a What are advantage of test plan ? Co.

c R
Ans:

Advantages of a Test Plan:

1. Clear Objectives: Defines the scope and focus of testing, ensuring

critical areas are tested.
2. Resource Management: Helps in the efficient allocation of resources
(personnel, tools).
3. Risk Management: Identifies risks and prepares mitigation strategies.
4. Efficient Communication: Acts as a communication tool between
stakeholders.

b Give defect classification in details. Co.d U

Ans:

Defect Classification:

1. Severity-based Classification:
o Critical Defects: Defects that cause system failure or crashes,
making the application unusable.
o Major Defects: Defects that impact major functionality but
don't cause the system to fail.
o Minor Defects: Defects that affect minor functionality or
aesthetics, with little to no impact on system performance.
o Trivial Defects: Very minor defects, such as small UI issues,
that do not affect functionality.
2. Priority-based Classification:
o High Priority: Must be fixed immediately as it affects crucial
functionality or user experience.
o Medium Priority: Important but can be fixed after high-priority
issues.
o Low Priority: Can be fixed later as it has minimal impact.

c What is test management? Co.c R

Ans:

Test Management:

Test management is the process of planning, organizing, executing, and

controlling the testing activities in a software project. It involves managing
resources, schedules, test cases, defects, and ensuring that the testing process
aligns with the overall project goals to deliver a quality product.
d Explain the Regression Testing? Co.c U
Ans:

Regression Testing:

Regression testing is the process of re-executing test cases to ensure that recent
code changes or updates have not introduced new defects or affected the
existing functionality of the software. It helps maintain software stability after
enhancements, bug fixes, or any modifications.
e What is defect management ? Co.d R
Ans:

Defect Management:

Defect management is the process of identifying, recording, tracking, and

resolving defects or bugs in software. It involves defect reporting,
prioritization, assignment to developers, and ensuring that the defects are
properly fixed and retested before the software is released.
f Write two test cases to test sign –in form of gmail account. Co.c A
Ans:
Test Case 1: Successful Sign-In

 Test Case ID: TC_GMAIL_001

 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully sign in with valid
credentials.
 Steps:
1. Open the Gmail sign-in page.
2. Enter a valid email address in the "Email or phone" field.
3. Click the "Next" button.
4. Enter the correct password in the "Password" field.
5. Click the "Next" button.
 Input Data:
o Email Address: [email protected]
o Password: CorrectPassword123
 Expected Result: The user is successfully signed in and redirected to
the Gmail inbox.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Sign-In with Invalid Password

 Test Case ID: TC_GMAIL_002

 Scenario: Verify that the user receives an error message when entering
an invalid password.
 Steps:
1. Open the Gmail sign-in page.
2. Enter a valid email address in the "Email or phone" field.
3. Click the "Next" button.
4. Enter an incorrect password in the "Password" field.
5. Click the "Next" button.
 Input Data:
o Email Address: [email protected]
o Password: IncorrectPassword456
 Expected Result: An error message is displayed indicating that the
password is incorrect, and the user remains on the sign-in page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)
g What are the points considered while estimating impact of a defect? Co.d R

Ans:

Points to Consider for Estimating Defect Impact:

1. Severity of the Defect: How critical the defect is in terms of system

functionality and user experience.
2. Affected Modules: The extent to which the defect affects different
components or features of the software.
3. Frequency of Occurrence: How often the defect is encountered by
users.
4. Business Impact: The potential financial, reputational, or operational
consequences of the defect.

h Write notes on Testing tasks? Co.c U

Ans:

Testing Tasks:

1. Test Planning: Defining the testing objectives, scope, resources, and

schedule.
2. Test Design: Creating test cases and scenarios based on requirements
and design specifications.
3. Test Execution: Running the test cases, logging defects, and validating
results.
4. Defect Reporting: Documenting defects, assigning severity, and
tracking their resolution.
5. Test Closure: Finalizing testing activities, generating reports, and
ensuring all test objectives are met.

i Explain technique of finding defect in short ? Co.d U

Ans:

Techniques for Finding Defects:

1. Static Testing: Involves reviewing code, documents, and design

without executing the program (e.g., code reviews, walkthroughs).
2. Dynamic Testing: Executing the software to find defects by running
test cases (e.g., functional testing, regression testing).
3. Black-box Testing: Testing without looking at the internal code,
focusing on inputs and expected outputs.
4. White-box Testing: Testing with knowledge of the internal code
structure, focusing on logic and flow (e.g., unit testing).

j Explain the Regression Testing? Co.c U

Ans:
 Regression Testing:

Regression testing is a type of software testing performed to ensure that recent

changes, such as code modifications, bug fixes, or enhancements, have not
negatively impacted the existing functionality. It helps maintain the stability
and integrity of the software by re-executing previously passed test cases.

