard).
• Ctrl + [ Selects all the cells that are directly referred to by the formula in
the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + [ Selects all the cells that are directly (or indirectly) referred to by
the formula in the active cell.
• Ctrl + ] Selects all the cells that directly refer to the active cell (dependents).
• Ctrl + Shift + ] Selects all the cells that directly (or indirectly) refer to the active cell.
• Ctrl + Shift + Arrow Key Extends the selection to the next cell adjacent to a
blank cell in that direction.
• Ctrl + Shift + Page Down Selects the active worksheet and the one after it.
• Ctrl + Shift + Page Up Selects the active worksheet and the one before it.
• Ctrl + Shift + Spacebar Selects all the objects on the worksheet when an object is
selected.
• Ctrl + Spacebar Selects the current column.
• Shift + Arrow keys Selects the active cell and the cell in the given direction.
• Shift + Backspace Selects the active cell when multiple cells are selected.
• Shift + Spacebar Selects the current row.
• Ctrl + Shift + End Extends the selection to the last used cell on worksheet.
• Ctrl + Shift + Home Extends the selection to the beginning of the worksheet.
• Shift + Arrow Keys Extends the selection by one cell in that direction.
• Shift + Home Extends the selection to the first column.
• Shift + Page Down Extends the selection down one screen.
• Shift + Page Up Extends the selection up one screen.
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• End + Shift + Arrow Keys Extends the selection to the next non-blank cell in that direction.
• End + Shift + End Extends the selection to the last cell in the current row*.
• End + Shift + Home Extends the selection to last used cell on the worksheet.
• Alt + ' Displays the Style dialog box.
• Ctrl + Shift + ( ' or ) Applies the Time format "HH:MM" to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (5 or %) Applies the Percentage format "0%" to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (# or ~) Applies the General format to the selection.
• Ctrl + (# or ~) Applies the Custom Date format "DD-MM-YY" to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (7 or &) Applies the outline border to the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + (- or _ ) Removes all the borders from the selection.
• Ctrl + Tab Moves to the next open workbook or window.
• Alt + Tab Moves to the next application open on your computer.
• Alt + Shift + Tab Moves to the previous application open on your computer.
• End + Arrow Keys Moves to the next non empty cell in that direction.
• End + Enter Moves to the last cell in the current row that is not blank.
• End + Home Moves to the last used cell on the active worksheet*.
• End + Home Moves to the last used cell on the active worksheet*.
• Page Down Moves to the next screen of rows down.
• Page Up Moves to the previous screen of rows up.
• Shift + Enter Moves to the cell directly above (opposite direction to Enter).
• Shift + Tab Moves to the cell directly to the left (opposite direction to Tab).
• Alt + Page Down Moves you one screen of columns to the right.
• Alt + Page Up Moves you one screen of columns to the left.
• Ctrl + Home Moves to cell "A1" on the active sheet.
• Ctrl + End Moves to the last used cell on the active worksheet*.
• Ctrl + Up Arrow Moves to the first row in the current region.
• Ctrl + Down Arrow Moves to the last row in the current region.
• Ctrl + Left Arrow Moves to the first column in the current region.
• Ctrl + Right Arrow Moves to the last column in the current region.
• Ctrl + Page Up Moves to the previous worksheet in the workbook.
• Ctrl + Page Down Moves to the next worksheet in the workbook.
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• Ctrl + Shift + Tab Moves to the previous open workbook or window.
• Scroll Lock + Arrow Keys Moves the workbook or window one cell the corresponding
direction.
• Scroll Lock + End Moves to the last cell in the current window.
• Scroll Lock + Home Moves to the first cell in the current window.
• Scroll Lock + Page Down Moves you down one screen (current selection unchanged.
• Scroll Lock + Page Up Moves you up one screen (current selection unchanged).
• Ctrl + . Moves clockwise to the next corner within a selection.
• Shift + Tab Moves from right to left within a selection (opposite direction to
Tab).
• Alt + Ctrl + Left Arrow Moves to the left between non adjacent cells in a selection.
• Alt + Ctrl + Right Arrow Moves to the right between non adjacent cells in a selection.
• = Starts a Formula.
• Ctrl + ` Toggles between the value layer and the formula layer.
• Ctrl + Insert Copies the current selection to the clipboard.
• Ctrl + Shift + ( Unhide any hidden rows within the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + ) Unhide any hidden columns within the selection.
