MODULE - V

Induction Generator – Principle,

Grid connected & Self excited operation,
Torque-Slip characteristics of Induction Machine.

Single phase Induction motor – Double field revolving theory

Equivalent circuit, Torque – Slip Curve
Types of Single phase Induction motor
 Split phase,
 Capacitor start,
 Capacitor start & run type,
 Shaded pole Induction motor,
Applications

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 Induction Generator
 An Induction Generator is a poly phase Induction machine working as a
generator.
 When an Induction machine is connected to 3 phase AC supply, it will
work as a motor drawing power from supply
 The motor speed will be less than synchronous speed & slip is positive.
 If the induction motor is coupled to a prime mover (whose speed can
be controlled), the speed of Induction motor can be increased above
synchronous speed
 Now slip is negative & direction of current, power & torque reverses.
 i.e, Machine works as a generator & produces electrical energy
 The produced electrical energy is fed back to supply.
 The Torque – Speed characteristics of Induction generator is shown in
figure.
 The Induction generator takes the required reactive power from supply
to produce the magnetic field in machine. So it is not a self excited
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 In an Induction generator,
the magnitude of voltage
& frequency of
generated AC voltage
depends on the
magnitude of voltage &
frequency of stator supply
 An Induction generator
has 2 modes of
operation,
1. Grid connected operation
 Here the Induction generator is directly connected to grid as
shown in figure
 The reactive power required for machine to produce magnetic
field is drawn from grid supply
 The generator is started as an Induction motor & then speed is
increased above synchronous speed by using the prime mover
to work as a generator
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 To avoid drawing of reactive power from supply, usually a capacitor
bank is connected as shown in figure

2. Self excited/Stand alone operation

 Here Induction generator does not require an existing AC
supply for obtaining reactive power to produce magnetic field
 In self excited system, a capacitor bank is connected
across the Induction machine stator terminals as shown
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 When Induction generator is rotated at synchronous speed, due to
residual magnetism in rotor circuit, a small voltage induces in stator
 This voltage produces a capacitor current. This capacitor current
flows to stator & produces a flux in the stator which aids the residual
flux
 As a result total flux increases & stator induced voltage also increases
 Now capacitor bank produces much larger current as a result of this
increased voltage
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 This will continue as a cumulative process of voltage build up till
the saturation curve of Induction generator intersects capacitor load
line at the point ‘f’, thus giving no load generated voltage of V1 for
magnetizing current of Im
 Here higher the value of capacitor, greater will be the voltage
build up

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SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

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 The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for
domestic as well as industrial low power application.
 These motors are also known as fractional KW motor s because most of
these motors are constructed in fractional kilo-watt capacity.
 Single phase induction motors require just one power phase for their
operation.
 The single phase motors are widely seen in many applications as
 it is simple in construction,
 cheap in cost,
 reliable and
 easy to repair and maintain.
 Due to these advantages, the single phase motor is used in vacuum cleaner,
fans,washing machine, centrifugal pump, blowers, etc.

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X The main disadvantage of single phase induction motor are
low output, low overload capacity, low power factor and
also low efficiency compared to three phase induction
motor.
X Also a single phase induction motor is not self starting.
• An additional winding known as starting winding or
auxiliary winding is also provided with stator to make the
motor self starting.
• So it can be temporarily converted into a two-phase motor
while starting.
• These two windings are spaced 900 electrical degrees apart
and are connected in parallel across a single phase supply.
• The Phase difference of 900 degree is obtained by
connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding.

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Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

The stator
has two
windings
instead of
one three-
phase
winding in
three phase
induction
motor.
r

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 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
• When a single phase AC supply is connected to stator winding, an alternating
flux is produced in stator.
• This alternating flux which is pulsating in nature also links with the rotor
conductors and hence the rotor conductors cut the magnetic flux.
• According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf gets induced
in the rotor causes induced current in the rotor bars.
• This induced current produce alternating rotor flux which opposes the stator
field as per Lenz’s Law.
• So a single phase induction motor is not self starting.
• However, if the rotor is given a initial start by external force in either direction,
it develops an initial torque then motor accelerates to its final speed and keeps
running with its rated speed.
• Thus single phase induction motor is not self starting and need special design
to make it self starting.