k Which parameters are considered while writing good defect report ? Co,d U

Ans:

Parameters for Writing a Good Defect Report:

1. Defect Summary: A clear and concise title that describes the defect.
2. Description: Detailed information about the defect, including steps to
reproduce, expected results, and actual results.
3. Severity and Priority: Classification of the defect based on its impact
on the system and urgency for fixing.
4. Environment Details: Information about the system environment (e.g.,
OS, browser version) where the defect was found.
5. Attachments: Any relevant screenshots, logs, or files that support the
defect report.

l what is test plan ? Co.c R

Ans:
A test plan is a formal document that outlines the strategy, scope,
resources, and schedule for the testing activities in a software project. It serves
as a roadmap for the testing process, providing detailed guidance on how
testing will be conducted to ensure that the software meets its requirements and
quality standards.

L Write contents of defect template. Co,d R

Ans:

 Defect ID: A unique identifier for the defect.

 Defect Title: A brief summary or title describing the defect.
 Description: A detailed explanation of the defect, including what is
wrong and how it impacts functionality.
 Steps to Reproduce: Clear, step-by-step instructions on how to
replicate the defect.
 Expected Result: The expected behavior or outcome if the software
were functioning correctly.
 Actual Result: The actual behavior or outcome observed when the
defect is encountered.
 Severity: Classification of the defect’s impact on the system (e.g.,
Critical, Major, Minor).
  Priority: The urgency for fixing the defect (e.g., High, Medium, Low).
 Environment: Information about the system where the defect was
found, including:
 Operating system
 Browser/version
 Hardware configuration
 Attachments: Any supporting documentation, such as screenshots,
error logs, or videos that demonstrate the defect.
 Status: Current status of the defect (e.g., Open, In Progress, Resolved,
Closed).
 Assigned To: The name of the person or team responsible for fixing the
defect.
 Reported By: The name of the tester or individual who identified the
defect.

M Write four test cases for user login form? Co,c A

Ans:

Test Case 1: Valid Login

 Test Case ID: TC_LOGIN_001

 Scenario: Valid Login
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the login page.
2. Enter valid username and password.
3. Click the "Login" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: [email protected]
o Password: CorrectPassword
 Expected Result: User is redirected to the dashboard/home page with a
welcome message.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Invalid Login (Incorrect Password)

 Test Case ID: TC_LOGIN_002

 Scenario: Invalid Login (Incorrect Password)
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the login page.
2. Enter valid username and an incorrect password.
3. Click the "Login" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: [email protected]
o Password: WrongPassword
 Expected Result: An error message indicating that the username or
password is incorrect is displayed.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
  Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 3: Empty Fields

 Test Case ID: TC_LOGIN_003

 Scenario: Empty Fields
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the login page.
2. Leave both username and password fields empty.
3. Click the "Login" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: (empty)
o Password: (empty)
 Expected Result: An error message indicating that both fields are
required is displayed.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 4: Password Visibility Toggle

 Test Case ID: TC_LOGIN_004

 Scenario: Password Visibility Toggle
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the login page.
2. Enter a password in the password field.
3. Click the "Show Password" toggle.
 Input Data:
o Password: MyPassword123
 Expected Result: The password is displayed in plain text. Clicking the
toggle again hides the password.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 5: Login with Special Characters in Username

 Test Case ID: TC_LOGIN_005

 Scenario: Login with Special Characters in Username
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the login page.
2. Enter a username with special characters.
3. Enter a valid password.
4. Click the "Login" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: [email protected]
o Password: CorrectPassword
 Expected Result: The user should be successfully logged in and
redirected to the dashboard/home page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
  Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 6: SQL Injection Attempt

 Test Case ID: TC_LOGIN_006

 Scenario: SQL Injection Attempt in Login Form
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the login page.
2. Enter an SQL injection string in the username field.
3. Enter any password.
4. Click the "Login" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: admin' OR '1'='1
o Password: anyPassword
 Expected Result: The system should not allow login and should
display an error message indicating invalid credentials or a security
warning.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

N)
State any two difference between manual and automated testing ?

Ans:

1. Execution:
o In manual testing, test cases are executed manually by testers
without the use of automation tools. Testers follow predefined
steps and record results based on their observations.
o In automated testing, test cases are executed using automation
tools or scripts. This allows for faster execution since the tests
can run automatically without human intervention.

2. Time Efficiency:
o Manual testing can be time-consuming, especially for repetitive
tasks, as it requires human intervention for each test case. This
can lead to slower feedback cycles and extended testing periods.
o Automated testing is generally more efficient for repetitive tasks
because, once scripts are created, they can be executed multiple
times with minimal effort, significantly reducing the time
required for regression testing and other repetitive processes

o) Give any two advantages of test planning.

