UNIT III - THREE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
• Constructional details
• Types of rotors
• Principle of operation
• Slip
• cogging and crawling
• Equivalent circuit
• Torque-Slip characteristics
• Condition for maximum torque
• Losses and efficiency
• Load test
• No load and blocked rotor tests
• Circle diagram
• Separation of losses
• Double cage induction motors
• Induction generators, Synchronous induction motor.
• (i) stator (ii) rotor.
Construction
Stator
• It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical core
made up of thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce hysteresis and
eddy current losses.
• A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery
of the laminations .
• The insulated connected to form a balanced 3-phase star or delta
connected circuit.
• The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite number of poles as
per requirement of speed.
• Greater the number of poles, lesser is the speed of the motor and vice-
versa.
• When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating
magnetic field of constant magnitude is produced.
• This rotating field induces currents in the rotor by electromagnetic
induction.
Rotor
• (i) Squirrel cage type (ii) Wound type
• (i) Squirrel cage rotor
• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer
periphery.
• One copper or aluminum bar is placed in each slot.
• All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings called end rings .
• This forms a permanently short-circuited winding which is indestructible.
• The entire construction resembles a squirrel cage.
• However, it suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque.

• It is because the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited and it is

not possible to add any external resistance to the rotor circuit to
have a large starting torque.
Reasons for Having Skewed Rotor
• 1. It helps in reduction of magnetic hum, thus keeping the motor
quiet,

• 2. It also helps to avoid “Cogging”, i.e. locking tendency of the rotor.

• 3. Increase in effective ratio of transformation between stator &

rotor,

• 4. Increased rotor resistance due to comparatively lengthier rotor

conductor bars, & Increased slip for a given torque
• (ii) Wound rotor
• It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3- phase
winding, similar to the one on the stator.

• The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in the slots and is usually

star-connected.

• The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to
three insulated slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush
resting on each slip ring.

• The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected

rheostat.

• At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit

to give a large starting torque.
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Principle of Operation
• When 3-phase stator winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a
rotating magnetic field is set up which rotates round the stator at
synchronous speed Ns = 120 f/P.

• The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor
conductors, which as yet, are stationary.

• Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the
stationary rotor, e.m.f.s are induced in the rotor conductors.

• Since the rotor circuit is short-circuited, currents start flowing in the

rotor conductors.

• The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic

field produced by the stator.
• Consequently, mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors.
• The sum of the mechanical forces on all the rotor conductors
produces a torque which tends to move the rotor in the same
direction as the rotating field.

• The fact that rotor is urged to follow the stator field can be
explained by Lenz’s law.

• According to this law, the direction of rotor currents will be such

that they tend to oppose the cause producing them.

• Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is the relative speed
between the rotating field and the stationary rotor conductors.

• Hence to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the
same direction as that of stator field and tries to catch it.
 Slip
• The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating
stator field and the actual rotor speed N is called slip.

• It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed ,

• % slip (S) = Ns – N / Ns x 100

• (i) The quantity Ns - N is sometimes called slip speed.

• (ii) When the rotor is stationary (i.e., N = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %.

• (iii) In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-

load is hardly 0.1% to 3%.
• It is essentially a constant-speed motor.
Rotor Current Frequency
• The frequency of a voltage or current induced due to the relative speed
between a vending and a magnetic field is given by the general formula
• Frequency = N P / 120
• where , N = Relative speed between magnetic field and the winding
• P = Number of poles
• For a rotor speed N, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the
rotor is Ns - N.
• Consequently, the rotor current frequency f' is given by,

• Rotor current frequency = Fractional slip x Supply frequency

• (i) When the rotor is at standstill or stationary (i.e., s = 1), the frequency of
rotor current is the same as that of supply frequency (f' = sf = 1´ f = f).
• (ii) As the rotor picks up speed, the relative speed between the rotating
flux and the rotor decreases.
• The slip s and hence rotor current frequency decreases.
• Effect of Slip on The Rotor Circuit
• When the rotor is stationary, s = 1.
• The per phase rotor e.m.f. E2 has a frequency equal to that of supply
frequency f.
• At any slip s, the relative speed between stator field and the rotor is
decreased.
• Consequently, the rotor e.m.f. and frequency are reduced proportionally
to sE2 and sf respectively.
• The per phase rotor reactance X2 is reduced to sX2.