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Double-field Revolving Theory
An alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two
revolving fluxes, each equal to half the value of the
alternating flux and each rotating synchronously (Ns =
120f/P) in opposite direction*
v

𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜃
∅ = ∅𝑚 cos 𝜃
∅𝑚 ∅𝑚
ø
∅= cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃
2 2

∅𝑚 ∅𝑚
∅ = cos 𝜃 + cos −𝜃 ………(1)
2 2

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If the slip of the rotor is s with respect to the forward rotating flux (i.e. one which
rotates in the same direction as rotor) then its slip with respect to the backward
rotating flux is (2 − s)*.

Each of the two component fluxes, while revolving round the stator, cuts the
rotor, induces an e.m.f. and this produces its own torque. Obviously, the two
torques (called forward and backward torques) are oppositely-directed, so that the
net or resultant torques is equal to their difference.

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- The resultant maximum torque is less than in a 3 phase
Induction motor
- The resultant torque become zero at a speed slightly
below synchronous speed
- At synchronous speed, torque is negative

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𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑓 + 𝑇𝑏
At standstill,
s = 1 and (2 − s) = 1.
Hence, Tf = -Tb
Total torque=0 Thus single phase induction motor
is not self starting

However, if the rotor is started somehow, say, in the

clockwise direction, the clockwise torque starts increasing
and, at the same time, the anticlockwise torque starts
decreasing. Hence, there is a certain amount of net torque in
the clockwise direction which accelerates the motor to full
speed.

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 METHODS FOR MAKING SINGLE PHASE
INDUCTION AS SELF STARTING MOTOR

• It is temporarily converted into a two-phase motor during starting

period.
• The stator of a single-phase motor consists of an extra winding, known
as starting (or auxiliary) winding, in addition to the main or running
winding.
• These two windings are connected in parallel across the single-phase
supply. These two windings are having equal number of turns and
placed at a space angle of 90◦ (electrical)
• When the stator winding is wound for two phase, stator flux becomes
rotating type, rather than alternating type. This would result in an
unidirectional torque.
• Then the induction motor will become self starting.

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PRODUCTION OF ROTATING FIELD
Consider two-phase Supply

1. The magnitude of
the resultant flux is
constant and is
equal to Φm — the
maximum flux due
to either phase.
2. The resultant flux
rotates at
synchronous speed
given by Ns = 120
f/P rpm.

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 Making 1 phase Induction motor selfstarting
 1 phase Induction motor is not self starting & if the rotor is rotated in one
direction by some external means, it will continue to run in the direction of
rotation
 This method of starting is undesirable & require some method for creating a
rotational magnetic field & make the motor self starting.
 This can be achieved by converting 1 phase supply into 2 phase supply by
providing an additional winding called auxiliary/starting winding
 Once the motor has achieved sufficient speed, the additional windings can be
disconnected & the motor will continue to rotate
 Depending on the method employed for making the motor self starting,
1 phase Induction motors are classified into
a) Split phase motor – started by 2 phase motor action through the use of a
starting winding
b) Capacitor motor - started by two-phase motor action through the use of an
auxiliary winding and a capacitor
c) Shaded pole motor - started by the motion of the magnetic field produced by
means of a shading coil around a portion of the pole structure
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a) SPLIT PHASE MOTOR
 It is provided with two windings – main or
running winding (M) and auxiliary or
starting winding (S)
 The main winding is permanently
connected to the supply and the starting
winding is placed 900 electrical from
main winding and is connected to the
supply only during starting through a
centrifugal switch.
 The main winding has low resistance
and high reactance and the auxiliary
winding has high resistance and low
reactance
 So the current flowing through these windings
has a phase difference α (250 to 300 ) and the
flux produced by these currents also has a
phase difference α.
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 The resultant flux will be rotating one.
 Starting torque is proportional to Sinα
 Split phase induction motor is having moderate starting torque and are
used in washing machines, blowers, grinders etc.