Ans:
  Clear Objectives and Scope:

 Test planning helps define clear objectives and the scope of testing
activities. This ensures that all stakeholders understand what will be
tested, how it will be tested, and what the expected outcomes are.
Having a well-defined plan helps in aligning the testing efforts with
project goals and minimizes misunderstandings among team members.

 Resource Optimization:

 A comprehensive test plan identifies the resources needed for testing,

including personnel, tools, and environments. By effectively planning
resource allocation, teams can optimize their efforts and ensure that
testing is conducted efficiently. This can lead to cost savings and better
use of time, as resources are allocated based on priority and project
requirements.

2 4M
a Prepare six test cases for home page of marketing site www.flipkart.com? Co.c A
Ans:

Test Case 1: Verify Logo Functionality

 Test Case ID: TC_HOMEPAGE_001

 Scenario: Verify that clicking the Flipkart logo redirects to the home
page.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Flipkart home page.
2. Click on the Flipkart logo at the top left corner.
 Input Data: N/A
 Expected Result: The user should be redirected to the home page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Search Functionality

 Test Case ID: TC_HOMEPAGE_002

 Scenario: Verify the search functionality works correctly.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Flipkart home page.
2. Enter a product name (e.g., "laptop") in the search bar.
3. Click the "Search" button.
 Input Data: Product: "laptop"
 Expected Result: Search results related to laptops should be displayed.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)
Test Case 3: Verify Banner Ads

 Test Case ID: TC_HOMEPAGE_003

 Scenario: Verify that the promotional banners are displayed correctly.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Flipkart home page.
2. Observe the promotional banners displayed at the top of the
page.
 Input Data: N/A
 Expected Result: All promotional banners should be displayed with
correct images and links.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 4: User Login

 Test Case ID: TC_HOMEPAGE_004

 Scenario: Verify the login functionality from the home page.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Flipkart home page.
2. Click on the "Login" button.
3. Enter valid login credentials.
4. Click the "Login" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: [email protected]
o Password: CorrectPassword
 Expected Result: The user should be successfully logged in and
redirected to their account page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 5: Cart Functionality

 Test Case ID: TC_HOMEPAGE_005

 Scenario: Verify that the cart icon updates correctly when items are
added.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Flipkart home page.
2. Click on a product to view its details.
3. Click the "Add to Cart" button.
4. Observe the cart icon.
 Input Data: N/A
 Expected Result: The cart icon should reflect the addition of the
product (e.g., show the number of items in the cart).
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)
 Test Case 6: Footer Links

 Test Case ID: TC_HOMEPAGE_006

 Scenario: Verify that footer links are functioning correctly.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Flipkart home page.
2. Scroll to the footer section.
3. Click on various footer links (e.g., "About Us," "Contact Us,"
"Privacy Policy").
 Input Data: N/A
 Expected Result: Each footer link should redirect to the appropriate
page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

b Draw labelled diagram of defect management process? List any two Co.d U
characteristics of defect management process.

Ans: Characteristics of Defect Management Process

1. Systematic Approach: The defect management process is structured

and follows a systematic approach to ensure that all defects are
identified, logged, tracked, and resolved efficiently.
2. Traceability: Each defect is traceable throughout its lifecycle, from
discovery to resolution. This allows for better analysis of defect trends
and helps in improving the overall quality of the product.

These characteristics ensure effective management of defects, leading to

enhanced software quality and user satisfaction.

3. Prioritization: Defects are prioritized based on severity and impact,

allowing teams to focus on the most critical issues first, which helps in
optimizing resource allocation and addressing high-risk areas quickly.
4. Collaboration: The defect management process fosters collaboration
among various stakeholders, including developers, testers, and project
managers. This ensures clear communication and accountability for
defect resolution.
5. Documentation: Thorough documentation of defects, including their
status, severity, and resolution steps, is maintained throughout the
process. This documentation aids in knowledge transfer and provides
insights for future projects.
c Prepare six test cases for admission from for college admission? Co.c A
Ans:

Test Case 1: Valid Admission Form Submission

 Test Case ID: TC_ADMISSION_001

 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully submit a valid admission
form.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the college admission form page.
2. Fill in all required fields with valid data (e.g., name, date of
birth, email, course selection).
3. Click the "Submit" button.
 Input Data:
o Name: John Doe
o Date of Birth: 2000-01-01
o Email: [email protected]
o Course: Computer Science
 Expected Result: A success message is displayed confirming that the
application has been submitted.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Submission with Missing Required Fields

 Test Case ID: TC_ADMISSION_002

 Scenario: Verify that the form displays an error when required fields
are missing.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the college admission form page.
 2. Leave the "Email" field empty and fill in other fields.
3. Click the "Submit" button.
 Input Data:
o Name: John Doe
o Date of Birth: 2000-01-01
o Course: Computer Science
o Email: (empty)
 Expected Result: An error message is displayed indicating that the
email field is required.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 3: Invalid Email Format