• Ctrl + Shift + \ Select unequal cells.
• Alt Toggles the activation of the old Menu Bar.
• Alt + Shift + Left Arrow Displays the (Data > Group and Outline > Ungroup) dialog box.
• Alt + Shift + Right Arrow Displays the (Data > Group and Outline > Group) dialog box.
• Alt + Spacebar Activates the Control Box in the top left corner.
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Q4. Which of the following is Math and trigonometric function available in MS-Excel 365? -->
ABS Function
Q5. Consider the following statement about MATHC() function of MS-Excel 2010:
P: It search for a specified item in a range of cells. And then returns the relative position of that
item in the range.
Q: The MATCH function syntax is MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
R: All the arguments in MATHC() function are required.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true
Ans: Only P and Q
Q6. Which of the following shortcut key is used to quickly create a new, blank workbook in MS-
Excel 2010? --> Ctrl + N
Q7. What will the function given below return in MS-Excel 2010?
=MATCH(12,{10,13,30,40,60},1) --> Ans: 1
Q8. Which of the following shortcut key is used to select all cells of the current row in MS-Excel
2010 worksheet? --> Shift + Spacebar
Q9. Which of the following shortcut is used in to close an open workbook in MS-Excel 365? -->
Ctrl + W
Q10. Which of the following shortcut key is used to make the contents of a cell underlined in MS-
Excel 365? --> Ctrl + 4
Q11. Which of the following shortcut key is used to repeat the last command or action, if possible,
in MS-Excel 365? --> Ctrl + Y
Q12. Which of the following shortcut key is used to start a new line in the same cell in MS-Excel
365? --> Alt + Enter
Q13. Which of the following shortcut key is used to make the contents of a cell italic in MS-Excel
365? --> Ctrl + 3
Q14. In MS-Excel 365 which of the following shortcut is used to copy the contents and format
of the topmost cell of a selected range into the cells below? --> Ctrl + D
Q15. Which keyboard shortcut in Microsoft Excel 2016 should you use to insert a new
worksheet for Windows 10 operating system?--> Shift + F11
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Q16. What is the keyboard shortcut to add a new row above a given row in Microsoft Excel?--> Alt
+ I+ R
Ms Powerpoint
• Presentation software program of Microsoft Office package.
• Uses a graphical approach to present in the form of slide shows that accompany the
oral delivery of the topic.
Tabs: File, Home, Insert, Design, Transition, Animation, Slideshow, Review and View
FILE: We can open, save, share, export, print and manage our presentation.
Home: Clipboard, Slides, Font, Paragraph, Drawing and Editing
• Slides group contains commands to insert new slide, choose slide layout, reset the positions
and formatting the slide.
INSERT: We can add pictures, shapes, charts, links, text boxes, video in the slides.
DESIGN: We can add theme or colour scheme, or format the slide background.
TRANSITIONS: Set up how your slides change from one to the next on the transitions tab.
ANIMATION: Used to choreograph the movements of things on the slides.
SLIDE SHOW: Sets up the way that we want to show our presentation to others.
REVIEW: Lets you to add comments, run spell- check, or compare the presentation with another
and language translation features also.
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VIEW: Allows us to look at our presentation in different ways.
• View names are Normal, outline view, slide sorter, note page, etc.
Shortcut Keys for Power Point
• Ctrl + N Create a new presentation
• Ctrl + O Open an existing presentation
• Ctrl+ S Save a presentation
• Ctrl+ F4 Close a presentation
• Ctrl + Q Save and close a presentation
• Ctrl + Z Undo an action
• Ctrl + Y Redo an action
• Ctrl + F2 Print preview view
• F7 Check spelling
• Ctrl + F Find and replace in a presentation
• Esc End the slideshow
• F5 Start the presentation form the beginning
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TCP/IP Transmission control protocol/internet protocol is a set of two protocols. TCP
controls the flow of data. IP identifies and reach the target computer on the
network.
UDP
User Datagram Packet transfers data between two computers. It is an
SLIP unreliable protocol, offering no guarantee for data delivery.
SMTP Serial Line Internet Protocol
PPP Simple Mail transfer protocol
WWW Point to point protocol
SNMP World Wide web
POP Simple Network Management Protocol
DNS Post Office Protocol
WAP Domain Name system/ Server
IMAP Wireless Application Protocol
Internet Message Access Protocol
Facts:
• Protocols used for mail delivery are POP, IMAP, SMTP (for sending mail messages)
• IMAP allows a client e-mail program to access remote message, stores as if they were local.
