ENGLISH LANGUAGE II

Lecture 3
Presented By:
Dr.Sherin Abdel Ghaffar/Dr. Noha Elgindi
 Structure
Review on Previous, Skills (8-12)
• EXERCISE (Skills 8-12): Choose the correct
answer
1. Rarely …….. located near city lights or at
lower elevations.
(A) observatories are
(B) are
(C) in the observatories
(D) are observatories
 Structure
Review on Previous, Skills (8-12)
• EXERCISE (Skills 8-12): Choose the correct
answer
1. Rarely …….. located near city lights or at
lower elevations.
(A) observatories are
(B) are
(C) in the observatories
(D) are observatories
2. There are geographic, economic, and cultural
reasons why ……… around the world.
(A) diets differ
(B) do diets differ
(C) are diets different
(D) to differ a diet

3. Nowhere ……..more skewed than in the auto industry.

(A) that retail trade figures
(B) retail trade figures
(C) are retail trade figures
(D) retail trade figures
2. There are geographic, economic, and cultural
reasons why ……… around the world.
(A) diets differ
(B) do diets differ
(C) are diets different
(D) to differ a diet

3. Nowhere ……..more skewed than in the auto industry.

(A) that retail trade figures
(B) retail trade figures
(C) are retail trade figures
(D) retail trade figures
4. Were ……….millions of dollars each year
replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline
would be changing even more rapidly.
(A) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not
spending
(B) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not
spend
(C) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers does not
spend
(D) not spending the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
4. Were ……….millions of dollars each year
replenishing eroding beaches, the coastline
would be changing even more rapidly.
(A) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not
spending
(B) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers not
spend
(C) the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers does not
spend
(D) not spending the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers
5. New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice as
large………..second smallest country, Monaco.
(A) as
(B) is the
(C) as is
(D) as is the

6. Potassium has a valence of positive one because it

usually loses one electron when …….with other elements.
(A) does it combine
(B) it combines
(C) in combining
(D) combination
5. New York City’s Central Park is nearly twice as
large………..second smallest country, Monaco.
(A) as
(B) is the
(C) as is
(D) as is the

6. Potassium has a valence of positive one because it

usually loses one electron when …….with other elements.
(A) does it combine
(B) it combines
(C) in combining
(D) combination
7. The economic background of labor
legislation will not be mentioned in this course,
…………….. be treated.
(A) trade unionism will not
(B) nor trade unionism will
(C) nor will trade unionism
(D) neither trade unionism will
7. The economic background of labor
legislation will not be mentioned in this course,
…………….. be treated.
(A) trade unionism will not
(B) nor trade unionism will
(C) nor will trade unionism
(D) neither trade unionism will
8. Located behind…….the two lacrimal glands.
(A) each eyelid
(B) is each eyelid
(C) each eyelid are
(D) each eyelid which is
9. Only for a short period of time …….. run at top
speed.
(A) cheetahs
(B) do cheetahs
(C) that a cheetah can
(D) can
8. Located behind…….the two lacrimal glands.
(A) each eyelid
(B) is each eyelid
(C) each eyelid are
(D) each eyelid which is
9. Only for a short period of time …….. run at top
speed.
(A) cheetahs
(B) do cheetahs
(C) that a cheetah can
(D) can
PROBLEMS WITH NOUNS
 SKILL 13 USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL
NOUN

A problem that is common in English is a

singular noun used where a plural noun is
needed, or a plural noun used where a singular
noun is needed.
On the table there were many dish*.
The lab assistant finished every tests*.
In the first example, many indicates that the
plural dishes is needed. In the second example,
every indicates that the singular test is needed.
KEY WORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL
NOUNS
For singular nouns:
(Each – Every – Single – One – A)
For plural nouns:
(Both – Two – Many – Several – Various)
 SKILL 14 DISTINGUISH COUNTABLE AND
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Some common mistakes:
He has seen much* foreign films.
He didn’t have many* fun at the movies.
It should be:
He has seen many foreign films.
He didn’t have much fun at the movies.

