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Module 5

Uploaded by

Reymhel Micu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 102 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Chapter 5
APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVES
It was shown in the previous chapter that at a point where its first derivative
vanishes, a function assumes an extreme value, provided the derivative changes sign at
that point. This result finds application in a great variety of problems, some of which will
now be considered.

These problems, whether they are of practical importance or simply of theoretical


interest, are often referred to as “max-min” problems. In solving problems of this type, no
general rule applicable in all cases can be given.

Objectives:
After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
1. Define maximum and minimum value of a function,
2. Differentiate increasing functions with decreasing functions,
3. Define critical points,
4. Define maximum point, minimum point, and inflection points.
5. Solve critical points and identify whether the points are maxima, minima, or
horizontal inflection point
6. Sketch polynomial curves

5.1 PROBLEMS INVOLVING MAXIMA & MINIMA


Guides in Solving
1. Read the problems thoroughly until fully understood.
2. Draw a diagram if necessary, indicating all dimensions, both constant and
variable dimensions the diagram should be quite big and clear.
3. Read the problem again and form the equation from the given conditions.
4. Get the first derivative and equate to zero.
5. Solve for the unknown and test whether it is a reasonable answer or not.
6. Check the answer from the conditions of the problem.

Number Application
Example 5.1
Solve the following problems in number application.
a. Find the two numbers whose sum is 9, if the product of one by the square of the
other is a maximum.

b. Find two numbers whose sum is 10, if the product of the square of by the cube of
the other is maximum.

c. What number exceeds its square by the maximum amount?

d. What positive number added to its reciprocal gives the minimum sum?

e. The sum of two number is K. Find the minimum value of the sum of their cubes.

ENGR. JOSHUA C. JUNIO 1


MATH 102 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Geometric Application
Example 5.2
a. Find the rectangle of maximum perimeter inscribed in a given circle.

b. The strength of a rectangular beam is proportional to the width and the square of
the depth. Find the shape of the strongest beam that can be cut from a round log
of given size.

c. An open box is to be made from a square piece of cardboard 18 in. x 18 in. by


cutting equal squares out of the corners and turning up the sides. Find the
dimensions of the box with maximum volume.

d. The sum of the bases and the altitude of a trapezoid is 36 inches, and one base is
6 inches longer than the other. Find all three dimensions if the area is a maximum.

5.2 PROBLEMS INVOLVING TIME RATES, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION


We have learned that it is impossible to differentiate an implicit function of two
variables with respect to only one variable.
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
Suppose now that we get derivatives with respect to time, meaning that we wish to
get the instantaneous change in x and y with respect to time, provided of course that
the given equation relates the movements of x and y, we will get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
In this new equation is the rate of change of x with respect to time, while is the
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
rate of change of y with respect to time.

Guides in Solving
1. Read the problem very slowly until fully understood. Make a clear diagram if
needed, labeling all dimensions, both constant and variable.
2. Read the problem again and form the equation, writing what are given and what
are to be found.
3. Find the derivatives with respect to time, substitute the given quantities, and solve
for the unknowns.

Example 5.3
Solve the following problems in time rates, velocity and acceleration.
a. A man 5.5 ft. tall walks away from a lamp post 10 ft. high at the rate of 8 ft. per
sec., (a) How fast does his shadow lengthen? (b) How fast does the tip of the
shadow move?

b. A balloon leaves the ground 80 ft. from an observer and rises vertically upward at
5 ft. per sec., (a) How fast is the balloon receding from the observer after 12
seconds?

ENGR. JOSHUA C. JUNIO 2


MATH 102 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

c. Water escapes from the bottom of an inverted conical funnel at the rate of 15
cubic inches per minute. The funnel is 20 inches deep and has a radius of inches
at the top. How fast is the water level sinking when the depth is 8 inches?

d. A man is walking toward the foot of a tower 80 feet high at the rate of 6 mph. At
what rate does he approach the top of the tower when he is 60 feet from the
foot?

ENGR. JOSHUA C. JUNIO 3

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