• POP is used for transferring messages from an e-mail server to an e-mail client.
• IMAP or POP3 let the user to save messages in a server mailbox and download
them periodically from the server.
• IMAP or POP3 are used for receiving mails.
Web Browsers
Application software that is needed to view web pages.
Mosaic was the first web browser developed by National Centre for
Supercomputing Application (NCSA).
Eg: opera, Mozilla Firefox, google chrome, safari etc.
Mozilla firefox is an open source web browser, which is available free of cost. It does not
require any license fee.
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Web Browsers Search Engine
Search Engine
Online tool that searches for results in database based on the search query (keyword)
submitted by the internet user.
These find the results in their database, sort them and make an ordered list of these results
based on the search algorithm.
This list is generally called the search engine results page (SERP).
First ever search engine in the world was Archie which was developed by Alan Emtage
Examples: yahoo, google, etc.
WWW (World Wide Web)
Started in 1989 at CERN ( European Center For Nuclear Research)
Software technology allowing consolidation of hypertext, graphics, audio, video and
multimedia to provide information on almost each and every topic, subject and area.
Bandwidth
The number of bits transferred by a channel per unit time is called bandwidth.
Facts:
• In order to get internet connection, we need modem( modulator-demodulator). Modem
converts the digital signal from the computer into an analogue signal that can travel
through the telephone lines. And vice-versa
• Router is also attached to access the network. Router is used to connect two different
networks.
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• Modem connects your home network to your internet service provider and a router lets all
our wired and wireless devices use our internet connection at once and allows them to talk
to one another directly.
Downloading
Transmission of a file or data from one computer to another over a network, usually from
a larger server to a user server.
It refers to the general transfer of data or to transferring a specific file.
Download manager is used which manages the downloading of files from the internet which
may be built into a web browser or as a usually more sophisticated program.
Uploading
Means data is being sent from your computer to the internet.
It includes sending email, posting photos on a social media site etc.
Even clicking on a link on a web page sends a tiny data upload.
E-Mail
• Internet can be used to send and receive electronic messages.
• Electronic mail.
• An e-mail address consists of two main parts, the username and the domain server name
with the symbol @ in between. Eg: [email protected]
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Managing an email account
Email management involves the systematic control of the quality and quantity of electronic
messages that are sent from within, and received by an organization.
Emails allows users to send information in letter format.
These include text, documents and multimedia like photos and videos.
How to compose an email
Go to G-mail.
At the top left, click on compose
In the “To” field, add recipients.
Add a subject
Write your message.
At the bottom of the page, click send.
BCC and CC
Bcc means blind carbon copy
CC means carbon copy
Through BCC and CC we can include more people as recipients in an email.
CC is used when you want to send content to a particular recipient (for whom it is meant
to be) but you want to make other recipients also aware of that content.
The only difference between CC and BCC is that we can see the list of recipients when CC is
used while we shall not be able to see that someone else has been sent a copy of the email in
case of BCC.
Features of e-mail
Inbox
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Where we see the E-mail we receive.
Emails are listed with the name of the sender, the
subject of the message and the date received.
Signature
We can choose to create a signature that will appear at the end of every email we send. It
includes a name and contact information like a phone number, website or professional title.
Attachments
It is a file (like an image or document) that is send along with an email message.
Navigation menu
It includes our contact lists, calendar and more.
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Drafts
These are the messages that we have composed but not sent.
When composing a message, we can choose to save our message as a draft and finish it later.
Spam
We are likely to receive junk or spam emails in our inbox which may carry virus or scams.
These emails will usually filter as suspicious emails in our spam folder.
Trash
We can delete any email from our inbox by moving it to trash which can be retrieved for
a short time.
Emails will be permanently deleted after a certain amount of time in the
trash. Archive
This removes email from the inbox but does not delete them.
Forward
Whenever we want to share an email we received, we can use the forward command to send
the message to another person.
Reply
On receiving an email, we can click on reply to respond to the message.
Reply all
When we receive emails addressed to us and several other recipients, then we if we want to
reply to everyone included in the original email, we use reply all command.
E-Banking
Product designed for the purposes of online banking that enables you to have easy and safe
access to your bank account.