Key words for countable and uncountable nouns

For countable nouns: many / number / few/ fewer
For uncountable nouns: much / amount / little / less
 SKILL 15 RECOGNIZE IRREGULAR PLURALS OF
NOUNS
Many nouns in English have irregular plurals; the
irregular forms that are the most problematic are
plural forms that do not end in S.
Different Criteria was* used to evaluate the
performers
In this example the plural criteria looks singular
because it does not end in S. However, criteria is a
plural noun, so the singular verb was used is
incorrect. The verb should be in the plural form
were used.
The following chart lists the irregular plurals that you
should become familiar with:

IRREGULAR PLURALS
Vowel change man / men toot / feet goose / geese
woman / women tooth / teeth mouse / mice
Add -EN child / children ox/oxen
Same as singular deer / deer salmon / salmon trout / trout
fish / fish sheep / sheep
-IS —> -ES analysis / analyses diagnosis / diagnoses synthesis / syntheses
axis / axes hypothesis / hypotheses thesis / theses
crisis / crises parenthesis / parentheses
Ends in -A bacterium / bacteria datum / data criterion / criteria
curriculum / curricula phenomenon I phenomena
-US —> -I alumnus / alumni fungus / fungi stimulus / stimuli
bacillus / bacilli nucleus /nuclei syllabus / syllabi
cactus / cacti radius/radii
 SKILL 16 DISTINGUISH THE PERSON FROM
THE THING
Nouns in English can refer to persons or things;
sometimes in the written expression the person is used in
place of the thing, or the thing is used in place of the
person.
Ralph Nader is an authorization* in the field of
consumer affairs
There are many job oppotunities in accountant*
In the first example, autorization is incorrect because
authorization is a thing and Ralph Nader is a person; it
should be authority.
In the second example, accountant is incorrect because
accountant is a person; it should be accounting.
 EXERCISE (Skills 13-16)
Choose the correct answer:
1. His thesis includes an ……….of the hypotheses.
a) analyses b) analysis
b) analyze d) analyzing
2. The mystery bookstore was largely a …….of
the last decade.
a) phenomena b) phenomenon
c) phenomenas d) phenomenai
 EXERCISE (Skills 13-16)
Choose the correct answer:
1. His thesis includes an ……….of the hypotheses.
a) analyses b) analysis
b) analyze d) analyzing
2. The mystery bookstore was largely a …….of
the last decade.
a) phenomena b) phenomenon
c) phenomenas d) phenomenai
3. Uranus is the seventh ………… from the Sun.
a) planet b) planets
c) planetes d) plantetz

4. The Song of Hiawatha, by Longfellow, tells the

story of the Indian ………. who married
Minehaha.
a) Heros b) heroine
c) Heroism d) heroes
3. Uranus is the seventh ………… from the Sun.
a) planet b) planets
c) planetes d) plantetz

4. The Song of Hiawatha, by Longfellow, tells the

story of the Indian ………. who married
Minehaha.
a) Heros b) heroine
c) Heroism d) heroes
PROBLEMS WITH PARALLEL
STRUCTURE
 PARALLEL STRUCTURE
Parallel Structure means to make the language
as even and balanced as possible.
Example:
(not balanced: wrong) I like to sing and dancing.
(balanced, correct) I like to sing and to dance.
or
I like singing and dancing.
With Coordinate Conjunctions

With Paired Conjunctions

With Comparisons
 SKILL 17: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH
COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
The job of the coordinate conjunctions (and,
but, or) is to join together equal expressions. In
other words, what is on one side of these words
must be parallel to what is on the other side.
These conjunctions can join nouns, or verbs, or
adjectives, or phrases, or subordinate clauses, or
main clauses; they just must join together two
of the same thing.
Here are examples of two nouns joined by a
coordinate conjunction:
• I need to talk to the manager or the assistant
manager.
• She is not a teacher but a lawyer.
Here are examples of two verbs joined by a
coordinate conjunction:
• He eats and sleeps only when he takes a
vacation.
• She invites us to her home but never talks
with us.
Here are examples of two adjectives joined by a coordinate
conjunction:
• My boss is sincere and nice.
• The exam that he gave was short but difficult.

Here are examples of two phrases joined by a coordinate

conjunction:
• The papers are on my desk or in the drawer.
• The checks will be ready not at noon but at 1:00.

Here are examples of two clauses joined by a coordinate

conjunction:
• They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
• I am here because I have to be and because I want to be.
 SKILL 18: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH
PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
The paired conjunctions both... and, either.. . or, neither.. .
nor, and not only ... but also require parallel structures.

I know both where you went and what you did.

Either Mark or Sue has the book.
The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my
purse.
He is not only an excellent student but also an
outstanding athlete.
The following is not parallel and must be corrected:
He wants either to go by train or by plane*.
It is not correct because to go by train is not parallel
to by plane. It can be corrected in several ways:

He wants either to go by train or to go by

plane.
He wants to go either by train or by plane.
He wants to go by either train or plane.
When you are using these paired conjunctions, be
sure that the correct parts are used together. The
following are incorrect:

I want both this book or* that one.

Either Sam nor* Sue is taking the course.