 Test Case ID: TC_ADMISSION_003

 Scenario: Verify that the form validates the email format correctly.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the college admission form page.
2. Enter an invalid email format in the email field.
3. Fill in other required fields.
4. Click the "Submit" button.
 Input Data:
o Name: John Doe
o Date of Birth: 2000-01-01
o Email: john.doe(at)example.com
o Course: Computer Science
 Expected Result: An error message is displayed indicating that the
email format is invalid.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 4: Age Verification

 Test Case ID: TC_ADMISSION_004

 Scenario: Verify that the form validates the age based on the date of
birth.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the college admission form page.
2. Enter a date of birth that makes the applicant under the
minimum age requirement (e.g., 2010-01-01).
3. Fill in other required fields.
4. Click the "Submit" button.
 Input Data:
o Name: Jane Doe
o Date of Birth: 2010-01-01
o Email: [email protected]
o Course: Computer Science
 Expected Result: An error message is displayed indicating that the
 applicant must be at least a certain age (e.g., 18 years).
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 5: Successful Form Reset

 Test Case ID: TC_ADMISSION_005

 Scenario: Verify that the reset button clears all fields successfully.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the college admission form page.
2. Fill in all fields with valid data.
3. Click the "Reset" button.
 Input Data:
o Name: John Doe
o Date of Birth: 2000-01-01
o Email: [email protected]
o Course: Computer Science
 Expected Result: All fields should be cleared and reset to their default
values.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 6: Confirmation Message After Submission

 Test Case ID: TC_ADMISSION_006

 Scenario: Verify that a confirmation message is displayed after
successful submission.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the college admission form page.
2. Fill in all required fields with valid data.
3. Click the "Submit" button.
 Input Data:
o Name: John Doe
o Date of Birth: 2000-01-01
o Email: [email protected]
o Course: Computer Science
 Expected Result: A confirmation message should be displayed,
thanking the applicant for their submission and providing any next steps
or information.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

d Enlist any six attributes of defect. Describe them with suitable example? Co.d U
Ans:

1. ID
  Description: A unique identifier assigned to each defect for tracking
and reference purposes.
 Example: Defect ID: DEF-001. This ID allows team members to easily
reference and communicate about the defect.

2. Severity

 Description: Indicates the impact of the defect on the system's

functionality. It is typically categorized into levels such as Critical,
Major, Minor, or Trivial.
 Example: A defect that causes the application to crash when a user
attempts to submit a form may be classified as Critical, while a typo in
a non-functional area (like a help text) may be classified as Minor.

3. Status

 Description: Represents the current state of the defect in the defect

management process. Common statuses include Open, In Progress,
Resolved, and Closed.
 Example: A defect may initially be marked as Open when discovered,
then changed to In Progress when being fixed, and finally marked as
Closed after successful verification.

4. Priority

 Description: Indicates the urgency with which the defect should be

fixed, based on its business impact. It is often classified as High,
Medium, or Low.
 Example: A defect that affects a core functionality of the application
and prevents users from completing transactions may be given a High
priority, while a cosmetic issue on a secondary page might be classified
as Low priority.

5. Description

 Description: A detailed explanation of the defect, outlining the

problem, steps to reproduce, and any relevant context or environment
details.
 Example: "When a user clicks the 'Submit' button on the registration
form, the application crashes. Steps to reproduce: 1. Go to the
registration page. 2. Fill in all required fields. 3. Click the 'Submit'
button."

6. Created Date

 Description: The date and time when the defect was first reported or
logged in the defect management system.
 Example: A defect logged on October 15, 2024, will have its created
date set to 10/15/2024, which helps track the age of the defect and
prioritize fixes based on how long it has been open.
e How to prepare summary report? Co.c A
Ans:

1. Define the Purpose

 Identify the objective of the summary report. What information needs

to be communicated? Who is the target audience?

2. Gather Information

 Collect relevant data and insights that pertain to the subject matter. This
may include:
o Test results
o Defect statistics
o Project progress
o Any other pertinent metrics

3. Organize the Content

 Structure the report logically. A typical structure includes:

o Title: A clear and descriptive title.
o Introduction: Briefly outline the purpose of the report and what
it covers.
o Main Body: Present the findings, organized into sections. Use
headings and subheadings for clarity.
 Overview of Activities: Summarize the main activities
conducted during the reporting period.
 Key Findings: Highlight the most important results or
insights.
 Statistics: Include relevant data, such as defect counts,
test coverage, or performance metrics.
o Conclusion: Summarize the key takeaways and any
recommendations or next steps.

4. Use Visual Aids

 Incorporate charts, graphs, or tables to present data visually. This helps

convey complex information quickly and clearly.

5. Keep It Concise

 Aim for brevity. Use bullet points or numbered lists where appropriate
to make the information digestible. Avoid unnecessary jargon or
technical language unless the audience is familiar with it.

