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com/

Program Name and Code: Operating Systems (OSY) - 22516

Course Name and Code: CO5I

Academic Year: 2023 - 2026

Semester: Fifth Semester

A product by MSBTE STORE

Project Name - Report on Developing a simulation of memory

management techniques like Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual
Memory.
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Annexure – I

Report on Developing a simulation of memory management

techniques like Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory.

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the micro project

The aim of the project is to develop a simulation of memory management

techniques (such as Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory) and evaluate their
efficiency in terms of memory utilization and access time. The project seeks to
provide a deeper understanding of these memory management techniques and their
impact on system performance. By simulating and analyzing the techniques, the
project aims to assess their strengths, limitations, and trade-offs, enabling
researchers, developers, and system administrators to make informed decisions
regarding memory management strategies in operating systems.

2.0 Course outcome addressed.

The project on memory management techniques aims to achieve several

course outcomes, which may vary depending on the specific educational program or
course. However, here are some common course outcomes that can be associated
with this project:

1. Understanding of Memory Management: The project helps students develop a

thorough understanding of memory management techniques employed in
operating systems.

2. Implementation and Simulation Skills: By developing a simulation of memory

management techniques, students gain practical experience in implementing
complex algorithms and data structures.

3. Performance Evaluation: The project emphasizes the evaluation of memory

management techniques in terms of memory utilization and access time.

4. Problem Solving and Optimization: The project involves identifying challenges

and limitations associated with memory management techniques, such as
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fragmentation and overhead. Students are encouraged to propose and

implement strategies to mitigate these issues, optimize performance, and
improve resource utilization.

5. Research and Analysis Skills: Students are expected to conduct a

comprehensive analysis of the simulated memory management techniques.
This includes gathering relevant information, studying related literature,
comparing different approaches, and critically evaluating their advantages and
disadvantages.

6. Communication and Documentation: Throughout the project, students are

required to document their simulation design, implementation details,
experimental setups, and evaluation results.

By achieving these course outcomes, students enhance their understanding

of memory management techniques, strengthen their problem-solving skills, develop
critical analysis capabilities, and gain hands-on experience in simulation development
and performance evaluation. These outcomes equip them with essential knowledge
and skills to tackle real-world memory management challenges in various computing
environments.

3.0 Proposed methodology

The methodology of the project on memory management techniques involves

several steps to develop the simulation and evaluate the efficiency of different
memory management techniques. Here is a suggested methodology:
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1. Research and Understanding:

● Conduct an in-depth study of memory management techniques,
including Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory.
● Gather relevant information from textbooks, research papers, and
authoritative sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the
concepts, principles, and algorithms involved.

2. Simulation Design:
● Define the simulation requirements, such as the programming
language, simulation environment, and data structures to be used.
● Design the architecture of the simulation, considering the
components necessary for each memory management technique
(e.g., page tables, segment tables, memory allocation algorithms).

3. Implementation:
● Implement the simulation framework based on the design.
● Develop the necessary algorithms and data structures for each
memory management technique (paging, segmentation, virtual
memory).
● Incorporate additional features like process creation, memory
allocation, and deallocation mechanisms.

4. Experimental Setup:
● Define the metrics for evaluating the efficiency of memory
management techniques, such as memory utilization and access
time.
● Create test scenarios that represent different workload patterns,
memory allocation patterns, and system configurations.
● Establish a baseline by running simulations with default settings and
configurations.

5. Performance Evaluation:
● Execute the simulation with the defined test scenarios.
● Measure and record relevant metrics, including memory utilization
and access time, for each memory management technique.
● Analyze the results to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of
each technique.
● Identify strengths, limitations, and trade-offs associated with each
memory management technique based on the evaluation metrics.

6. Optimization Strategies:
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● Identify potential areas for improvement and optimization in

memory management techniques.
● Propose and implement strategies to mitigate fragmentation,
reduce overhead, or enhance performance.
● Measure and compare the performance of the optimized memory
management techniques against the original implementations.

7. Documentation and Reporting:

● Document the simulation design, implementation details,
experimental setups, and results.
● Prepare a comprehensive report summarizing the project
objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions.
● Include visualizations, graphs, or tables to present the experimental
results effectively.

By following this methodology, the project ensures a systematic approach

to developing the simulation, evaluating memory management techniques, and
documenting the findings. It promotes rigorous experimentation, analysis, and
reporting, leading to valuable insights and contributions in the field of memory
management.

4.0 Action Plan

Sr.
Name of responsible team
No Detail of activity Plan start date Plan finish date
members
.

collect information on the

1
internet

2 create a micro project format

input micro project information

3
in ms word

4 create ms word file and show

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file to guide

after confirmation print the

5
project report

5.0 Resources used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specifications Quantity

1 textbook Operating Systems 1

2 internet Wikipedia / Msbte Store 1

3 PC windows 11 1

Name of Group Members

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Annexure-II

Report on Developing a simulation of memory management

techniques like Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory.