• At any slip s,
• Rotor e.m.f./phase = sE2
• Rotor reactance/phase = sX2
• Rotor frequency = sf
ROTOR CURRENT
• The rotor leakage impedance at standstill is =

• At any slip s, rotor leakage impedance given by,

• Per phase rotor current at standstill is given by,

• Per phase rotor current at any slip ‛s’ is given by (I2),

ROTOR POWER
• Let the rotor current I2 lags the rotor voltage E2 by an angle θ2.

• The rotor power factor is given by,

• The per phase power input to the rotor is given by,

• But,

• Pg is called the air gap power that is transferred from the stator to the
rotor across the air gap.

• = (rotor ohmic loss) + (internal mechanical power developed in

rotor)
• The internal (or gross) torque developed per phase is given by,
• where ωr is the rotor speed in mechanical rad/sec.

• The rotor speed (ωr) can be expressed in terms of synchronous speed

ωs as follows:
• The shaft power (Psh) can be obtained from Pg as follows:

• Psh = Pm – mechanical losses (friction and windage losses)

• Psh = Pg – rotor ohmic losses – friction and windage losses

• The output or shaft torque can be expressed by,

• If the stator input is known, the air gap power (Pg) is

expressed by ,
• Pg = stator power input – stator I2R loss – stator core loss
• This rotor output is converted into mechanical energy and gives rise to
gross torque Tg.
• Out of this gross torque developed, some is lost due to windage and
friction losses in the rotor and the rest appears as the useful or shaft
torque Tsh.
EFFICIENCY
• The efficiency of a three-phase induction motor is given by

• Where, Psh =shaft power

• Pf = fixed losses = core losses + friction and windage losses
• Pcu = stator and rotor ohmic losses + brush contact loss

SYNCHRONOUS WATT
• The torque that develops a power of 1 W at the synchronous speed
of the motor is known as synchronous watt.
• Synchronous wattage of an induction motor is equal to the power
transfer from stator to rotor through the air gap.
• A three-phase, six-pole, 50 Hz star-connected induction motor delivers
useful power 25 kW while running at a speed of 950 rpm. It is connected
to a supply of 400 V and takes a current of 60 A. Its stator resistance per
phase is 0.14 Ω. Mechanical losses are 900 W. Calculate (i) shaft torque,
(ii) gross torque developed, (iii) rotor Cu loss, (iv) stator Cu loss, and (v)
overall efficiency. The power factor of the motor is 0.75 (lagging).
• Soln:
• P=6
𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝟓𝟎
• f = 50 𝑵𝒔 = = = 1000 rpm
𝑷 𝟔
• Psh = Pout = 25 kW
𝑵𝒔 −𝑵𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 −𝟗𝟓𝟎
• N = Nr = 950 rpm 𝑺= = = 0.05
𝑵𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
• V1 = 400 vols
• I1 = 60 A Pm = Pout + mechanical losses
• R2 = 0.14 ohm
• Mech losses = 900 W Pm = 25 * 103+ 900 = 25, 900 W
• (i) shaft torque, (ii) gross torque developed, (iii) rotor Cu loss, (iv) stator
Cu loss, (v) overall efficiency. The power factor of the motor is 0.75
(lagging).
𝑷𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝟐𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟑
• (i) Shaft torque (Tsh) = =
(𝟐∗𝝅∗𝑵𝒓)/𝟔𝟎 (𝟐∗𝝅∗𝟗𝟓𝟎)/𝟔𝟎
• = 251.42 N-m
𝑷𝒎 𝟐𝟓∗𝟗𝟎𝟎
• (ii) Gross torque (Tg) = =
(𝟐∗𝝅∗𝑵𝒓)/𝟔𝟎 (𝟐∗𝝅∗𝟗𝟓𝟎)/𝟔𝟎
• = 260.47 N-m
• (iv) Stator Cu loss = 3 I21R1 = 3×602×0.14
• = 1512 W
• Input power (Pin) = 𝟑 ∗ 𝟒𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟔𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓
• = 31,176.91 W
• Gross power (Pg) = Pin – stator cu loss = 31,176.91 – 1512
• = 29,664.91
• (iii) Rotor cu loss = S * Pg = 0.05 * 29664.91
• = 1,483.245 W
• V) Overall efficiency