6. Review and Edit

 Proofread the report for clarity, coherence, and correctness. Ensure that
all relevant information is included and that it aligns with the defined
purpose.
 7. Format the Report

 Use consistent formatting (font size, headings, spacing) to improve

readability. Include page numbers, headers, and footers if applicable.

8. Include Appendices (If Necessary)

 If there are detailed documents or additional data that support the

report, include them in an appendix rather than cluttering the main
body.

Example Summary Report Structure

1. Introduction

 This report summarizes the testing activities conducted during Q3 2024,

highlighting key findings and defect metrics.

2. Overview of Activities

 Conducted functional testing for the new feature releases.

 Performed regression testing on existing functionalities.

3. Key Findings

 Total test cases executed: 150

 Total defects reported: 25
 Critical defects: 5
 Severity breakdown: 10 Major, 10 Minor

4. Statistics

 Defect Density: 0.17 defects per test case

 Test Coverage: 85%

5. Conclusion

 Overall, the testing phase revealed a manageable number of defects.

Focus should be placed on addressing critical defects before the next
release cycle.

6. Recommendations

 Implement additional exploratory testing to uncover potential hidden

issues.

F Prepare and write four test cases for library Management of College ? Co.c A
Ans:

Test Case 1: Add New Book to Library

  Test Case ID: TC_LIBRARY_001
 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully add a new book to the
library database.
 Steps:
1. Log in to the library management system as an admin.
2. Navigate to the "Add Book" section.
3. Enter the book details (Title, Author, ISBN, Genre, and
Quantity).
4. Click the "Add" button.
 Input Data:
o Title: "Introduction to Computer Science"
o Author: "Jane Doe"
o ISBN: "978-3-16-148410-0"
o Genre: "Education"
o Quantity: 5
 Expected Result: A success message is displayed, and the book details
are saved in the library database.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Search for a Book

 Test Case ID: TC_LIBRARY_002

 Scenario: Verify that a user can search for a book using various
criteria.
 Steps:
1. Log in to the library management system.
2. Navigate to the "Search" section.
3. Enter the book title in the search field.
4. Click the "Search" button.
 Input Data:
o Search Title: "Introduction to Computer Science"
 Expected Result: The search results should display the book details
(Title, Author, Availability).
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 3: Issue Book to Student

 Test Case ID: TC_LIBRARY_003

 Scenario: Verify that a user can issue a book to a student.
 Steps:
1. Log in to the library management system as a librarian.
2. Navigate to the "Issue Book" section.
3. Enter the student's ID and book title/ISBN.
4. Click the "Issue" button.
 Input Data:
o Student ID: "STU-12345"
 o Book ISBN: "978-3-16-148410-0"
 Expected Result: A success message is displayed, and the book status
is updated to "Issued."
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 4: Return Book

 Test Case ID: TC_LIBRARY_004

 Scenario: Verify that a user can return an issued book.
 Steps:
1. Log in to the library management system as a librarian.
2. Navigate to the "Return Book" section.
3. Enter the student's ID and book title/ISBN.
4. Click the "Return" button.
 Input Data:
o Student ID: "STU-12345"
o Book ISBN: "978-3-16-148410-0"
 Expected Result: A success message is displayed, and the book status
is updated to "Available."
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

g State any four limitations of manual testing ?

Ans:

 Time-Consuming: Manual testing can be significantly slower than

automated testing, especially when executing repetitive test cases. Testers need
to manually perform each step, which can lead to longer testing cycles and
delayed feedback.

 Human Error: Since manual testing relies on human intervention, there is a

higher risk of human error. Testers may overlook certain steps or make
mistakes while recording results, leading to inaccurate test outcomes.

 Scalability Issues: As the application grows in complexity and the number

of test cases increases, manual testing becomes less scalable. Managing a large
number of test cases manually can be cumbersome and inefficient, making it
difficult to maintain test coverage.

 Inconsistent Results: Different testers may execute the same test case in
slightly different ways, leading to inconsistencies in results. This can make it
challenging to reproduce defects and may result in varying outcomes across
different test runs.

State & explain any four benefits of automation in testing.?

h
 Ans: Here are four benefits of automation in testing:

1. Increased Efficiency:
o Automation significantly speeds up the testing process by
executing test cases automatically, especially for repetitive and
regression tests. This allows testing to be performed faster than
manual testing, enabling teams to run a large number of tests in
a shorter amount of time. Consequently, teams can deliver
software updates and releases more quickly.
2. Improved Accuracy:
o Automated testing reduces the risk of human error associated
with manual testing. Once test scripts are created, they can be
run consistently without variations in execution. This ensures
that the same tests are performed in the same way every time,
leading to more reliable and accurate results.
3. Reusability of Test Scripts:
o Test scripts developed for automated testing can be reused
across multiple test cycles and projects. This reduces the effort
needed for future testing efforts, as existing scripts can be
modified or reused instead of starting from scratch. This is
particularly beneficial in regression testing when the same
functionalities need to be validated after updates or changes.
4. Enhanced Test Coverage:
o Automation allows teams to conduct more extensive testing by
executing a larger number of test cases and scenarios that may
be impractical to perform manually. This includes testing
various configurations, data sets, and edge cases. Enhanced test
coverage helps identify defects earlier in the development
process, ultimately leading to higher software quality.