Major types of e-banking includes online internet banking, mobile banking,
automated teller machine (ATM), debit and credit cards.
Different types of online financial transactions are:
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National electronic fund transfer (NEFT)
Nation wise payment system facilitating one to one funds transfer.
Individual, firm and corporates can electronically transfer funds from any bank to any
individual, firm or corporates.
Even such individuals who do not have bank accounts (walk-in customers) can also
deposit cash at the NEFT enabled branches to transfer funds using NEFT.
NEFT stands for National Electronic Funds Transfer
Maintained by Govt. of India and RBI
Takes around 2 hours to be
processed. Real Time Gross settlement
(RTGS)
Continuous settlement of funds transfers individually on an order basis (without netting).
It means processing of instructions at the time they are received rather than at some time
later.
Funds settlement takes place in the books of RBI so they are final and irrevocable.
System is meant for large value transactions (min. amount is 2
lakh) Electronic Clearing System (ECS)
ECS is an alternative method for effecting payment transactions in respect of the utility-bill-
payments such as telephone bills, electricity bills, etc., which would obviate the need for
issuing and handling paper instruments and thereby facilitate improved customer service
by banks / companies / corporations / government departments, etc., collecting / receiving
the payments.
ECS means Electronic Clearance Service.
Method of payment transactions like periodic (monthly, quarterly/half-yearly/yearly)
payments of interest/salary/pension/commission/dividend/refund by banks/companies etc.
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IMPS offers an instant, 24X7, interbank electronic fund transfer service through mobile
phones. IMPS is an emphatic tool to transfer money instantly within banks across India
through mobile, internet and ATM which is not only safe but also economical both in
financial and non-financial perspectives.
Immediate Payment Service
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Q13. Which of the following is used to view pages and navigate the World Wide Web? --> Web
Browser
Q14. was the first web browser developed by the National Centre for
Supercomputing Application (NCSA). --> Mosaic
Q15. Sir Tim Berners-Lee — a British computer scientist invented the revolutionary World Wide
Web in . --> 1990
Q16. What is the full form of URL? --> Uniform Resource Locator
Q17. What is the full form of FTP? ---> File Transfer Protocol
Q18. What is the full form of HTTP? --> Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Q19. Which of the following is the slowest type of internet connection? --> Dial-up
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Component used in data communication
Sender, Receiver,
Transmission medium,
Message and Protocol
Signals
To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals.
Data can be analogue or digital.
Analog data refers to information that is continuous. Ex: Human Voice, Analog clock.
Digital data refers to information that has discrete state. Ex: Digital clock, Computer.
Computer Network
• Allows computers to exchange data, information and share resources.
• Connections between computer (nodes) are established using either cable media or wireless
media.
Types Of Networks
Mainly there three networks in networking (LAN, MAN, WAN)
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|
LAN (Local area network)
A LAN is a group of computer and devices which are connected in a limited area such as
school, home, and office building. Ethernet, bus network are the most common examples of
LAN.
MAN (Metropolitan area network)
MAN is consisting of a computer network across an entire city. The size of the
Metropolitan area network is larger than LANs and smaller than WANs, but covers the
larger area of a city or town. Eg: Cable TV is an example of MAN.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
A WAN can cover large geographical area such as country, continent or even a whole
world. Internet connection is an example of WAN.
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SAN (Storage Area Network)
SAN is a specialized, high-speed network that provides block-level network access
to storage.
VPN (virtual private network)
VPN extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It
enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their
computing devices were directly connected to the private network.
Types of connection
Point-to-point connection – In which a dedicated link is provided between two devices.
Multipoint connection – In which more than two devices share a single link.
VoIP:
Communication methodology designed to deliver both voice and multimedia
communications over Internet protocol.
VoLTE
Voice over Long term evolution is a standard for high speed wireless communication
for mobile phones, including IoT and wearables.
Network Topology
Arrangement of the various elements (links,
nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
Two basic categories of network topologies
are: Physical topologies and Logical topologies.
Various types of topologies are: Bus, ring, star,
mesh and tree.
1. Bus topology
Also called as a linear bus topology.
All computers are connected to a central cable with Multipoint connection. Break in
the cable cause whole network failure.
Transmission speed is slow in bus topology.
Terminators are used at the end of central cable.
Page | 67
2. Ring topology
The structure of the network is formed similar to as of a “Ring”.
