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Introduction To Databases

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5 views22 pages

Introduction To Databases

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adriiiar05
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to databases

Acció finançada pel Ministeri d’Educació i Formació Professional i per la Unió Europea - NextGenerationEU.

C20.I03 Innovació i internacionalització de la Formació Professional


La mesura C20.I03 Innovació i internacionalització de la Formació Professional té un pes assignat de 0% de coeficient de clima i de 0% de coeficient digital, de conformitat amb l’annex 6 Taula de seguiment per a l’acció
pel clima i l’etiquetatge digital de la Proposta de Decisió d’Execució del Consell relativa a l’aprovació de l’avaluació del PRTR d’Espanya COM (2021) 322 final, en data 16 de juny de 2021.
Introduction to
databases
The modelization process
Introduction to databases
The three worlds: the real, the conceptual and the one of
representations

In order to have a framework in which to place the terms and concepts that
we will explain, we will distinguish three different areas:
● The real world with the objects of our interest.
● The world of logical conceptualizations.
● The world of computer representations.
Introduction to databases
The real world (miniworld), the
part of reality that interests us, is
what we perceive with our senses
and is composed of concrete
objects, physical or not.
Since we work in the Information
Systems (IS) field, the real worlds
we are interested in are
organizations: companies,
institutions, etc.
Introduction to databases
The conceptual design is the
modelization (creation of a
conceptual, abstract representation)
of the structure, properties and
functioning of reality.
The same real world can be seen,
conceived, modeled, in different
ways by different (or the same)
observers depending on
environment or perspective
(different views).
Introduction to databases
Conceptual schema: The set of
knowledge obtained by observing
a real world. In the sphere of
conceptions we build an abstract,
conceptual model of the real
world, and this helps us reason
and express ourselves.
Up to this point, the process is
independent of the DBMS that
will be used later on.
Introduction to databases
The conceptual world is a mental
world.
But in order to be able to work
with this knowledge and be able
to communicate it, we need to
project the thoughts to the
outside by physically
representing them in some way.
This is the world of logical and
physical representations
(dependent on the DBMS).
Introduction to
databases
What are databases?
Introduction to databases
Database: is a collection of related data.

Data: known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning.

For example, consider the names, telephone numbers, and addresses of the
people you know. Nowadays, this data is typically stored in mobile phones,
which have their own simple database software.

This collection of related data with an implicit meaning is a database.


Introduction to databases
A more restrictive definition:
● A database represents some aspect of the real world, sometimes called
the miniworld or the universe of discourse (UoD). Changes to the
miniworld are reflected in the database.
● A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific
purpose. It has an intended group of users and some preconceived
applications in which these users are interested.
In other words, a database has some source from which data is derived, some
degree of interaction with events in the real world, and an audience that is
actively interested in its contents.
Introduction to databases
Examples of databases:

● List of names and addresses in a phone (a few records)


● The computerized catalog of a large library (possibly large, up to
hundreds of thousands of records)
● The database maintained by a social network like Instragram (billions of
users interacting with each other)
● Amazon database (millions of users, millions of products, possibly billions
of transactions)
Introduction to databases
A database management system (DBMS) is a computerized system that
enables users to create and maintain a database.

The DBMS is a general-purpose software system that facilitates the processes


of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various
users and applications.
Introduction to databases
Defining a database involves specifying the data types, structures, and
constraints of the data to be stored in the database.

The database definition or descriptive information is also stored by the DBMS


in the form of a database catalog or dictionary; it is called meta-data.

Constructing the database is the process of storing the data on some storage
medium that is controlled by the DBMS.
Introduction to databases
Manipulating a database includes functions such as querying the database to
retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the
miniworld, and generating reports from the data.

Sharing a database allows multiple users and programs to access the


database simultaneously.

Other important functions provided by the DBMS include protecting the


database and maintaining it over a long period of time.
Introduction to databases
An application program accesses the database by sending queries or
requests for data to the DBMS.

A query (usually a SQL statement) typically causes some data to be retrieved;


a transaction may cause some data to be read and some data to be written
into the database.
Introduction to databases
Example
Introduction to databases
Older systems use customized programs to access data stored in files, one for each
user/purpose.

For example, one user, the grade reporting office, may keep files on students and their
grades. Programs to print a student’s transcript and to enter new grades are implemented
as part of the application.

A second user, the accounting office, may keep track of students’ fees and their payments.

Although both users are interested in data about students, each user maintains separate
files —and programs to manipulate these files— because each requires some data not
available from the other user’s files.

This introduces redundancy in defining and storing data results in wasted storage space and
in redundant efforts to maintain common up-to-date data.
Introduction to databases
In the database approach, a single repository maintains data that is defined once
and then accessed by various users repeatedly through queries, transactions, and
application programs. The main characteristics of the database approach versus the
file-processing approach are the following:
● Self-describing nature of a database system: the database system contains not
only the database itself but also a complete definition or description of the
database structure and constraints
● Insulation between programs and data, and data abstraction: changes in the
structure of the database do not require changes in the program
● Support of multiple views of the data
● Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
Introduction to databases
Introduction to databases
Advantages of using DBMS

● Redundancy control
● Restricted unauthorised access
● Persistent storage for program objects
● Search techniques for efficient query processing
● Backup and recovery
● Multiple users interfaces
Introduction to databases
Brief History of database applications

● Use of independent files


● Hierarchical and network systems
● Relational databases
● Object-Oriented databases
● Data exchange in the web using XML (or other standards, e.g. JSON)
● Big Data storage systems and NoSQL databases
Introduction to databases
Drawbacks of using a DBMS

Sometimes a DBMS may involve unnecessary overhead costs that would not
be incurred in traditional file processing. These costs are due to the following:

● High initial investment in hardware, software, and training


● Overhead for providing security, concurrency control, recovery, and
integrity functions

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