Server Basics

Foreword

⚫ Servers are the foundation of all service platforms, including cloud

computing platforms. But what is a server? What are the key technologies
for servers? Let's find the answers in this course, and start our learning
journey into cloud computing.

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 Objectives

⚫ Upon completion of this course, you will be familiar with servers':

 Role and features
 Types
 Hardware components
 Key technologies

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 Contents

1. Introduction to Servers
◼ What Is a Server?
 Server Development History
 Server Types
 Server Hardware

2. Key Server Technologies

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 Server Definition and Features
⚫ Definition
 A server is a type of computer. It runs faster, carries more loads, and costs more than ordinary computers.
 A server provides services to users. There are file servers, database servers, and application servers.

Availability

Reliability Scalability
Features

Usability Manageability

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• A server is a mainstream computing product developed in 1990s. It can provide

network users with centralized computing, information release, and data
management services. In addition, a server can share dedicated communication
devices connected to it, such as drives, printers, and modems with network users.

• A server has the following features:

▫ R: Reliability – the duration that the server operates consecutively

▫ A: Availability – percentage of normal system uptime and use time

▫ S: Scalability – including hardware expansion and operating system (OS)

support capabilities

▫ U: Usability – easy to maintain and restore server hardware and software

▫ M: Manageability – monitoring and alarm reporting of server running

status, and intelligent automatic fault processing
 Server Application Scenarios

Application
Web DNS

Email Proxy

...
Database Server use cases

File

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• Servers have been widely used in various fields, such as the telecom carrier,
government, finance, education, enterprise, and e-commerce. Servers can provide
users with the file, database, email, and web services.

• Server application deployment architecture:

▫ C/S: short for Client/Server. In this architecture, the server program runs on
the server, and the client software is installed on the client. The server and
client perform different tasks. The client carries the front-end GUI and
interaction operations of users, and the server processes the background
service logic and request data. This greatly improves the communication
speed and efficiency between the two ends. For example, you can install the
vsftpd program on a file server and start the service. After you install the
FileZilla or WinSCP client on your PC, you can upload and download files
using the client.

▫ B/S: short for Browser/Server. In this architecture, users only need to install
a browser. The application logic is centralized on the server and
middleware, which improves the data processing performance. For
example, when accessing a website, we only need to enter the domain
name of the website in the browser, for example, www.huawei.com. Then
we can see the web services provided by the background servers of the
website. We do not need to care the background servers that provide
services, such as the database service, proxy service, and cache service.
 Contents

1. Introduction to Servers
 What Is a Server?
◼ Server Development History
 Server Types
 Server Hardware

2. Key Server Technologies

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 Server Development History
Mainframe and
midrange Microcomputers x86 servers Cloud computing
computers

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• Mainframe phase
▫ In the 1940s and 1950s, the first generation of vacuum tube computers
emerged. The computer technology develops rapidly from vacuum tube
computers, transistor computers, integrated circuit computers, to large-
scale integrated circuit computers.
• Midrange computer phase
▫ In the 1960s and 1970s, mainframes were scaled down for the first time to
meet the information processing requirements of small- and medium-sized
enterprises and institutions. The cost was acceptable.
• Microcomputer phase
▫ In the 1970s and 1980s, mainframes were scaled down for the second time.
Apple Inc. was founded in 1976, and launched Apple II in 1977. In 1981,
IBM launched IBM-PC. After several generations of evolution, it occupied
the personal computer market and made personal computers popular.
• x86 server era
▫ In 1978, Intel launched the first-generation x86 architecture processor, 8086
microprocessor.
▫ In 1993, Intel officially launched the Pentium series, which brought the x86
architecture processor to a new level of performance.
▫ In 1995, Intel launched Pentium Pro, the x86 processor for servers, ushering
in the x86 era. The standardization and openness of Pentium Pro also
promoted the market development and laid a solid foundation for the
cloud computing era.
• Cloud computing era

▫ Since 2008, the concept of cloud computing has gradually become popular,
and cloud computing becomes a popular word. Cloud computing is
regarded as a revolutionary computing model because it enables the free
flow of supercomputing capabilities through the Internet. Enterprises and
individual users do not need to purchase expensive hardware. Instead, they
can rent computing power through the Internet and pay only for the
functions they need. Cloud computing allows users to obtain applications
without the complexity of technologies and deployment. Cloud computing
covers development, architecture, load balancing, and business models, and
is the future model of the software industry.
 A Leap from Computing 1.0 to Computing 3.0

Computing 1.0 Computing 2.0 Computing 3.0

Dedicated General-purpose Intelligent

computing computing computing
Mainframe/midrange Data center, x86 Full-stack,
computer architecture all-scenario

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• The computing industry has developed for nearly half a century and continuously
changed other industries. The computing industry itself is evolving.