1.0 Brief Description:-

1. Introduction

Memory management is a crucial aspect of operating systems that involves

allocating and managing computer memory efficiently. Various techniques have been
developed to optimize memory utilization and access time. This report presents a
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simulation of three commonly used memory management techniques: Paging,

Segmentation, and Virtual Memory. The simulation evaluates the efficiency of these
techniques in terms of memory utilization and access time.

2. Memory Management Techniques

2.1 Paging

Paging is a memory management technique that divides the physical

memory and the logical memory into fixed-size blocks called pages. The main
components of the paging technique are the page table and the page frame. The
page table maintains the mapping between logical pages and physical frames. When
a process requests memory, it is allocated in the form of fixed-size pages. Paging is a
memory management technique that divides both the physical memory and the
logical memory into fixed-size blocks called pages. The main idea behind paging is to
remove external fragmentation, which occurs when memory blocks of varying sizes
are allocated and deallocated, leaving gaps of unused memory scattered throughout
the system.

In the paging technique, the logical address space of a process is divided into
pages, each of which has a fixed size. The physical memory is divided into frames,
also of the same size as the pages.

When a process requests memory, the operating system allocates pages to it.
The advantage of using fixed-size pages is that it simplifies memory allocation and
deallocation, as well as memory protection. Each page can be allocated or
deallocated independently, and memory protection can be implemented by setting
appropriate permissions (read-only, read-write, etc.) on each page.
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However, paging introduces the problem of internal fragmentation. Since

memory is allocated in fixed-size pages, it is possible that a process does not fully
occupy a page, resulting in wasted memory. For example, if a process requires 4 KB
of memory and the page size is 8 KB, the remaining 4 KB in the page will be unused.

Advantages:

● Paging allows for efficient memory allocation as it eliminates external

fragmentation by dividing memory into fixed-size pages.
● It simplifies the management of memory as the pages can be allocated and
deallocated independently.
● Paging enables efficient memory protection by setting appropriate
permissions for each page.

Disadvantages:

● Paging introduces internal fragmentation since the allocated memory may not
fully occupy a page, resulting in wasted memory.
● The page table lookup can introduce overhead, impacting the overall
performance.
● Paging may lead to increased disk I/O due to page faults.
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2.2 Segmentation
Segmentation is a memory management technique that divides the logical
memory into variable-sized segments. Each segment represents a logical division of a
process, such as code, data, stack, etc. The segments are mapped to corresponding
physical memory locations using a segment table. Segmentation is another memory
management technique that divides the logical memory into variable-sized
segments. Each segment represents a logical division of a process, such as code,
data, stack, heap, etc.

In the segmentation technique, a segment table is used to maintain the mapping

between logical segments and physical memory locations. Each entry in the segment
table contains the base address and length of a segment in physical memory.

Segmentation offers several advantages. First, it allows for more efficient

memory allocation by accommodating variable-sized segments, which can better
match the specific memory requirements of different processes. Second, it simplifies
memory sharing and protection, as segments can be easily shared between multiple
processes or protected by setting appropriate permissions on each segment. Finally,
the overhead of segment table lookup is typically lower compared to page table
lookup, as the number of segments is usually smaller than the number of pages.
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However, segmentation can introduce external fragmentation. Since

segments are of variable sizes, gaps can be left between them, resulting in unused
memory that cannot be allocated to other processes.

Advantages:

● Segmentation allows for flexible memory allocation as segments can vary in

size, accommodating different requirements of processes.
● It simplifies sharing and protection of memory segments between processes.
● The overhead of segment table lookup is typically lower compared to page
table lookup.

Disadvantages:

● Segmentation can lead to external fragmentation as the memory segments

may leave unused gaps between them.
● The dynamic growth of segments can be complex to handle, requiring
additional memory management techniques.
● The variable-sized segments can make memory management more
challenging.

2.3 Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is a memory management technique that allows processes

to use more memory than physically available in the system. It provides an illusion of
a larger address space by utilizing secondary storage, such as a hard disk, as an
extension of physical memory. The system dynamically swaps data between physical
memory and disk based on demand. Virtual memory is a memory management
technique that allows processes to use more memory than is physically available in
the system. It provides an illusion of a larger address space for each process by
utilizing secondary storage, such as a hard disk, as an extension of physical memory.

In virtual memory, the logical address space of a process is divided into pages,
similar to paging. However, not all pages need to be loaded into physical memory at
once. Instead, the system dynamically swaps pages between physical memory and
disk based on demand.
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When a process accesses a page that is not currently in physical memory (a

page fault), the operating system retrieves the required page from disk and brings it
into a free page frame in physical memory. This process is known as page swapping.
Similarly, if the system needs to free up space in physical memory, it can choose to
evict a page from memory and write it back to disk. Virtual memory offers several
benefits. It allows processes to utilize more memory than is physically available,
enabling the system to handle larger programs or multiple programs concurrently. It
provides a uniform address space for each process, simplifying programming and
memory management. Virtual memory also supports memory protection, as each
page can have its own permissions.