3 6M
a What are the different techniques for finding defects? Explain in details? Co.d U

Ans:

1. Static Testing

 Description: This technique involves reviewing and analyzing the

software artifacts (like code, requirements, and design) without
executing the code. The aim is to identify defects early in the
development lifecycle.
 Methods:
o Code Reviews: Peers review each other’s code to find defects
and improve code quality.
o Static Code Analysis: Automated tools analyze the code for
potential errors, coding standard violations, and security
vulnerabilities.
o Requirements Reviews: Stakeholders review requirements
documents to ensure clarity, completeness, and correctness.
  Benefits: Detects defects early, reduces cost and effort of fixing issues
later, and improves overall quality.

2. Dynamic Testing

 Description: This technique involves executing the software to verify

its behavior against the expected results. Dynamic testing can be
classified into several types:
 Methods:
o Unit Testing: Individual components or modules of the
software are tested in isolation. It helps catch bugs early in the
development phase.
o Integration Testing: Multiple components are tested together
to identify issues related to their interaction.
o System Testing: The complete application is tested to verify it
meets specified requirements.
o User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Final testing by end-users to
ensure the software meets their needs and is ready for
production.
 Benefits: Validates the actual functionality of the software, uncovers
defects that static testing might miss, and ensures the software behaves
as expected.

3.Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)

 Description: This technique focuses on testing the boundaries of input

values, where defects are often found. The idea is that errors tend to
occur at the edges of input ranges.
 Example: For a field that accepts values from 1 to 100, test the
following values: 0, 1, 50, 100, and 101.
 Benefits: Effectively identifies edge cases, reduces the number of test
cases while maximizing coverage, and helps in catching off-by-one
errors.

4. Equivalence Partitioning (EP)

 Description: This technique divides input data into equivalent

partitions that are expected to produce similar results. It reduces the
number of test cases while ensuring adequate coverage.
 Example: For an input field that accepts values between 1 and 100,
create partitions: valid (1-100), invalid low (less than 1), and invalid
high (greater than 100).
 Benefits: Reduces testing effort by minimizing redundant test cases,
ensuring that a representative sample is tested from each partition.

5.. Error Guessing

 Description: This technique relies on the tester's intuition and

experience to identify potential defect-prone areas of the application.
Testers guess the most likely areas where defects could occur and
create test cases based on those guesses.
 Approach: Review past defect data, analyze complex or high-risk
 functionalities, and think of common mistakes developers might make.
 Benefits: Leverages the tester's expertise, encourages creativity, and
can uncover defects that systematic testing might miss.

6.Regression Testing

 Description: This technique is used to verify that changes (like bug

fixes or new features) do not adversely affect existing functionality. It
involves re-running previously completed tests.
 Approach: Create a suite of test cases that cover the core functionality
of the application and run them after any changes.
 Benefits: Ensures new changes do not introduce new defects, maintains
software stability, and boosts confidence in the overall quality.

9. Performance Testing

 Description: This technique assesses how the application performs

under varying load conditions. It aims to identify performance
bottlenecks and scalability issues.
 Methods:
o Load Testing: Evaluates system behavior under expected load
conditions.
o Stress Testing: Tests the application's limits by subjecting it to
extreme conditions.
o Endurance Testing: Checks how the application performs
under sustained loads over an extended period.
 Benefits: Identifies performance issues early, ensures scalability, and
provides insights into system behavior under different loads.

b Write six test cases for railway reservation system? Co.c A

Ans:

Test Case 1: Search for Trains

 Test Case ID: TC_RAILWAY_001

 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully search for trains between
two stations.
 Steps:
1. Open the railway reservation system.
2. Enter the source station name.
3. Enter the destination station name.
4. Select the travel date.
5. Click the "Search" button.
 Input Data:
o Source Station: "New York"
o Destination Station: "Los Angeles"
o Travel Date: "2024-10-20"
 Expected Result: The system displays a list of available trains with
details (train number, departure time, arrival time, and fare).
 Actual Result: The system displayed 5 available trains with their
details, including Train Number, Departure, Arrival, and Fare.
  Status: Pass