These sentences are incorrect because the wrong

parts of the paired conjunctions are used together.
In the first example, and should be used with both.
In the second example, or should be used with
either.
SKILL 19: USE PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH
COMPARISONS
When you make a comparison, you point out the
similarities or differences between two things, and
those similarities or differences must be in parallel
form. You can recognize a comparison showing how
two things are different from the -er... than or the
more ... than.
• My school is further than your school.
• What is written is more easily understood than
what is spoken.
A comparison showing how two things are the
same might contain as ... as or expressions such
as the same as or similar to.
• Their car is as big as a small house.
• Renting those apartments costs about the
same as leasing them.
• The work that I did is similar to the work that
you did.
• Use Comparatives and Superlatives Correctly.
Wrong: It is the better sports car that I´ve seen.
Right: It is the best sports car that I’ve seen.
• Use the Irregular –er, -er Structure Correctly: Two
parrallel comparatives introduced by ‘the’:
The more you read, the more you learn.
The harder you try, the more you’ll accomplish.
• Sometimes a verb is not necessary:
The greater the experience, the higher the salary.
• The rules to form the comparative of adverbs are
similar to adjectives except with two syllable adverbs
that end in –y. The comparative is formed with
more/less, the most/least: more easily.
• The comparative of nouns is formed only adding:
more/less, the most/least: more work, the most work.
 EXERCISE (Skills 17-19)
Choose the correct answer:
1. Insects provide many beneficial services,
such as ______ , breaking down deadwood,
and pollinating plants.
(A) they condition soils
(B) to condition soil
(C) conditioning the soil
(D) soil conditioned
 EXERCISE (Skills 17-19)
Choose the correct answer:
1. Insects provide many beneficial services,
such as ______ , breaking down deadwood,
and pollinating plants.
(A) they condition soils
(B) to condition soil
(C) conditioning the soil
(D) soil conditioned
2. Frozen orange juice must be packed, ______ ,
and stored when the fruit is ripe.
(A) be frozen
(B) must be frozen
(C) frozen
(D) it must be frozen

3. Sioux is a North American Indian language that

is spoken not only ______ Sioux but also by the
Crow and Osage tribes.
(A) by the (B) the
(C) do the (D) and the
2. Frozen orange juice must be packed, ______ ,
and stored when the fruit is ripe.
(A) be frozen
(B) must be frozen
(C) frozen
(D) it must be frozen

3. Sioux is a North American Indian language that

is spoken not only ______ Sioux but also by the
Crow and Osage tribes.
(A) by the (B) the
(C) do the (D) and the
4. Roger Williams was a clergyman, ______ the colony of
Rhode Island, and an outspoken advocate of religious and
political freedom.
(A) founded (B) the founder of
(C) was the founder of (D) he founded

5. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, ______ , or

spray guns.
(A) brushes (B) brushes can be used
(C) with brushes (D) by brush

6. The use of labor-saving devices in homes, ______ , and

factories added to the amount of leisure time people had.
(A) at an office (B) used in offices
(C) offices (D) in offices
4. Roger Williams was a clergyman, ______ the colony of
Rhode Island, and an outspoken advocate of religious and
political freedom.
(A) founded (B) the founder of
(C) was the founder of (D) he founded

5. Paint can be applied to a surface with rollers, ______ , or

spray guns.
(A) brushes (B) brushes can be used
(C) with brushes (D) by brush

6. The use of labor-saving devices in homes, ______ , and

factories added to the amount of leisure time people had.
(A) at an office (B) used in offices
(C) offices (D) in offices
 Skill 6: Answer Implied Detail
Questions Correctly
Questions of this type contain the words implied, inferred,
likely, or probably to let you know that the answer to the
question is not directly stated.
How to identify the question?
It is implied in the passage that …../ It can be inferred from the
passage that …./ It is most likely that …./ What probably
happened ….?

Where to find the answer?

The answers to these questions are generally found in order in
the passage.
How to answer the question?
1. Choose a key word in the question
2. Scan the passage for the key word (or a
related idea)
3. Carefully read the sentence that contains
the key word
4. Look for an answer that could be true,
according to that sentence
• Example:
The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all
words are derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five
vowels a, e, i, o, u and the seven consonants h, k, l, m, n, p, w. Each
syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never
appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the
Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by
visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiian speak English, but it is quite
common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and
expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor
may be greeted with the expression aloha and may be referred to as
a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. The visitor may
attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited
afterwards to dance hula.
1. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word:

(A) mahalo (B) mahimahi (C) meklea D) moana

Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian
word:

(A) mahalo
(B) mahimahi
(C) meklea
(D) moana

With this question you draw the conclusion, So

letter C is the correct answer because the
consonants k and l appear together.
 The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all
words are derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five
vowels a, e, i, o, u and the seven consonants h, k, l, m, n, p, w. Each
syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never
appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the
Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by
visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiian speak English, but it is quite
common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and
expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor
may be greeted with the expression aloha and may be referred to as
a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. The visitor may
attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited
afterwards to dance hula.
2. It is implied in the passage that a luau is…..