Nodes are connected in a circular manner to each other.
Transmission speed is slow.
In order for all computers to communicate with each other, all computers must
be turned on.
Link is unidirectional.
3. Star topology
All the nodes/devices are connected to a centralized device known as HUB in the
structure
Easily add and/or remove devices.
Problem identification is easy in star topology.
Data communication is fast due to the HUB/Switch connectivity.
If central device fails, entire network will shut down.
4. Mesh Topology
Each node provides an individual link to another node.
It means, every node in the entire network is directly connected to every other node in
the network making it the most complex topology among all the other topologies.
Data communication speed is fast in mesh topology.
Any fault in the network doesn’t affect the entire network.
Most expensive topology due to the amount of cables.
To build a fully connected mesh topology of n nodes, number of wires required will be
𝒏(𝒏–𝟐)
𝟐
Page | 68
5. Tree topology
Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topology.
Tree topology is made by connecting various star topologies via central bus
backbone cable.
It is also known a expended star topology.
If central backbone cable or root devices gets a problem then the whole network stops
functioning.
6. Hybrid topology
Hybrid topology uses a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the
resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies.
Cloud computing
Computer based services are delivered over Internet or cloud and it is accessible to the
user from anywhere using any device.
Eg: when we store our pictures and files as backup on internet.
Page | 69
Network Devices
1. Modem
Stands for modulator- demodulator.
Modem converts the digital signal from the computer into an analogue signal that can
travel through the telephone lines. And vice-versa
2. Ethernet Card
Also known as network interface card
Network adaptor used to set up a wired network.
Ethernet cards can support data transfer between 10
Mbps and 1 Gbps. Each NIC has a MAC address which
helps in uniquely identifying the computer on the
network.
3. Repeater
Signals lose their strength beyond this limit and become
weak. In such conditions, originalsignals need to be
regenerated.
Repeater works with signals on the cables to which it
is connected.
4.
Hub Acts as a connector of several computers.
Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all the others.
If data from two devices come at the same time, they will collide.
Page | 70
5. Switch
Connects multiple computers or communicating devices.
When data arrives, the switch extracts the destination address from the data packet and
looks it up in a table to see where to send the packet.
It sends signals to only selected devices instead of sending to all and thus reducing the
network traffic.
Also known as intelligent hub.
6. Router
Connects a LAN to the internet.
It can analyse the data being carried over a network, decide and alter how it is
packaged and send it to another network of a different type.
For example, Data has been divided into packets of a certain size. Suppose, these packets
are to be carried over a different type of network which cannot handle bigger packets, in
such a case, the data is to be repackaged as smaller packets and then sent over the network
by a router.
7. Gateway
Combination of software and hardware.
Used to connect different types of two or more networks having different protocols, services
and environments.
Serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or going out
of a network must first pass through the gateway in order to use routing paths.
If a node from one network wants to communicate with a node of a foreign network, it will
pass the data packet to the gateway, which then routes it to the destination using the
best possible route.
Page | 71
8. Bridge
It works on data link layer of OSI Model. It is used to connect same or similar types of two
or more networks. It is also used to divide a big network into two or more small
networks.
Mac Address
• Stands for media access control
• Physical address of the system
• Engraved on NIC at the time of manufacturing and is
permanent.
• It is a 12 digit hexadecimal number (48 bits in length)
• Eg: 07:01:02:22:3C:4D
• The first 6 digits represents manufacturer’s ID and later 6 digits represent serial number
assigned to the card.
IP address
• Known as internet protocol address.
• Used to uniquely identify a system in a network.
• It is a logical address of our system.
• IPV4 is a 32 bit numeric address written as 4 numbers and
numbers can be between 0 and 255. Eg: 192:168:0:178
• IPV6 is 128 bit address consisting of 16 bytes.
Malware
Malware is stands for malicious software. It is small program that can come in our system
form anywhere and then infects or harms our system. Virus, Worm, Trojan horse, Spyware,
Adware, Rootkit, Key loggers, Logic bomb, Ransomware.
Page | 72
VIRUS (Vital Information resource under siege)
A virus is a program that replicates its own code by attaching itself to other executable
files in such a way that the virus code is executed when the infected executable file is
executed. Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which means the virus may
exist on a system but will not be active or able to spread until a user runs or opens the
malicious host file or program.
