Report Ic Lab 1

Introduction
The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a pivotal technology that has

transformed the landscape of transportation, industry, and daily life since
its development in the late 19th century. At its core, the ICE operates by
converting the chemical energy of fuel—such as gasoline or diesel—into
mechanical energy through a series of controlled explosions within a
combustion chamber. This process occurs in various engine types,
including spark ignition (SI) engines and compression ignition (CI)
engines, each tailored for specific applications.
ICEs are characterized by their ability to generate substantial power

and torque, making them ideal for a wide range of vehicles, from
automobiles and trucks to motorcycles and heavy machinery. Their high
energy density and established infrastructure for fuel production and
distribution have contributed to their dominance in the automotive and
industrial sectors.
CLASSIFICATION
Classification • According to type of fuel used. – Petrol engine. – Diesel engine. –

Gas engine. –Bi-fuel engine. Bi-fuel vehicles or otherwise known as dual fuel are
vehicles with multifuel engines capable of running on two fuels.
According to number of strokes per cycle.
1. Four stroke engines.

2. Two stroke engines.
Classification
According to method of ignition. – Spark ignition, (SI) –Compression ignition,

(CI) • According to the cycle of combustion. – Otto cycle. – Diesel cycle. – Duel
combustion. The dual combustion cycle, like the ideal diesel cycle is a
mathematical model, but comes closer to what actually happens in the cylinder of
a diesel engine.
According to the number of cylinders. – Single cylinder. –Multi cylinder. 7

Classification according to the arrangement of cylinders
According to the arrangement of cylinders – Vertical engine. – Horizontal. –

Inline engine. – Radial engine. – V- engine.
According to method of cooling – Air cooled engine. –Water cooled engine

FOUR STROKE ENGINES
While there are many kinds of internal combustion engines the four-stroke piston engine (Figure
1) is one of the most common. It is used in various automobiles (that specifically use gasoline as
fuel) like cars, trucks, and some motorbikes. A four stroke engine delivers one power stroke for
every two cycles of the piston. There is an animation to the right, of a four-stroke engine, and
further explanation of the process below.
1. Fuel is injected into the chamber.

2. The fuel catches fire (this happens differently in a diesel engine than a gasoline engine).
3. This fire pushes the piston which is a useful motion.
4. The waste chemicals, by volume (or mass) this is mostly water vapor and
carbon dioxide. There can be pollutants as well like carbon monoxide from
incomplete combustion.
Fig.2 four stroke engine

TWO STROKE ENGINE
As the name implies, the system only requires two piston movements in order to generate power.
The main differentiating factor that allows the two-stroke engine to function with only two piston
movements is that the exhaust and intake of the gas occurs simultaneously, as seen in Figure 2.
The piston itself is utilized as the valve of the system, along with the crankshaft, to direct the flow
of the gases. In addition, due to its frequent contact with moving components, the fuel is mixed
with oil to add lubrication, allowing smoother strokes. Overall, two-stroke engine contains
two processes:
1. The air-fuel mixture is added and the piston moves upwards

(compression). The inlet port is opened up due to the position of the piston and
the air-fuel mixture enters the holding chamber. A spark plug ignites the
compressed fuel and begins the power stroke.
2. The heated gas exerts high pressure on the piston, the piston
moves downward (expansion), waste heat is exhausted
Fig.3 two stroke engine

Parts and Functions of an Internal Combustion Engine
An internal combustion engine (ICE) consists of several key

components that work together to convert fuel into mechanical
energy. Below is an overview of the main parts and their
functions:
1. Cylinder
• Function: The cylinder is the chamber where the fuel-air

mixture is ignited and where combustion occurs. The
movement of the piston within the cylinder generates
mechanical power.
2. Piston
• Function: The piston moves up and down within the cylinder,
driven by the pressure from the combustion of the fuel-air
mixture. Its movement converts the energy from combustion
into mechanical work.
3. Connecting Rod
• Function: This rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It
converts the linear motion of the piston into rotational motion
for the crankshaft.
4. Crankshaft
• Function: The crankshaft translates the reciprocating motion
of the pistons into rotational motion, which ultimately drives
the vehicle's wheels or powers machinery.
5. Valves
• Intake Valve:
o Function: Opens to allow the air-fuel mixture to enter the
cylinder during the intake stroke.
• Exhaust Valve:
o Function: Opens to allow exhaust gases to exit the
cylinder after combustion.
6. Camshaft
• Function: The camshaft controls the timing of the opening and
closing of the intake and exhaust valves. It is often driven by
the crankshaft via a timing belt or chain.
7. Spark Plug (in SI engines)