• In the early mainframe and midrange computer era, dedicated computing is

used, which is called computing 1.0. In the x86 era, under the leadership of Intel
and driven by Moore's Law, computing has shifted from dedicated to general-
purpose. A large number of data centers have emerged, which is called
computing 2.0. With the rapid development of digitalization, the world is
developing towards intelligent. Computing is not limited to data centers, but also
enters the full-stack all-scenario (computing 3.0) era. This era is featured by
intelligence, so it is also called intelligent computing.
 Contents

1. Introduction to Servers
 What Is a Server?
 Server Development History
◼ Server Types
 Server Hardware

2. Key Server Technologies

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 Server Classification - Hardware Form

Server Category

Midrange
Mainframe Tower server Blade server Rack server
computer

Hardware form

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• Tower server:

▫ Some tower servers use a chassis roughly the same size as an ordinary
vertical computer, while others use a large-capacity chassis, like a large
cabinet.

• Rack server:

▫ The appearance of a rack server is different from that of a computer, but is

similar to that of a switch. The specifications of a rack server include 1 U (1
U = 1.75 inches), 2 U, and 4 U. A rack server is installed in a standard 19-
inch cabinet. Most of the servers in this structure are functional servers. A
rack server is usually small in size. Multiple servers can be placed in a
cabinet at the same time to obtain a higher processing capability.
For applications that require large data storage space, external extended storage
devices can be used. DL series servers are suitable for enterprise data centers and
environments with multiple applications. For mission-critical applications, DL series
servers are preferred.

• Blade server:

▫ Each blade server is a plugboard equipped with processors, memory

modules, hard drives, and related components. Due to the special
architecture, blade servers require dedicated chassis. Generally, a chassis
can hold several to dozens of blade servers, suitable for scenarios such as
high-performance computing, front-end servers running multiple
applications, and backend central databases.
• For details about mainframes and midrange computers, see the preceding
description.
Server Classification - Service Scale

Server Category

Entry-level Department-level Enterprise-level

Work group server
server server server

Low-end server that

Service scale Similar to a PC Mid-range server High-end server that
provides small-scale
server that serves about is accessed by
services (about 50
100 clients hundreds of clients
clients)

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 Contents

1. Introduction to Servers
 What Is a Server?
 Server Development History
 Server Types
◼ Server Hardware

2. Key Server Technologies

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 Contents

Server Hardware
◼ Hardware Structure
 CPU
 Memory
 Drive
 RAID Controller Card
 NIC
 PSU and Fan Module

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 Hardware Structure
⚫ Huawei TaiShan 200 server

1 Chassis
2 Motherboard
9
3 Memory
6 5
4 CPU
7 5 CPU heat sink
6 Power supply unit (PSU)
8
3 7 Fan
4 2 8 Drive
9 Air duct
1

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• TaiShan 200 Server User Guide

• 3D model display for a Huawei TaiShan 200 server: https://support-

it.huawei.com/server-3d/res/server/taishan2280e/index.html?lang=en
 Contents

Server Hardware
▫ Hardware Structure
◼ CPU

▫ Memory

▫ Drive

▫ RAID Controller Card

▫ NIC

▫ PSU and Fan Module

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 CPU Definition and Components
⚫ Definition
 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the computing and control core of a computer.
 The CPU, internal storage, and input/output devices are key components of a computer.
 The CPU interprets computer instructions and processes computer software data.

⚫ Components
 The CPU consists of a logic operation unit, a control unit, and a storage unit.

Register

Input Arithmetic Output

device logic unit device
(ALU)

Controller

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• The CPU is the core processing unit on a server, and a server is an important
device on the network and needs to process a large number of access requests.
Therefore, servers must have high throughput and robust stability, and support
long-term running. Therefore, the CPU is the brain of a computer and is the
primary indicator for measuring server performance.
• The computer controls the entire computer according to a pre-stored program,
and the program refers to an instruction sequence that can implement a function.
The controller is an organization that issues commands to various logic circuits
according to the instructions. The controller is a command center of the
computer, controls work of an entire CPU, and determines automation of a
running process of the computer.