Test Case 2: Book Ticket

 Test Case ID: TC_RAILWAY_002

 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully book a ticket for a
selected train.
 Steps:
1. Search for trains (refer to Test Case 1).
2. Select a train from the search results.
3. Enter passenger details (Name, Age, Gender, etc.).
4. Click the "Book Ticket" button.
 Input Data:
o Train Number: "NYLA123"
o Passenger Name: "John Doe"
o Age: "30"
o Gender: "Male"
 Expected Result: The system displays a booking confirmation message
along with the ticket details.
 Actual Result: The system displayed a confirmation message and
ticket details, including Booking ID and Passenger Information.
 Status: Pass

Test Case 3: Cancel Ticket

 Test Case ID: TC_RAILWAY_003

 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully cancel a booked ticket.
 Steps:
1. Log in to the railway reservation system.
2. Navigate to the "My Bookings" section.
3. Select the ticket to be canceled.
4. Click the "Cancel Ticket" button.
 Input Data:
o Booking ID: "BK-20241015-001"
 Expected Result: The system displays a cancellation confirmation
message, and the ticket status is updated to "Canceled."
 Actual Result: The system displayed a cancellation confirmation
message and updated the ticket status to "Canceled."
 Status: Pass

Test Case 4: View Booking History

 Test Case ID: TC_RAILWAY_004

 Scenario: Verify that a user can view their booking history.
 Steps:
1. Log in to the railway reservation system.
 2. Navigate to the "My Bookings" section.
3. Click on "View Booking History."
 Input Data:
o User ID: "USER123"
 Expected Result: The system displays a list of all previous bookings
with details (Booking ID, Train Number, Travel Date, Status).
 Actual Result: The system displayed a list of 3 previous bookings with
all required details.
 Status: Pass

Test Case 5: Check Seat Availability

 Test Case ID: TC_RAILWAY_005

 Scenario: Verify that a user can check seat availability for a selected
train.
 Steps:
1. Search for trains (refer to Test Case 1).
2. Select a train from the search results.
3. Click on the "Check Seat Availability" option.
 Input Data:
o Train Number: "NYLA123"
 Expected Result: The system displays the seat availability status
(Available, Reserved, etc.) for the selected train.
 Actual Result: The system displayed the seat availability status,
indicating 10 seats available for the selected train.
 Status: Pass

Test Case 6: User Registration

 Test Case ID: TC_RAILWAY_006

 Scenario: Verify that a new user can register successfully in the
system.
 Steps:
1. Open the railway reservation system.
2. Click on the "Register" option.
3. Fill in the registration form with required details.
4. Click the "Submit" button.
 Input Data:
o Username: "johndoe"
o Password: "password123"
o Email: "[email protected]"
o Phone Number: "1234567890"
 Expected Result: The system displays a registration success message
and redirects to the login page.
 Actual Result: The system displayed a registration success message
and redirected to the login page.
 Status: Pass
C Explain the defect tracking with defect life cycle diagram and the different Co.d U
defect states

Ans: Defect tracking is a systematic process of identifying, recording,

managing, and resolving defects (bugs) in a software application. It is an
essential aspect of the software development lifecycle, ensuring that defects are
addressed effectively to improve software quality.

The defect tracking process typically involves the following steps:

1. Defect Identification: When a defect is found, it is documented in a

defect tracking tool.
2. Defect Reporting: A detailed defect report is created, providing all
relevant information about the defect.
3. Defect Assignment: The defect is assigned to the appropriate
developer or team responsible for fixing it.
4. Defect Resolution: The developer works on fixing the defect, and once
fixed, it is marked as resolved.
5. Defect Verification: The testing team verifies that the defect has been
fixed.
6. Closure: Once verified, the defect can be closed in the tracking system.

Defect States

1. New (Open):
o The defect has been identified and reported but not yet assigned
for fixing.
2. Assigned:
o The defect is assigned to a developer or a team for resolution.
This state indicates that the defect is in the queue for fixing.
3. Fixed:
o The developer has fixed the defect, and it is ready for retesting.
The defect's status changes to fixed when the developer believes
the issue has been resolved.
4. Retest:
o The testing team retests the defect to verify that it has been
fixed. During this state, the tester checks the application to
confirm that the issue is resolved.
5. Verified:
o The defect has been verified as fixed, and the resolution is
accepted by the testing team. The defect can then be marked for
closure.
6. Reopened:
o If the defect still exists after retesting, the status is changed to
reopened. This indicates that the defect was not fixed correctly
or has reappeared.
7. Closed:
o Once the defect is verified and the fix is confirmed, it is marked
as closed. This indicates that no further action is required.
8. Not a Defect:
o This state is used when a reported issue is determined not to be
 a defect, but rather a misunderstanding of the system or
expected behavior.