These motors are often used in

preference to the costlier
capacitor-start motors.
Typical applications are :
1. Fans and blowers,
2. Centrifugal pumps
3. Separators
4. washing machines torque/speed characteristic
5. small machine tools

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b) Capacitor motor
 In split phase motor, the maximum phase difference between
starting and running winding current is 30◦
 To improve starting torque (by increasing the angle), a
capacitor is included in the staring winding circuit.
 Depending on the connection of capacitor, these motors are
classified into
 i) Capacitor start motor
 Here in addition to split phase motor, a capacitor is connected in
series with the starting winding
 The value of capacitor is chosen such that the phase difference
‘α’ is about 80◦
 Used in applications requiring high starting torque like
refrigerator, air conditioner, compressors etc

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 torque/speed characteristic
ii) Capacitor start capacitor run motor
 This motor is identical to Capacitor start
motor
 The only difference is that both starting
and running winding remain connected
to supply during starting and running.
 Two designs are generally used
Design 1
 Here a single capacitor is used for
both starting and running
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 No need of centrifugal switch
 Got improved power factor and efficiency
Design 2
 Here two capacitors C1 and C2 are
connected in series with starting
winding.
 The smaller capacitor C1 required for
optimum running condition is
permanently connected in series with
starting winding.
 The larger capacitor C2 act as starting capacitor and is connected in
parallel to C1 through a centrifugal switch.
 This motor produces a constant torque.
 These motors are mostly used in hospitals, studios and in other places where
silence is important.

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c) Shaded pole motor
 The shaded-pole motor has
a cage rotor with salient
poles in the stator.
 On one side of each pole a
slot is cut and a copper
shading ring is embedded in
the slot.
 The stator supply current produces an alternating flux which induces
a current in shading ring
Working
The operation of the motor can be understood by considering one pole of
stator with shading ring as shown in figure
i) During the portion OA of the alternating-current cycle [See Fig. (a)],
the flux begins to increase and an EMF is induced in the shading coil.
The resulting current in the shading coil will be in such a direction
(Lenz’s law) so as to oppose the change in flux.
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Thus the flux in the shaded portion of the pole is weakened while that
in the unshaded portion is strengthened as shown in Fig. (b).

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ii) During the portion AB of the alternating-current cycle, the flux has reached
almost maximum value and is not changing. Consequently, the flux
distribution across the pole is uniform [See Fig. (c)] since no current is
flowing in the shading coil
iii) As the flux decreases (portion BC of the alternating current cycle), current is
induced in the shading coil so as to oppose the decrease in current. Thus the
flux in the shaded portion of the pole is strengthened while that in the
unshaded portion is weakened as shown in Fig. (d)
 This shifting flux is like a rotating field moving in the direction from
unshaded portion to the shaded portion of the pole.
 The rotor is of the squirrel-cage type and is under the influence of this moving
field.
 Consequently, a small starting torque is developed.
 As soon as this torque starts to revolve the rotor, additional torque is
produced by single phase induction motor action.
 The motor accelerates to a speed slightly below the synchronous speed
and runs as a single phase induction motor
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 The salient features of this motor are extremely simple construction and
absence of centrifugal switch.
 Since starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these
motors are only suitable for low power applications e.g., to drive: (a)
small fans (b) toys (c) hair driers (d) desk fans etc.
 The power rating of such motors is upto about 30 W.

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 Equivalent circuit of1 phase Induction motor
 When the stator of a single-phase induction motor is connected to
single-phase supply, the stator current produces a pulsating flux.
 According to Double-field revolving theory, this flux can be resolved into 2
flux components having same magnitude & revolving in opposite
directions at the synchronous speed.
 Each of these fluxes induces currents in the rotor circuit and produces
induction motor action similar to that in a 3-phase induction motor.
 Therefore, a single-phase induction motor can to imagined to be
consisting of two motors, having a common stator winding but with
their respective rotors revolving in opposite directions.
 Each rotor has resistance and reactance half the actual rotor values
• Let R1 = resistance of stator winding
• X1 = leakage reactance of stator winding
• Xm = total magnetizing reactance
• Rc = total resistance equivalent to core losses
• R2' = resistance of the rotor referred to the stator
• X2' = leakage reactance of the rotor referred to the stator

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At standstill
 At standstill, the motor is simply a transformer with its secondary short
circuited.
 Therefore, the equivalent circuit of single phase motor at standstill will be
as shown in Figure

c m

c m

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 Rotor running
 Now consider that the motor is rotating at some speed in the direction of
the forward revolving field, the slip being s.
 The equivalent circuit under this situation is shown in figure

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