Basic Calculus(Math-1107)

Sayed Allamah Iqbal

International Islamic University Chittagong.

Assistant Professor, Dept.Of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Learning Outcomes

(1). Determine the existence of limits of functions

(2). Compute the limits of functions
(3). Determine the continuity of functions.
(4). Connect the idea of limits and continuity of functions.

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Functions

De…nition 1
Let X and Y be any two nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y is a
rule that assigns each element x 2 X to a unique element y 2 Y .

f : X !Y
f (x ) = y, x 2 X,y 2 Y

X Y

f
x y

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Domain and Range

f (x ) = y , x 2 X,y 2 Y

Remark 1
x 2 X is called the independent variable, and y 2 Y is the
dependent variable.
The set X is called the domain of f . The set Y is called the
codomain of f .
The range of f is the set fy 2 Y j y = f (x ) , for some x 2 X g .
The graph of f = f(x, f (x ) j x 2 X )g

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Monotonic Functions

De…nition 2
Let f be a function on an interval I R
(a) f is called monotonic increasing (nondecreasing) on I if

f ( x1 ) f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ; x1 , x2 2 I (1)

(b) f is called monotonic decreasing (nonincreasing) on I if

f ( x1 ) f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ; x1 , x2 2 I (2)

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Strictly Increasing and Decreasing Functions

De…nition 3
Let f be a function on an interval I R.
(a) f is called strictly increasing on I if

f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ; x1 , x2 2 I (3)

(b) f is called strictly decreasing on I if

f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ) x1 < x2 ; x1 , x2 2 I (4)

Example
y
D

g
ec

sin
re

rea
as
in

I nc
g

Constant

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Example

Each of the functions f , g , h in the table below is increasing, but each

increases in a di¤erent way. Match each function with its possible graph.

x f (x ) g (x ) h (t )
1 23 10 2.2
2 24 20 2.5
3 26 20 2.8
(a) (b) (c)
4 29 37 3.1
5 33 44 3.4
6 38 50 3.7

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Algebra of Functions

De…nition 4
f
Given two functions f and g . De…ne f + g , f g , f g , and as follows
g
(a) (f + g ) (x ) = f (x ) + g (x ) .
(b) (f g ) (x ) = f (x ) g (x ) .
(c) (f g ) (x ) = f (x ) g (x ) .
f f (x )
(d) (x ) = , g (x ) 6= 0.
g g (x )

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Composition of Functions

De…nition 5
Let f : X ! Y 0 and g : Y ! Z be functions. De…ne a new function
g f : X ! Z as follows:

(g f ) (x ) = g (f (x )) , 8x 2 X (5)

The function g f is called the composition of f and g .

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Inverse of Functions

De…nition 6
Let f : X ! Y be a one-to-one correspondence function. Then f has
an inverse f 1 and,
1
f (y ) = x , y = f (x ) x 2 X,y 2 Y (6)

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Even and Odd Functions

De…nition 7
For any function f ,
(a) f is called an even function if f ( x ) = f (x ) , for all x in the
domain.
(b) f is called an odd function if f ( x ) = f (x ) , for all x in the
domain.

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Example

2
f (x ) = x 2 and g (x ) = e x are examples of even functions; h (x ) = x 3
and l (x ) = x 1 /3 are examples of odd functions.
y
y y

(x, y) (x, y)

(-x, y) (x, y)

x
x x
(x, -y)
(-x, -y)

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Re‡ecting

De…nition 8
Let y = f (x ). Then,
(a) the re‡ection of the graph of y = f (x ) in the x axis is the graph
of y = f (x ) .
(b) the re‡ection of the graph of y = f (x ) in the y axis is the graph
of y = f ( x ) .

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Example

The re‡ection of f (x ) = x 2 in the x axis is the graph of

f (x ) = x 2 .
20
y f(x)
10

-4 -2 2 4
x
-10
g(x) = -f(x)
-20

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Example

The re‡ection of f (x ) = x 2 in the y axis is the graph of

f ( x ) = ( x )2 .
20
y g(x) = f(-x)
f(x) 10

-4 -2 2 4
x
-10

-20

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Shifting

De…nition 9
Let c > 0 is any constant. Vertical and horizontal shifts in the graph of
y = f (x ) are represented as follows:
(a) Vertical shift c units upward: g (x ) = f (x ) + c;
(b) Vertical shift c units downward: g (x ) = f (x ) c;
(c) Horizontal shift c units to the right: g (x ) = f (x c )
(d) Horizontal shift c units to the left: g (x ) = f (x + c )

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Example
Let f (x ) = x 3 . Then the graph of a function:
g (x ) = x 3 + 3 = f (x ) + 3 is obtained by shifting the graph of
f (x ) = x 3 , 3 unit upward.

y 4

g(x) = f(x)+3
2
f(x)

-4 -2 2 4
-2 x
-4

g (x ) = x 3 3 = f (x ) 3 is obtained by shifting the graph of

f (x ) = x 3 , 3 unit downward.

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Functions Increasing and Decreasing Functions New Functions From Old Transformations of Functions Important Functions

Example - continue
g (x ) = (x + 3)3 = f (x + 3) is obtained by shifting the graph of
f (x ) = x 3 , 3 unit to the left..

y 4
f(x)
g(x) = f(x+3)
2

-4 -2 2 4
-2 x
-4

g (x ) = (x 3)3 = f (x 3) is obtained by shifting the graph of

f (x ) = x 3 , 3 unit to the right..

y 4
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