With respect to GUI testing write the test cases for Amazon
D login form
Ans:
Test Case 1: Verify UI Elements on Login Page

 Test Case ID: TC_AMAZON_001

 Scenario: Verify that all UI elements are present on the login page.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Amazon login page.
2. Check for the presence of the following elements:
 Email/Phone input field
 Password input field
 "Sign-In" button
 "Forgot your password?" link
 "Create your Amazon account" link
 Expected Result: All specified UI elements should be present and
visible on the login page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Verify Label Text for Input Fields

 Test Case ID: TC_AMAZON_002

 Scenario: Verify that the labels for input fields are correctly displayed.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Amazon login page.
 2. Check the label for the email/phone input field.
3. Check the label for the password input field.
 Expected Result: The email/phone field should be labeled "Email or
mobile phone number," and the password field should be labeled
"Password."
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 3: Verify Login Button Functionality

 Test Case ID: TC_AMAZON_003

 Scenario: Verify that the "Sign-In" button is functional.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Amazon login page.
2. Enter a valid email/phone number in the input field.
3. Enter the correct password in the password field.
4. Click the "Sign-In" button.
 Expected Result: The user should be successfully logged in and
redirected to the Amazon homepage.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 4: Verify Error Message for Invalid Login

 Test Case ID: TC_AMAZON_004

 Scenario: Verify that an error message is displayed for invalid login
credentials.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Amazon login page.
2. Enter an invalid email/phone number in the input field.
3. Enter an incorrect password in the password field.
4. Click the "Sign-In" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed stating,
"Incorrect email or password."
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 5: Verify "Forgot Password?" Link Functionality

 Test Case ID: TC_AMAZON_005

 Scenario: Verify that the "Forgot your password?" link redirects to the
password recovery page.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Amazon login page.
2. Click on the "Forgot your password?" link.
 Expected Result: The user should be redirected to the password
 recovery page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 6: Verify "Create your Amazon account" Link

Functionality

 Test Case ID: TC_AMAZON_006

 Scenario: Verify that the "Create your Amazon account" link redirects
to the registration page.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the Amazon login page.
2. Click on the "Create your Amazon account" link.
 Expected Result: The user should be redirected to the Amazon
registration page.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Design test cases for Online Mobile Recharge

E.
(Data filed are mobile number, state, email-id, recharge amount.)

Test Case 1: Successful Mobile Recharge

 Test Case ID: TC_RECHARGE_001

 Scenario: Verify that a user can successfully recharge a mobile number
with valid inputs.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the mobile recharge page.
2. Enter a valid mobile number (e.g., 9876543210).
3. Select a valid state (e.g., California).
4. Enter a valid email ID (e.g., [email protected]).
5. Enter a valid recharge amount (e.g., $10).
6. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: A success message should be displayed, confirming
the recharge.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 2: Validate Mobile Number Format

 Test Case ID: TC_RECHARGE_002

 Scenario: Verify that the system validates the mobile number format.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the mobile recharge page.
2. Enter an invalid mobile number (e.g., 1234).
 3. Select a valid state.
4. Enter a valid email ID.
5. Enter a valid recharge amount.
6. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed indicating that
the mobile number format is invalid.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 3: Validate Recharge Amount

 Test Case ID: TC_RECHARGE_003

 Scenario: Verify that the system validates the recharge amount.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the mobile recharge page.
2. Enter a valid mobile number.
3. Select a valid state.
4. Enter a valid email ID.
5. Enter an invalid recharge amount (e.g., -$10).
6. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed indicating that
the recharge amount is invalid.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 4: Check Email ID Format

 Test Case ID: TC_RECHARGE_004

 Scenario: Verify that the system validates the email ID format.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the mobile recharge page.
2. Enter a valid mobile number.
3. Select a valid state.
4. Enter an invalid email ID (e.g., userexample.com).
5. Enter a valid recharge amount.
6. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed indicating that
the email ID format is invalid.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 5: Validate State Selection

 Test Case ID: TC_RECHARGE_005

 Scenario: Verify that the system requires a state selection.
 Steps:
 1. Navigate to the mobile recharge page.
2. Enter a valid mobile number.
3. Leave the state selection blank.
4. Enter a valid email ID.
5. Enter a valid recharge amount.
6. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed indicating that
the state must be selected.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)

Test Case 6: Verify Minimum and Maximum Recharge Amount

 Test Case ID: TC_RECHARGE_006

 Scenario: Verify that the system enforces minimum and maximum
limits for the recharge amount.
 Steps:
1. Navigate to the mobile recharge page.
2. Enter a valid mobile number.
3. Select a valid state.
4. Enter a recharge amount below the minimum limit (e.g., $1).
5. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed indicating that
the recharge amount is below the minimum limit.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)
 Steps:
6. Enter a recharge amount above the maximum limit (e.g., $500).
7. Click on the "Recharge" button.
 Expected Result: An error message should be displayed indicating that
the recharge amount exceeds the maximum limit.
 Actual Result: (To be filled after testing)
 Status: (To be filled after testing)