• EXPRESSION FOR TORQUE

• Due to the interaction of the stator and rotor fields, torque is
produced.
• The expression for torque is calculated as follows at any slip s.
• Let Φ be the flux of rotating magnetic field, I2 be the rotor current /
phase and cos𝝋𝟐 be the rotor power factor.
• The torque of an induction motor is given by, 𝑻 ∝ ∅ 𝑰𝟐 cos𝝋𝟐
• Where, I2 = rotor current at standstill 𝑻 = 𝒌 ∅ 𝑰𝟐 cos𝝋𝟐
• 𝝋𝟐 = angle between rotor emf and rotor current

• At standstill E2 ∝ ∅
𝑻 ∝ 𝑬𝟐𝑰𝟐 cos𝝋𝟐 𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏𝑬𝟐𝑰𝟐 cos𝝋𝟐
• Starting Torque
• The torque developed by the motor at the instant of starting is
called starting torque.
• In some cases, it is greater than the normal running torque,
whereas in some other cases it is somewhat less.
• Let E2 = rotor e.m.f. per phase at standstill;
• R2 = rotor resistance/phase
• X2 = rotor reactance/phase at standstill
Starting Torque of a Squirrel-cage Motor
• The resistance is fixed and it is less compared to its reactance.
• There is no provision to add external resistance to squirrel-cage
rotor.
• The starting current of the induction motor is very high, it lags by a
very large angle behind E2.
• Therefore, the starting torque per ampere is very poor.
• It is approximately 1.5 times its full-load torque.
• These motors are not suitable for high starting load.
Starting Torque of Slip-ring Motor
• There is a provision to add resistance in the rotor from the external
circuit of a star-connected rheostat.
• The effect of improvement of the power factor during starting
predominates the increase in impedance or decrease in current,
• The torque of the motor is improved.
• After some point, the increase in impedance predominates the power factor, and
hence torque decreases.
Condition for Maximum Starting Torque
• It can be proved that starting torque will be maximum when rotor
resistance/phase is equal to standstill rotor reactance/phase.

• Differentiating w.r.t. R2 and equating the result to zero, we get,

• Rotor resistance/phase = Standstill rotor reactance/phase

• Under the condition of maximum starting torque, ɸ2 = 45° and rotor
power factor is 0.707 lagging.
Effect of Change of Supply Voltage

• A drop of 10% in supply voltage will decrease the starting torque by

about 20%.

• The motor failing to start if it cannot produce a torque greater than

the load torque plus friction torque.
• Torque Under Running Conditions
• 𝑻 ∝ ∅𝑰𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝟐
𝑬𝒓 𝒔𝑬𝟐
• 𝑻 ∝ 𝑬𝒓 𝑰𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋𝟐 𝑬𝒓 = 𝒔 𝑬𝟐; 𝑰𝒓 = =
𝒁𝒓 𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)
𝒔𝑬𝟐 ∅ 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑻∝ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋𝟐 =
𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐) 𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐) 𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)
𝒔𝑬𝟐 ∅𝑹𝟐 𝒌∅ 𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑻∝ 𝑻=
𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐) 𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)
𝒌𝟏 𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐
𝑻= E2 ∝ ∅
𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)

𝟑 𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐
𝑻=
𝟐 𝝅 𝑵𝒔 𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)
• k1 is another constant. Its value equal to 3/2 πNs
Condition for Maximum Torque under running condition
𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐
𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏
𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)
Differentiate the above equation with respect to s and equate to zero.
Let, Y = 1 / T

𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐) 𝑹𝟐 𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐

𝒀= = +
𝒌∅𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒌∅𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝒌∅𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝒅𝒀 −𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐
+ =𝟎
𝒅𝒔 𝒌∅𝒔 𝑬𝟐 𝒌∅𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
=
𝒌∅𝒔 𝑬𝟐 𝒌∅𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟐𝟐 = 𝒔𝟐𝑿𝟐 𝟐
𝑹𝟐 = 𝒔 𝑿𝟐
• The slip corresponding to the maximum torque s = R2 / X2
• Substitute R2 = s X2 𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐
𝑻 = 𝒌𝟏
𝑹𝟐𝟐 + (𝒔𝑿𝟐 𝟐)
𝒌𝟏 ∅𝒔𝟐 𝑬𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝒌𝟏 ∅𝑬𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟐 =
𝟐𝒔 𝑿𝟐 𝟐𝑿𝟐
• Substitute X2 = R2 / s
𝒌𝟏 ∅𝒔𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐 𝒌𝟏 ∅𝒔𝑬𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟐
=
𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐

• Substitute s = R2 /X2
𝑹𝟐
( )𝑬𝟐 𝟐𝑹𝟐 𝑬𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒌𝟏 𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒌𝟏
𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟐 𝑿𝟐 𝟐 𝑿𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝑿𝟐

𝟑 𝑬𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟐 𝝅 𝑵𝒔 𝟐𝑿𝟐
Rotor Torque and Breakdown Torque
• The Rotor torque at any slip s can be expressed in terms of the
maximum or breakdown torque (Tb) by using the following
equation.
• 1. The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance.

• 2. The speed or slip at which maximum torque occurs is determined

by the rotor resistance.
• Torque becomes maximum when rotor reactance equals its
resistance.
• Hence, by varying rotor resistance maximum torque can be made to
occur at any desired slip.

• 3. Maximum torque varies inversely as standstill reactance.

• Hence, it should be kept as small as possible.

• 4. Maximum torque varies directly as the square of the applied

voltage.
• 5. For obtaining maximum torque at starting (s =1), rotor resistance
must be equal to rotor reactance.
• A 1100-V, 50-Hz delta-connected induction motor has a star-
connected slip-ring rotor with a phase transformation ratio of 3.8.
The rotor resistance and standstill leakage reactance are 0.012
ohm and 0.25 ohm per phase respectively. Neglecting stator
impedance and magnetising current determine.
• (i) the rotor current at start with slip-rings shorted
• (ii) the rotor power factor at start with slip-rings shorted
• (iii) the rotor current at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted
• (iv) the rotor power factor at 4% slip with slip-rings shorted
• (v) the external rotor resistance per phase required to obtain a
starting current of 100 A in the stator supply lines.
• It should be noted that in a Δ/Y connection, primary phase voltage
is the same as the line voltage.
• The rotor phase voltage can be found by using the phase
transformation ratio (K = 1/3.8).
 𝐍𝟐
𝐄𝟐 = 𝐄𝟏
𝐍𝟏
• TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
• A set of torque/slip curves is shown
in Fig for a range of s = 0 to s=1
with R2 as the parameter.
• When s = 0, T = 0, hence the curve
starts from point O.
• At normal speeds, close to
synchronism, the term (sX2) is small
and hence negligible w.r.t. R2.
• ∴ T ∝ s / R2
• or T ∝ s; if R2 is constant.
• For low values of slip, the
torque/slip curve is approximately a
• straight line. As slip increases (for
• increasing load on the motor), the
torque
• TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
• As slip increases the torque also
increases and becomes maximum
when s = R2/X2.
• This torque is known as ‘pull-out’ or
‘breakdown’ torque Tb or stalling
torque.
• As the slip further increases with
further increase in motor load, then
R2 becomes negligible as compared
to (sX2).
• Therefore, for large values of slip
• The torque/slip curve is a
rectangular hyperbola.
• Beyond the maximum torque, any further increase in motor load
results in decrease of torque developed by the motor.
• The result is that the motor slows down and eventually stops.

• The stable operation of the motor lies between the values of s = 0

and that corresponding to maximum torque.

• It is seen that although maximum torque does not depend on R2,

yet the exact location of Tmax is dependent on it.

• Greater the R2, greater is the value of slip at which the maximum
torque occurs.
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
• (i) Motoring mode (0 ≤ s ≤ 1):
• In this mode of operation, the
rotor rotates in the same direction
of operating magnetic field. The
speed of the rotor is less than the
synchronous speed.
• (ii) Generating mode (s < 0):
• In this mode of operation, the
stator terminals of an induction
motor are connected to a constant
frequency voltage source.
• The rotor is being rotated above
the synchronous speed with the
help of a prime mover.
• It may be noted that the stator
should not be disconnected from
the supply.
• (iii) Braking mode (s > 1):
• In this mode, slip s is greater than 1.
• The rotor is being driven by the prime mover in the direction opposite to
the rotating magnetic field.
RELATION BETWEEN FULL-LOAD TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE
• Let sf be the slip corresponding to full-load torque, then