• The ALU is a part of a computer that performs a variety of arithmetic and logical
operations. Basic operations of an ALU include arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, logical operations such as AND,
OR, NOT, and XOR, and other operations such as shift, comparison, and transfer.
The ALU is also called the arithmetic logic component.

• The register is used to temporarily store the data involved in operations and the
operation results. It can receive, store, and output data.
CPU Frequency
⚫ Dominant frequency
 The dominant frequency is also called clock speed. It indicates, in MHz or GHz, the frequency at
which a CPU computes and processes data.
⚫ External frequency
 The external frequency is the reference frequency of a CPU, measured in MHz. The CPU external
frequency determines the speed of the motherboard.
⚫ Bus frequency
 The bus frequency directly affects the speed of data exchange between a CPU and a dual in-line
memory module (DIMM).
⚫ Multiplication factor
 The multiplication factor is the ratio of the dominant frequency to the external frequency.

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 Contents

Server Hardware
 Hardware Structure
 CPU
◼ Memory
 Drive
 RAID Controller Card
 NIC
 PSU and Fan Module

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 Memory
⚫ Definition
 Storage is classified, by purpose, into main memory and
external storage. Main memory, referred to as internal
storage, is the storage space that the CPU can address.
 Memory is used to temporarily store CPU operation data
and the data exchanged with external storage devices
such as hard drives.
 Memory, one of important computer components,
communicates with the CPU.
 Memory consists of the memory chip, circuit card, and
edge connector.

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• Storage, an important computer component, is used to store programs and data.

For computers, the memory function can be supported and normal working can
be ensured only when the storage is available.
• As a main computer component, the memory is in opposition to the external
storage. Programs, such as the Windows operating system, typing software, and
game software, are usually installed on external storage devices such as drives.
To use these programs, you must load them into the memory. Actually, the
memory is used when we input a piece of text or play a game. Bookshelves and
bookcases for putting books are just like the external storage, while the desk is
like the memory. Generally, we store large volumes of data permanently in the
external storage and store small volumes of data and a few programs
temporarily in the memory.
• Memory, one of important computer components, communicates with the CPU.
Memory performance has great impacts on computers because all computer
programs operate in the memory. The memory consists of the memory chip,
circuit card, and edge connector.
• DIMM slots and configuration principles:
▫ DIMMs on the same server must be of the same model.
▫ At least one DIMM must be configured in slots supported by CPU 1.
▫ Optimal memory performance can be achieved if the processors in a server
are configured with the same number of DIMMs and the DIMMs are evenly
distributed among the memory channels. Unbalanced configuration
impacts memory performance and is not recommended.
 Contents

Server Hardware
 Hardware Structure
 CPU
 Memory
◼ Drive
 RAID Controller Card
 NIC
 PSU and Fan Module

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 Drive
⚫ The drive is the most important storage device of a computer.
⚫ The drive interface, connecting a drive to a host, is used to transmit data between the drive cache and the host
memory. The drive interface type determines the connection speed between the drive and the computer, how
quickly programs run, and overall system performance.

SATA SAS NL-SAS SSD

Rotational
7,200 15,000/10,000 7,200 N/A
speed (RPM)
Serial/Parallel Serial Serial Serial Serial

Capacity (TB) 1 TB/2 TB/3 TB 0.6 TB/0.9 TB 2 TB/3 TB/4 TB 0.6 TB/0.8 TB/1.2 TB/1.6 TB
MTBF (h) 1,200,000 1,600,000 1,200,000 2,000,000
SAS drives are designed to meet
Developed from ATA An NL-SAS drive is an A solid-state drive (SSD) is a hard drive
high-performance enterprise
drives, SATA 3.0 supports enterprise-level SATA drive with housing a solid-state electronic storage chip
requirements and are compatible
data transfer up to 600 a SAS interface. It is used to array. An SSD consists of a control unit and a
with SATA drives. The transfer
MB/s. implement tiered storage in a storage unit (flash or DRAM chip).
rate ranges from 3.0 Gbit/s to
Remarks 6.0 Gbit/s, and can increase to
drive array, simplifying drive
The annual failure rate of 12.0 Gbit/s. array design. An SSD is the same as a common hard drive
SATA drives is about 2%. in terms of interface specifications and
The annual failure rate of NL- definition, function, usage, and product
The annual failure rate of SAS
SAS drives is about 2%. shape and size.
drives is less than 2%.