• Function: Ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion
chamber by creating a spark at the right moment during the
compression stroke.
8. Fuel Injector (in CI engines)
• Function: Delivers fuel directly into the combustion chamber
at high pressure, ensuring proper atomization and mixing with
air.
9. Combustion Chamber
• Function: The space within the cylinder where the air-fuel
mixture is compressed and ignited. The shape and design of the
combustion chamber can affect efficiency and emissions.
10. Exhaust System
• Function: Directs exhaust gases away from the engine after
combustion. It typically includes components such as the
exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, and muffler, which help
reduce emissions and noise.
11. Lubrication System
• Function: Supplies oil to the moving parts of the engine to
reduce friction, prevent wear, and maintain optimal operating
temperature.
12. Cooling System
• Function: Regulates the engine temperature by dissipating
heat generated during combustion. This often involves a
radiator, coolant, and water
13. Gaskets
Function:These are used to provide a tight-fitting joint between
two surfaces.
Advantages
1. Established Technology: ICEs have a long history of
development, making them highly reliable and well-
understood.
2. High Energy Density: Fuels like gasoline and diesel
provide a high energy content, allowing for longer driving
ranges without the need for frequent refueling.
3. Refueling Infrastructure: Extensive fueling stations and
infrastructure are already in place, making it convenient for
users.
4. Performance: ICEs can deliver high power and torque,
making them suitable for a wide range of applications, from
small vehicles to heavy machinery.
5. Cost: Generally, ICE vehicles are less expensive to
produce and purchase compared to electric vehicles (EVs),
though this gap is narrowing.
6. Cold Weather Performance: ICEs typically perform well
in cold weather without the range limitations associated
with some electric batteries.
Disadvantages
1. Emissions: ICEs produce greenhouse gases and other
pollutants, contributing to air quality issues and climate
change.
2. Fuel Dependence: They rely on fossil fuels, which are
finite resources and subject to price volatility and
geopolitical issues.
3. Efficiency: ICEs are less efficient than electric motors,
with only about 20-30% of the energy from fuel being
converted into usable power.
4. Maintenance: They have many moving parts, leading to
higher maintenance needs and costs over time compared to
simpler electric motors.
5. Noise and Vibration: ICEs can be noisy and vibrate,
contributing to environmental noise pollution and driver
fatigue.
6. Limited Integration with Renewable Energy: While
electric vehicles can be charged with renewable energy,
ICEs cannot directly utilize renewable sources for
propulsion.
7. In conclusion, internal combustion engines have played a
pivotal role in powering vehicles and machinery for over a
century, offering
References
• https://www.britannica.com/technology/internal-
combustion-engine
• https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/what-
is-an-internal-combustion-engine
• https://www.cevalogistics.com/en/glossary/internal-
combustion-engine-ice

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Introduction

The internal combustion engine (ICE) is a pivotal technology that has

ICEs are characterized by their ability to generate substantial power

Classification • According to type of fuel used. – Petrol engine. – Diesel engine. –

According to number of strokes per cycle.

1. Four stroke engines.

According to method of ignition. – Spark ignition, (SI) –Compression ignition,

According to the number of cylinders. – Single cylinder. –Multi cylinder. 7

According to the arrangement of cylinders – Vertical engine. – Horizontal. –

According to method of cooling – Air cooled engine. –Water cooled engine

1. Fuel is injected into the chamber.

Fig.2 four stroke engine

1. The air-fuel mixture is added and the piston moves upwards

Fig.3 two stroke engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE) consists of several key

• Function: The cylinder is the chamber where the fuel-air

7. Spark Plug (in SI engines)

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