• Dividing both by X22,

RELATION BETWEEN STARTING LOAD TORQUE AND MAXIMUM TORQUE

Equivalent Circuit of 3-Phase Induction Motor at Any Slip

• The energy is transferred magnetically from the stator winding to the
short-circuited, rotor winding.
• Considered to be a transformer with a rotating secondary.
• Equivalent circuit of an induction motor will be similar to that of a
transformer.
• IM is a generalized transformer the input voltage
• V1 = E1 + I1 R1 +j I1 X1

• The induced voltage Er in the rotor depends upon the

transformation ratio ‘k’ between stator & rotor

• ER = I2 Z2 = I2 (R2 + j s X2)

• The no load current I0 = √Iw2 + Im2 ;

• I21 = k I2
• Rotor output
• Out of the applied voltage (V1), so the absorbed in the
primary itself (I1Z1) remaining E1 transferred to the rotor.
• The angle between E1 & I21 is ⱷ.
• The rotor input / phase = E1 I21 cos ⱷ
• Total rotor input = 3 E1 I21 cos ⱷ
• The electrical input to the rotor which is wasted in the form of heat
is = 3 I2 Er cos ⱷ
• I21 = k I2; Er = s E2; Er = s k E1
• I2 = I21 / k; E2 = k E1
• Electrical input wasted as heat
• = 3 x (I21 / k) * skE1 * cos ⱷ = 3 s E1 I21 cos ⱷ
• = rotor input input x s
• Rotor output = rotor I/P – losses
• = 3E1I21 cos ⱷ- 3E1I21 cos ⱷ*s
• = (1-s)3E1I21 cos ⱷ = (1-s)*rotor input
• Rotor output / rotor input = (1-s)
• Rotor cu loss = s * rotor input
• Rotor efficiency = 1 – s = N / Ns
• Equivalent Circuit of the Rotor
• When motor is loaded, the rotor current I2 is given by,

• From the above relation, can be looked upon as equivalent to a

rotor circuit having a fixed reactance X2 connected in series with a
variable resistance R2 / s supplied with constant voltage E2.

R2 / s = R2 + R2 (1 / s – 1)
• Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
• Shifting resistance/reactance
from secondary to primary, it
should be divided by K2.

• Current should be multiplied

by K referred to primary.
• Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor

• If transformation
ratio is assumed
unity (E2/E1 = 1), then
the equivalent circuit
can be redraw as,
A 230-V, 6-pole, 3-φ, 50-Hz, 15-kW induction motor drives a constant
torque load at rated frequency, rated voltage and rated kW output and
has a speed of 980 rpm and an efficiency of 93%. Calculate (i) the new
operating speed if there is a 10% drop in voltage and 5% drop in
frequency and (ii) the new output power. Assume all losses to remain
constant.

• V2 = 0.9 × 230 = 207 V

• f2 = 0.95 × 50 = 47.5 Hz

• Ns1 = 120 × 50/6 = 1000 rpm

• Ns2 = 120 × 47.5/6 = 950 rpm

• s1 = (1000 − 980)/1000 = 0.02

• Since the load torque remains constant, the product (sV2 / f )

remains constant.
𝒔𝟏𝑽𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝟐𝑽𝟐𝟐
=
𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐

𝟐 𝟐
𝐕𝟏 𝐟𝟐 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓
𝐬𝟐 = 𝐬𝟏 𝐬𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟒
𝐕𝟐 𝐟𝟏 𝟐𝟑𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟗 𝟓𝟎

𝑵𝟐 = 𝑵𝒔𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒔𝟐) 𝑵𝟐 = 𝟗𝟓𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟒) = 𝟗𝟐𝟖 rpm

