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Data Analysis Excel + SPSS

University Mathematics I: Olaniyi Evans

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182 views3 pages

Data Analysis Excel + SPSS

University Mathematics I: Olaniyi Evans

Uploaded by

Olaniyi Evans
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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35

DATA ANALYSIS:
EXCEL & SPSS

CONTENTS
Types of Data 318
Excel 319
Excel Formulas 322
SPSS 324
SPSS Commands 326

Data analysis is the process of systematically collecting, cleaning, transforming,


describing, modeling, and interpreting data to discover useful information, draw
conclusions, and support decision-making. It involves various techniques and
tools to extract meaningful insights from raw data, helping to understand
patterns, trends, and relationships within a dataset. This process is crucial in
both scientific research and business, where data-driven decisions can
significantly impact outcomes and strategies.
This chapter delves into two powerful tools for data analysis: Excel and SPSS,
with a particular focus on regression analysis. Each of these software packages
offers unique features and capabilities for performing regression, catering to
different types of data and analytical needs.
NOTE: In addition to the traditional tools treated in this chapter, it’s also
important to be aware of the other analytical tools such as Python Libraries
(Pandas, NumPy, Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch), R Libraries (ggplot2,
dplyr, caret), and data Visualization tools (Tableau, Power BI, Matplotlib,
Seaborn). These tools offer a range of functionalities from data cleaning and
manipulation to advanced machine learning and visualization.

TYPES OF DATA
Time series data consists of observations on a variable or several variables
over time. The key characteristic is that the data points are collected at regular
time intervals. Example: Suppose you are analyzing the monthly sales revenue
of a retail store over the past five years. Each data point represents the sales
revenue for a specific month. Practical Use: Time series analysis can help
identify trends, seasonal patterns, and cyclical behaviors. For instance, you
might notice that sales peak during the holiday season every year.
Cross-sectional data is collected at a single point in time or over a short
period. It captures a snapshot of various subjects (such as individuals, firms,
countries) at that specific time. Example: Imagine you conduct a survey of 1,000
households to gather information on their income, education level, and
employment status. Each household represents a different observation in your
dataset. Practical Use: Cross-sectional analysis can help compare different
groups or identify relationships between variables. For example, you might
analyze how education level correlates with income across different households.
Panel Data (Longitudinal Data) combines elements of both time series and
cross-sectional data. It consists of observations on multiple subjects (like
individuals, firms, countries) over multiple time periods. Example: Suppose you
track the annual income, education level, and employment status of the same
1,000 households over ten years. Each household is observed repeatedly over
time. Practical Use: Panel data analysis can help control for individual
Chapter 35| Data Analysis: Excel & SPSS 319

heterogeneity and observe dynamics over time. For instance, you could study
how changes in education level impact income growth for the same households
over the years. policies.

EXCEL
Excel is a versatile spreadsheet software developed by Microsoft, widely used for
data analysis, financial modeling, and project management. It offers a range of
functions and tools, including formulas, pivot tables, and charting capabilities,
making it ideal for both simple and complex data manipulation tasks.

Data Analysis Toolpak


The Data Analysis Toolpak is an Excel add-in that provides advanced data
analysis tools such as regression analysis, ANOVA, and descriptive statistics.
Steps to Enable the Data Analysis Toolpak:
i. Click the File tab, then click Options.
ii. In the Excel Options window, click the Add-Ins category.
iii. Select Analysis ToolPak and click the Go button.
iv. In the Add-Ins box, check Analysis ToolPak and click OK.
v. After activation, go to the Data tab, and in the Analysis group, click Data
Analysis.

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics summarize important aspects of a data set. They provide
insights into the data, such as the mean, median, mode, variance, standard
deviation, and range.
Steps to Perform Descriptive Statistics in Excel:
i. Go to the Data tab > Data Analysis.
ii. Select Descriptive Statistics and click OK.
iii. Select the range of your input data (e.g., $A$1:$A$11 in Figure 35.1).
iv. Select the range where you want the output to appear.
v. Check the box for Summary statistics.
vi. Click OK to generate the statistics.

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)


ANOVA is a statistical method used to test differences between two or more
group means. In Excel, you can perform Single Factor ANOVA to compare
means across different groups.
Steps to Perform ANOVA in Excel:
i. Go to the Data tab > Data Analysis.
ii. Select ANOVA: Single Factor and click OK.
iii. Select the input range (e.g., $B$1:$D$11 in Figure 35.1).
iv. Specify the output range where you want the results to appear.
v. Click OK to run the analysis.

Regression Analysis
Regression analysis is used to explore relationships between dependent and
independent variables. It can help predict outcomes based on input data.
Steps to Perform Regression Analysis in Excel:
i. Go to the Data tab > Data Analysis.
ii. Select Regression and click OK.
iii. In the Input Y Range, select the range (e.g., $A$1:$A$11 in Figure 35.1) for
your dependent variable.
iv. In the Input X Range, select the range (e.g., $B$1:$D$11 in Figure 35.1) for
your independent variables.
v. Click OK to run the analysis.
320 Olaniyi Evans | University Mathematics

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