Advantages:
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● Virtual memory enables efficient utilization of available physical memory by

allowing processes to use more memory than physically available.
● It provides a convenient programming abstraction by presenting each process
with a uniform address space.
● Virtual memory enhances multitasking capabilities as the system can handle
more processes concurrently.

Disadvantages:

● Virtual memory introduces additional overhead due to page faults and the
need for frequent disk I/O operations.
● The performance can degrade if the system heavily relies on virtual memory
and experiences high levels of page swapping.

3. Simulation and Evaluation

A simulation was developed to evaluate the efficiency of the memory management

techniques: Paging, Segmentation, and Virtual Memory. The simulation considered
various aspects such as memory utilization and access time.

3.1 Memory Utilization

The simulation measured the memory utilization for each technique by analyzing the
amount of wasted memory due to fragmentation (internal or external). Paging was
found to eliminate external fragmentation but introduced internal fragmentation.
Segmentation had the potential for external fragmentation but could achieve better
memory utilization compared to paging. Virtual memory enabled efficient utilization
by utilizing secondary storage, but it introduced additional overhead due to page
swapping.
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To implement paging, segmentation, and virtual memory, modern computer systems

utilize a hardware component called the Memory Management Unit (MMU). The
MMU is responsible for translating logical addresses generated by the CPU into
physical addresses in the memory.

The MMU uses the page table or segment table to perform the address translation. It
contains a cache called the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) that stores recently
used mappings to improve address translation speed. The TLB stores a subset of the
page table or segment table entries, allowing for faster access to frequently accessed
memory locations.

3.2 Access Time

The simulation measured the average access time for each memory
management technique. Paging and segmentation generally had faster access times
compared to virtual memory since they relied on physical memory directly. However,
page faults in paging and segmentation could significantly increase access time when
a required page or segment was not present in physical memory. Virtual memory
exhibited slower access times due to frequent page swapping between disk and
memory.

2.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. no. Name of resource material Specifications Quantity

1 textbook Operating Systems 1

2 internet Wikipedia / Msbte Store 1

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3 PC windows 11 1

3.0 Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

a) Computer skills increase.

b) Communication skills improved.

5.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

The project on memory management techniques has several applications in the field
of operating systems and computer science. Some of the key applications include:

1. Operating System Design and Optimization: The project provides insights into
the efficiency and effectiveness of different memory management techniques.
This knowledge can be applied to design and optimize memory management
components of operating systems, ensuring optimal memory utilization,
improved performance, and better resource allocation.

2. System Performance Analysis: By evaluating the efficiency of memory

management techniques in terms of memory utilization and access time, the
project helps in analyzing system performance. The findings can be used to
identify bottlenecks, optimize memory allocation strategies, and improve
overall system performance.

3. Application Development: The project findings can be utilized by application

developers to make informed decisions regarding memory usage and
optimization. Understanding the pros and cons of different memory
management techniques enables developers to design applications that
efficiently utilize system resources and deliver better performance.
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4. Resource Planning and Capacity Management: Knowledge of memory

management techniques is crucial for resource planning and capacity
management in computing environments. The project’s findings assist system
administrators and IT professionals in estimating memory requirements,
selecting appropriate memory management strategies, and optimizing
resource allocation to meet the demands of applications and users.

5. System Security and Memory Protection: Memory management techniques

play a significant role in system security and memory protection. The project’s
outcomes can be applied to enhance memory protection mechanisms,
prevent unauthorized access to memory regions, and mitigate security
vulnerabilities related to memory management.

6. Virtualization and Cloud Computing: Memory management techniques are

particularly important in virtualized and cloud computing environments,
where multiple virtual machines or instances share physical resources. The
project’s insights can be utilized to optimize memory allocation and virtual
machine placement strategies, leading to efficient resource utilization and
improved performance in virtualized environments.

7. Research and Advancements: The project contributes to the research and

development of memory management techniques. It provides a foundation
for further studies and advancements in memory management algorithms,
policies, and optimizations. Researchers can leverage the project’s findings to
propose novel approaches, compare different techniques, and explore new
directions in memory management.

Overall, the project’s applications span various areas, including operating

system design, system performance analysis, application development, resource
planning, system security, virtualization, and advancements in memory management
research. The knowledge gained from the project can have a significant impact on
optimizing system performance, enhancing resource utilization, and improving
overall computing efficiency.
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Conclusion

In conclusion, memory management techniques play a crucial role in

optimizing memory utilization and access time in operating systems. The simulation
demonstrated that each technique has its strengths and limitations. Paging provides
efficient memory allocation and protection but introduces internal fragmentation.
Segmentation allows for flexible memory allocation but may lead to external
fragmentation. Virtual memory enables efficient memory utilization but introduces
additional overhead.

The choice of memory management technique depends on the specific

requirements of the system and the trade-offs between memory utilization and
access time. An effective memory management strategy may involve a combination
of these techniques or the use of advanced algorithms to mitigate their limitations.

Reference
1. https://msbtestore.com/
2. https://www.wikipedia.org/
3. https://www.google.com/
4. https://www.youtube.com/@Msbte_Store/
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