Types of viruses are File Virus, Macro Virus, Multipartite Virus, Boot sector Virus/Master
Boot Record Virus, Stealth Virus, Cavity (Space Filler) Virus, Tunnelling Virus,
Polymorphic Virus, Cluster Virus.
Keylogger: A keylogger is a type of surveillance software that has the capability to record every
keystroke you make to a log file, usually encrypted. A key logger recorder can record instant
messages, e-mail, and any information you type at any time using your keyboard.
Logic Bomb: A logic bomb is a piece of code inserted into an operating system or software
application that implements a malicious function after a certain amount of time, or specific
conditions are met.
Ransomware: It is a type of malicious software designed to block access to a computer system until
a sum of money is paid.
• Blocks the user to access their own data and threatens to publish them online and demands
ransom payment against the same.
Types of Hacking
1. Ethical hacking (Legal hacking)
2. Non-ethical hacking
Page | 74
• They are actually security experts. Organisations hire ethical or white hat hackers to check
and fix their systems for potential security threats and loopholes.
3. Grey Hat hackers (Combination of both white and black hat hackers)
• They hack systems by exploiting its vulnerabilities, but they don’t do so for monetary or
political gains. The grey hats take system security as a challenge and just hack systems
for the fun of it.
Phishing
• Phishing is an unlawful activity where fake websites or emails
that look original or authentic are presented to the user to
fraudulently collect sensitive and personal details, particularly
usernames, passwords, banking and credit card details.
• They will often use logo’s of the original, making them
difficult to detect from the real! Phishing attempts
through phone calls or text messages are also common
these days.
Packet Sniffing
• Packet sniffing is the act of capturing packets of data flowing across a computer
network. The software or device used to do this is called a packet sniffer.
Spoofing
• A spoofing attack is when an attacker or malicious program successfully acts on another
person’s (or program’s) behalf by impersonating data. Some common types of spoofing
attacks include ARP spoofing, DNS spoofing and IP address spoofing. These types of
spoofing attacks are typically used to attack networks, spread malware and to access
Page | 75
confidential information and data.
Page | 76
Snooping
• Snooping refer to listening to a conversation. For example, if you login to a website that uses
no encryption, your username and password can be sniffed off the network by someone who
can capture the network traffic between you and the web site.
Firewall
• A computer firewall is a software program that prevents unauthorized access to or from
a private network. Firewalls are tools that can be used to enhance the security of computers
connected to a network, such as LAN or the Internet.
• It can be implemented in software, hardware or both.
Page | 78
Q11. Which of the following is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security
holes to replicate itself? --> Worm
Q12. A is a computer programme which can self-replicate and propagate over the
network with or without human intervention and has malicious intent. --> Worm
Q13. Which of the following ports is used to connect a computer to a wired network? --> Ethernet
port
Q14. A device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over telephone or cable lines
is called: --> Modem
Page | 79
Conversion
1) Binary -divide by 2
2) Decimal – Multiply with powers of base value
3) Octal -Deduce
4) Hexadecimal
Conversion between the Number Systems
Decimal to Binary
Step 1 Divide the given number by 2.
Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Remainder should be 0 or 1.
Step 3 If quotient # 0, then again divide the quotient by 2 and back to step 2. If quotient
= 0, then stop the process.
Step 4 First remainder is called as Least Significant Bit (LSB) and last remainder is called
as Most Significant Bit (MSB).
Step 5 Arrange all remainders from MSB to LSB.
Example (43)10 = (?)2
Binary to Decimal
To convert binary to decimal, following steps are Involved
Step 1 Multiply the binary digits by powers of 2
Step 2 The power for integral part will be positive and for fractional part will be negative.
Step 3 Add all the multiplying digits
Example (1101.10)2 =(?)10
Binary to Octal
Step 1 Make the group of 3 bits from right to left. If the left most group has less than 3
bits, put in the necessary number of leading zeroes on the left.
Step 2 Now, convert each group to decimal
number. Octal to Binary
Convert every digit of the number from octal to binary in the group of 3 bits.
Binary to Hexadecimal
Step 1 Start making the group of4 bits each from right to left from the given binary
number. If the left most group has less than 4 bits, put in the necessary number of
leading 0's on the left.
Step 2 Now, each group will be converted to decimal number.
Hexadecimal to Binary
For this type of hexadecimal digit to 4 bits binary
equivalent. Decimal to Octal
Page | 80
Step 1 Divide the given number by 8.
Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Digits of remainder will be from 0 to 7.
Step 3 If quotient # 0, then again divide the quotient by 8 and go back to step 2.
Step 4 If quotient = 0 or less than 8 then stop the process.
Step 5 Write each remainder from left to right starting from MSD (Most Significant Digit)
to LSD (Least Significant Digit)
Octal to Decimal
Step 1 Multiply each digit of octal number with powers of 8.
Step 2 These powers should be positive for integral part and negative for fractional part
Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits.
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Step 1 (Divide the given number by 16.
Step 2 Note the quotient and remainder. Digits of remainder will be 0 to 9 or A to F.
Step 3 If quotient #0, then again divide the quotient by 16 and go back to step 2.
Step 4 if quotient = 0 or less than 16, then stop the process.
Step 5 Write each remainder from left to right starting from MSD (Most Significant Digit)
to LSD (Least Significant Digit)
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Step 1 Multiply each digit of hexadecimal number with powers of 16.
Step 2 These powers should be positive for integral part and negative for fractional part.
Step 3 Add the all multiplying digits
Octal to Hexadecimal
Step 1 Convert each digit of octal number to binary number.
Step 2 Again, convert each binary digit to hexadecimal number.
Hexadecimal to Octal
Step 1 Convert each digit of the hexadecimal number to binary number.
Step 2 Again, convert each binary digit to octal number.
Page | 81
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Computer Codes
Computer Codes
In computer, any character like alphabet, digit or special character is represented by
collection of 1’s and 0's in a unique coded pattern.
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
This system was developed by IBM. It is a number system where four bits are used
to represent each decimal digits.
BCD is a method of using binary digits to represent the decimal digits (0-9). In BCD system,
there is no limit on size of a number.)
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
Basically, ASCII codes are of two types, which are as follows
1. ASCI-7 It is a 7-bit standard ASCII code. It allows 27 = 128 (from 0 to 127) unique
symbols or characters.
2. ASCII-8 It is an extended version of ASCI-7. It is an 8-bit code, allows 2 8 = 256 (0 to 255)
unique symbols or characters.
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange (EBCDIC)
In EBCDIC, characters are represented by eight bits. These codes store information which
is readable by other computers. It allows 28 = 256 combination of bits.
Logic Gates
It is a basic building block of a digital circuit that has
two inputs and one output. The relationship between
the input and the output are based on a certain logic.
These gates are implemented using electronic switches
like transistors, diodes.
Page | 81
True only if both the conditions or inputs are True otherwise
it returns False.
OR Gate
This is represented by (+), i.e. (A+ B) It returns True if any one of the conditions or inputs is
True and if both conditions are False, then it returns False.
NOR Gate:
It is inverse of the OR gate. This gate is designed by combining the OR and NOT gates.
Note: NAND and NOR gates are also called universal gates.
Page | 82
It returns True only if one condition is true from both the conditions otherwise it
returns False.
Page | 83
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Delhi Police Head Constable
Ministerial (2022)
(Exams held in October 2022)
All 24 shifts
Computer Fundamentals Mock form
(in English Language)
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INDEX
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10-Oct Shift- 14-Oct Shift-1 14-Oct
1 10-Oct Shift-2
Oct Shift-3
12-Oct Shift-
1 12-Oct
Shift-2
12-Oct Shift-3
13-Oct Shift-
1 13-Oct
Shift-2
13-Oct Shift-3
1 -2
7- 17-Oct Shift-3
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S Shift-2
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1 Shift-2
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S Shift-2
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Shubham Sir Maths
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27-Oct Shift-1
27-Oct Shift-2
27-Oct Shift-3
28-Oct Shift-1
28-Oct Shift-2
28-Oct Shift-3
27/10/2022-> (9:00 AM - 10:30 AM)
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Q.7)-
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Q.9)-
1. 2. 3. 4.
Q.10)-
1. 2. 3. 4.
Answer key
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Q.2)- Which of the following is an extension Q13)- In which year was Microsoft’s Windows
of a temporary file?--> .tmp operating system first introduced?--> 1985
Q.19)- A is a computer
programme which can self-replicate
and propagate over the network
with or without human intervention
and has malicious intent.--> worm
Q.54)- is an interpreted,
high-level and general-purpose
programming language.-->
Python
Computer
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