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• MTBF: Mean Time Between Failures

• SATA and NL-SAS drives are cheaper, SAS drives are more expensive, and SSDs
are the most expensive.
 Contents

Server Hardware
 Hardware Structure
 CPU
 Memory
 Drive
◼ RAID Controller Card
 NIC
 PSU and Fan Module

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 RAID Controller Card
⚫ Also called the RAID card.
⚫ Functions of the RAID controller card:
 Combines multiple drives into a system managed by the array controller according to requirements.
 Improves drive subsystem performance and reliability.

LSI SAS3108
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• LSI SAS3108 RAID Controller Card User Guide:

https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/en/doc/EDOC1100048773/653c6b1f
 RAID
⚫ Definition
 Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a data storage virtualization technology that combines multiple
physical disk drive components into one or more logical units for the purposes of data redundancy, performance
improvement, or both.

--Wikipedia

Logical drive

Physical Physical Physical Physical

drive drive drive drive

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• For details about the working principles of RAID, see the course of storage basics.
 RAID Hot Spare and Reconstruction
⚫ Hot spare definition
 If a drive in a RAID array fails, a hot spare is used to automatically replace the failed drive to maintain the RAID
array's redundancy and data continuity.
⚫ Hot spare types
 Global: The spare drive is shared by all RAID arrays in the system.
 Dedicated: The spare drive is used only by a specific RAID array.

A0 Reconstruction XOR

Failure

Reconstruction A0
Replace- A1 A2 P
ment
Data drive Data drive Data drive Parity drive

Hot spare
drive

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• Data parity: Redundant data is used to detect and rectify data errors. The
redundant data is usually calculated through Hamming check or XOR operations.
Data parity can greatly improve the reliability, performance, and error tolerance
of the drive arrays. However, the system needs to read data from multiple
locations, calculate, and compare data during the parity process, which affects
system performance.

• Generally, RAID cannot be used as an alternative to data backup. It cannot

prevent data loss caused by non-drive faults, such as viruses, man-made
damages, and accidental deletion. Data loss here refers to the loss of operating
system, file system, volume manager, or application system data, not the RAID
data loss. Therefore, data protection measures, such as data backup and disaster
recovery, are necessary. They are complementary to RAID, and can ensure data
security and prevent data loss at different layers.
 RAID Implementation - Hardware

Server Server Drive array

CPU CPU

SCSI bus
PCI bus PCI bus
SCSI
RAID controller
bus
card RAID
SCSI card controller
SCSI bus

Hardware RAID mode 1: Hardware RAID mode 2:

built-in plug-in card external independent drive array

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• Hardware RAID is implemented using a hardware RAID adapter card.

• The hardware RAID can be a built-in or external RAID.

• A RAID controller card has a processor inside and can control the RAID storage
subsystem independently from the host. The RAID controller card has its own
independent processor and memory. It can calculate parity information and
locate files, reducing the CPU computing time and improving the parallel data
transmission speed.
 RAID Implementation - Software

⚫ Definition
 Software RAID implements RAID functions by installing software on the operating system.

⚫ Characteristics

 Software RAID does not require expensive RAID controller cards, reducing the cost.

 RAID functions are performed by CPUs, requiring significant CPU resources, such as for large

numbers of RAID 5 XOR operations.

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• Software RAID does not provide the following functions:

▫ Hot swap of drives

▫ Drive hot spare

▫ Remote array management

▫ Support for bootable arrays

▫ Array configuration on drives

▫ S.M.A.R.T. for disks

RAID Implementation - Mode Comparison

Mode Software RAID Built-in RAID External RAID

External RAID, connecting to a server

All RAID functions are
Built-in RAID improves performance by through a standard controller, is
implemented by CPUs,
Characteristics reducing host CPU usage caused by independent of the operating system. All
resulting in high CPU usage
intensive RAID operations. RAID functions are implemented by the
and reduced system
microprocessor on the external RAID
performance.
storage subsystem.