(A) dance (B) feast (C) concert D) language

 The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all
words are derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five
vowels a, e, i, o, u and the seven consonants h, k, l, m, n, p, w. Each
syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never
appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the
Hawaiian language than they do in English.
This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by
visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiian speak English, but it is quite
common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and
expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor
may be greeted with the expression aloha and may be referred to as
a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. The visitor may
attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited
afterwards to dance hula.
2. It is implied in the passage that a luau is…..

(A) dance (B) feast (C) concert D) language

Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas
where they live are surrounded by oceans, bays and inlets and dotted with lakes and
seas. Two different types of boats have been developed by the Eskimos, each
constructed to meet specific needs.
The kayak is something like canoe that has been covered by a deck. A kayak is
generally constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider; however, some
kayaks are made for two. Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the
hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back
up without filling with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for
hunting.
The umiak is not closed over, as is the kayak. Instead, it is an open boat that is built to
hold ten to twelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which
reflect the size of the boat; e.g. the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to
campsite, and it is used for hunting larger animals that are too big to be hunted in a
kayak.

1 It is implied in the passage that if a 2

It can be inferred from the passage
kayak has two holes, then
that an example of the animals
A. it accommodates two riders
B. it is less stable than a kayak with mentioned might be
one hole A. a kangaroo
C. it is as large as an umiak B. a snake
D. it cannot be used on the ocean
C. a whale
D. a salmon
Eskimos need efficient and adequate means to travel across water in that the areas
where they live are surrounded by oceans, bays and inlets and dotted with lakes and
seas. Two different types of boats have been developed by the Eskimos, each
constructed to meet specific needs.
The kayak is something like canoe that has been covered by a deck. A kayak is
generally constructed with one opening in the deck for one rider; however, some
kayaks are made for two. Because the deck of a kayak is covered over except for the
hole (or holes) for its rider (or riders), a kayak can tip over in the water and roll back
up without filling with water and sinking. One of the primary uses of the kayak is for
hunting.
The umiak is not closed over, as is the kayak. Instead, it is an open boat that is built to
hold ten to twelve passengers. Eskimos have numerous uses for the umiak which
reflect the size of the boat; e.g. the umiak is used to haul belongings from campsite to
campsite, and it is used for hunting larger animals that are too big to be hunted in a
kayak.

1 It is implied in the passage that if a 2

It can be inferred from the passage
kayak has two holes, then
that an example of the animals
A. it accommodates two riders
B. it is less stable than a kayak with mentioned might be
one hole A. a kangaroo
C. it is as large as an umiak B. a snake
D. it cannot be used on the ocean
C. a whale
D. a salmon
 Skill 7: Answer Transition Questions
Correctly
• You will sometimes be asked to answer a question about
what probably came before the reading passage (in the
preceding paragraph) or what probably comes after the
reading passage. Of course, the topic of the preceding is
not directly stated, and you must draw a conclusion to
determine what is the probably in these paragraph.
• This type of question is a transition. It asks you to
demonstrate that you understand that good writing
contains transition from one paragraph to the next. A
paragraph may start out with idea of the previous
paragraph as a way of linking the ideas in the two
paragraph. A paragraph may also ends with an idea that
will be further developed in the following paragraph.
 1. How to identify the question.
- The paragraph preceding the passage probably......
- What is most likely in the paragraph following the passage?

2. Where to find the answer.

- The answer can generally be found in the first line of the passage for a
preceding question. The answer can generally be found in the last line for a
following question.

3. How to answer the question.

- Read the first line for a preceding question.
- Read the last line for a following question.
- Draw a conclusion about what comes before or after.
- Choose the answer that is reflected in the first or last line of the passage
Example:
Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is a
mean-spirited sovereign of the ocean’s depths. The name “Jones” is thought
by some etymologists to have been derived from the name “Jonah”, the
Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whale’s belly.
According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the
bottom of the ocean is said to have gone to Davy Jones’s locker, the ocean-
sized, mythical receptacle for anything that falls into the water. Needless to
say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Jones’s
locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the
treasures located there.
The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses
(A) The youth of Davy Jones
(B) Davy Jones’s career as a sailor
(C) a different traditional story from the sea
(D) Preparing to travel on the ocean
This question is asking to you about the topic of the preceding paragraph,
and you should know that a myth is a traditional story, so the best answer
to this question is letter C, because it discusses a different traditional story
from the Sea.
Cultural Awareness
 Watch and listen
Using Visuals to predict the content
 While watching
Understanding main ideas
Understanding details
Listening for key information
Making inferences
Discussion