 Data protection and high speed  Provides ultra-large-capacity storage

 Better fault tolerance and systems for high-end servers.
 Low implementation cost performance than software RAID  Configures dual controllers to improve
Advantages  Flexible configurations  More cost-effective than external data throughput or provide shared
RAID storage for the two-node cluster.
 Support for bootable arrays  Supports hot swapping.
 Delivers better scalability.

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 Contents

Server Hardware
 Hardware Structure
 CPU
 Memory
 Drive
 RAID Controller Card
◼ NIC
 PSU and Fan Module

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 NIC Definition and Functions
⚫ Definition
 A network interface card (NIC or network adapter) is an indispensable part of a
computer network system. An NIC enables a computer to access networks.

⚫ Functions
 Fixed network address
 Data sending and receiving
 Data encapsulation and decapsulation Data Application layer

 Link management TCP header Data Transport layer

 Encoding and decoding IP header TCP header Data Network layer

MAC header IP header TCP header Data Data link layer

Physical layer

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• TaiShan 200 DA121C Server Node Maintenance and Service Guide

 Huawei Server NICs
⚫ LOM card
 It is embedded directly into the PCH chip on the server
LOM card
motherboard and cannot be replaced.
 It provides two external GE electrical ports + two 10 Gbit/s
optical/electrical ports. LOM cards do not occupy PCIe slots.
⚫ PCIe card PCIe card
 Huawei has both self-developed and purchased PCIe cards. They
can be installed in standard PCIe slots.
⚫ FlexIO card
FlexIO card
 Huawei-developed, non-standard PCIe card, which can only be
used with Huawei rack servers.
⚫ Mezzanine card
 Mezzanine cards are only used on the compute nodes of
Mezzanine card
Huawei E9000 blade servers.

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• PCI-Express (PCIe) is the third-generation I/O bus, or 3GIO, following ISA and PCI
buses. This bus was proposed by Intel at the Intel Developer Forum (IDF) in 2001
and renamed PCI-Express after being certified and released by the PCI special
interest group (SIG). Its main advantages are high data transmission rate, strong
anti-interference, long transmission distance, and low power consumption.

• For Huawei servers, a PCIe card refers to the NIC in a PCIe slot.

• Visit the link below to learn how to install and remove a PCIe card:

https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/en/doc/EDOC1100002169?section=o00d

• FusionServer Rack Server Product Documentation

• TaiShan 200 DA121C Server Node Maintenance and Service Guide

• E9000 Blade Server Product Documentation

 Contents

Server Hardware
 Hardware Structure
 CPU
 Memory
 Drive
 RAID Controller Card
 NIC
◼ PSU and Fan Module

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 PSU and Fan Module
⚫ Supplies power to servers.
⚫ Supports redundancy to prevent power supply failures.
 Fault warning and prevention
 Pre-fault preventive maintenance
 Non-disruptive server services

⚫ The power supply subsystem includes:

 Intelligent PSU
 Fan module
PSU Fan module

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• Power supply redundancy modes:

▫ 1+1: In this mode, each module provides 50% of the output power. When
one module is removed, the other provides 100% of the output power.

▫ 2+1: In this mode, three modes are required. Each module provides 1/3 of
the output power. When one module is removed, each of the other two
modules provides 50% of the output power.

• E9000 Blade Server Product Documentation

 Contents

1. Server Introduction

2. Key Server Technologies

◼ BMC
 BIOS

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 What Is IPMI?
⚫ Definition
 The Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) is a set of open and standard hardware management
interface specifications that defines specific methods for communication between embedded management
subsystems.
 IPMI information is exchanged using the baseboard management controller (BMC). Entry-level intelligent
hardware, not the OS, handles management.

The IPMI is embedded into the

BMC on the server
motherboard. Supports the IPMI
management tool.

Client
Server

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• The IPMI is an industrial specification used for peripherals in Intel-based

enterprise systems. This interface specification was laid down by Intel, HP, NEC,
Dell, and SuperMicro. Users can use the IPMI to monitor the physical health
status of servers, such as the temperature, voltage, fan status, and power status.
Moreover, the IPMI is a free specification. Users do not need to pay for this
specification.

• IPMI development:

▫ In 1998, Intel, DELL, HP, and NEC put forward the IPMI specification. The
temperature and voltage can be remotely controlled through the network.

▫ In 2001, the IPMI was upgraded from version 1.0 to version 1.5. The PCI
Management Bus function was added.

▫ In 2004, Intel released the IPMI 2.0 specification, which is compatible with
the IPMI 1.0 and 1.5 specifications. Console Redirection is added. Servers
can be remotely managed through ports, modems, and LANs. In addition,
security, VLANs, and blade servers are supported.
 BMC
⚫ Definition
 The BMC complies with the IPMI specification. It collects, processes, and stores sensor signals, and monitors
component operating status. It supplies the chassis management module with managed objects' hardware status
and alarm information. The management module uses this information to manage the devices.

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• The BMC provides the following functions:

▫ Remote control

▫ Alarm management

▫ Status check

▫ Device information management

▫ Heat dissipation control

▫ Support for IPMItool

▫ Web-based management

▫ Centralized account management

 iBMC
⚫ The Huawei Intelligent Baseboard Management Controller (iBMC) is a Huawei proprietary embedded
server management system designed for the whole server lifecycle.

Status monitoring
 Items that can be
monitored: CPU, memory,
hard drive, SSD, PCIe,
RAID, fan, PSU,
temperature, and voltage

Diagnosis assistance Fault diagnosis

 Power-on/off recording  CPU CATERR events
 Serial port voice iBMC  PSU faults
recording  Overtemperature
 Last screenshot  Fan subhealth
 Last video  Storage medium faults

 Black box - Kbox

 Parsing tool - HWKbox

Run records

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• The iBMC provides a series of management tools for hardware status monitoring,
deployment, energy saving, and security, and standard interfaces to build a
comprehensive server management ecosystem. The iBMC uses Huawei-developed
management chip Hi1710 and multiple innovative technologies to implement
refined server management.

• The iBMC provides a variety of user interfaces, such as the CLI, web-based user
interface, IPMI integration interface, SNMP integration interface, and Redfish
integration interface. All user interfaces adopt the authentication mechanism and
high-security encryption algorithm to enhance access and transmission security.
 Contents

1. Introduction to Servers

2. Key Server Technologies

 BMC
◼ BIOS

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 BIOS
⚫ Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)
⚫ The BIOS is a system's foundation: a group of programs providing the most direct control of
system hardware.

Applications

Operating environment
BIOS functions:
Operating system kernel  Hardware detection
and initialization
 OS boot
BIOS Hardware driver  Advanced power
management

Hardware

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• The BIOS is a bridge between the system kernel and the hardware layer.

• Functions of the BIOS:

▫ Software upgrade and loading

▫ Basic OAM functions

▫ Serial port management

▫ Fault recovery

▫ ECC management

▫ Hardware diagnosis
 Quiz
1. Which of the following statements are true about the NICs of Huawei servers?
A. The LOM card is embedded into the PCH chip on the server motherboard and cannot be replaced.
B. Huawei-developed PCIe cards can be installed in standard PCIe slots.
C. A FlexIO card is integrated with the server panel for front-end service connection.
D. Mezzanine cards can be used with Huawei rack servers.

2. The BMC complies with the IPMI specification. It collects, processes, and stores sensor
signals, and monitors component operating status.
A. True
B. False

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• Answers:

▫ AB

▫ A
 Summary

⚫ In this course, we have learned the basic concepts, development history,

hardware components, and key technologies of servers. In the following
course, we will learn about storage technologies. Stay tuned.

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 Recommendations

⚫ Huawei iLearning
 https://e.huawei.com/en/talent/portal/#/
⚫ Huawei Support Case Library
 https://support.huawei.com/enterprise/en/knowledge?lang=en

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Acronyms and Abbreviations
⚫ BIOS: Basic Input/Output System
⚫ BMC: Baseboard Management Controller
⚫ B/S: browser/server architecture
⚫ C/S: client/server architecture
⚫ CPU: Central Processing Unit
⚫ iBMC: Huawei Intelligent Baseboard Management Controller
⚫ IPMI: Intelligent Platform Management Interface
⚫ MTBF: Mean Time Between Failures
⚫ NIC: Network Interface Card
⚫ RAID: Redundant Array of Independent Disks

46 Huawei Confidential
Thank you. 把数字世界带入每个人、每个家庭、
每个组织，构建万物互联的智能世界。
Bring digital to every person, home, and
organization for a fully connected,
intelligent world.

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All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive

statements including, without limitation, statements regarding
the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that
could cause actual results and developments to differ materially
from those expressed or implied in the predictive statements.
Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose
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may change the information at any time without notice.