P ∝ TN
Since torque remains constant, P ∝ N
P1 ∝ N1 & P2 ∝ N2
P2 = P1 * N2 / N1

P2 = 15 * 928 / 980 = 14.2 kW

• The useful full load torque of 3-phase, 6-pole, 50-Hz induction
motor is 162.84 N-m. The rotor e.m. f. is observed to make 90 cycles
per minute. Calculate (a) motor output (b) Cu loss in rotor (c) motor
input and (d) efficiency if mechanical torque lost in windage and
friction is 20.36 N-m and stator losses are 830 W.
A 3-phase, 400/200-V, Y-Y connected wound-rotor induction motor
has 0.06Ω rotor resistance and 0.3 Ω standstill reactance per phase.
Find the additional resistance required in the rotor circuit to make the
starting torque equal to the maximum torque of the motor.
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
SEPARATION OF NO LOAD LOSSES
•The separation of core loss and mechanical loss (windage and
friction) can be obtained by no load test conducted from variable
voltage, rated frequency supply.
• Step by step reduce the voltage till the machine slip suddenly
start to increase and the motor tends to rest (stall).
• The core loss decrease almost square of the voltage and windage
and friction loss remains almost constant.
• Plot the curve between applied voltage (V) and power (Po),
extended to V=0 which gives mechanical loss.

Mechanical loss will be obtained from

graph,

Magnetic loss = output power –

mechanical loss
 Rated output power

Rotor copper loss

Stator copper loss

Φ
ΦSC
SC

Q
Fixed loss
X
• The line AE is known as torque (or rotor input line).

• The Point E is located as follows:

• Stator copper loss (DE)=3ISC2R1

• Rotor copper loss (BE)=PSC - 3ISC2R1

• Where R1=stator resistance / Phase
• Since the two copper losses are equal, the point E is midpoint of BD.
• 6. Calculate PSN = PSC * (ISN / ISC)2 and measure BG in c.m.
• For example PSN=6800W and BG=9.8Cm, then power scale
=6800/9.8=700W/cm (or) 1cm=700W.
• 7. Motor output (for example) = 3.75KW or 3750W and is
represented by the line BC as =3750/700=5.35cm.
• 8. The output point P on the circle is located as follows, BG is
extended above the circle upto 5.35cm and mark the point as
C(BC=5.35cm).
9. Draw a line from C parallel to output line (AB) and cuts the circle
at point P.
From P draw a line parallel to y-axis and it cuts the point S on x-
axis and P is joined to origin O.

10. From the circle diagram obtain the following

• Efficiency= Output / Input = PL / PS

• Slip = rotor cu loss / rotor input = LQ / QP
• 1 – S = rotor output / rotor input = PL / PQ
• Speed N = Ns(1-S)
• Power factor = PS / OP
11. Draw a line O’Tm perpendicular to the torque line. From the
point Tm, draw a vertical line so as to meet the torque line at point
M. Then the line MTm represents the maximum torque developed
by the induction motor.

12. Draw a line O’Pm perpendicular to the output line and bisecting
it. From the point Pm, draw a vertical line so as to meet the output
line at N. Then NPm represents the maximum output of the motor
Induction generators
• Consider, an AC supply is connected to the stator terminals of an
induction machine.
• Rotating magnetic field produced in the stator pulls the rotor to run
behind it (the machine is acting as a motor).
• Now, if the rotor is accelerated to the synchronous speed by means
of a prime mover, the slip will be zero and hence the net torque will
be zero.
• The rotor current will become zero when the rotor is running at
synchronous speed.
• If the rotor is made to rotate at a speed more than the synchronous
speed, the slip becomes negative.
• A rotor current is generated in the opposite direction, due to the
rotor conductors cutting stator magnetic field.
• This generated rotor current produces a rotating magnetic field in
the rotor which pushes (forces in opposite way) onto the stator
field.
• This causes a stator voltage which pushes current flowing out of the
stator winding against the applied voltage. Thus, the machine is
now working as an induction generator (asynchronous generator).

• Induction generator is not a self-excited machine. Therefore, when

running as a generator, the machine takes reactive power from the
AC power line and supplies active power back into the line.
• Reactive power is needed for producing rotating magnetic field.
• The active power supplied back in the line is proportional to slip
above the synchronous speed.
Self-excited induction generator
• It is clear that, an induction machine needs reactive power for excitation,
regardless whether it is operating as a generator or a motor.
• When an induction generator is connected to a grid, it takes reactive
power from the grid.

• When the rotor is rotated at an enough speed, a small voltage is

generated across the stator terminals due to residual magnetism.
• Due to this small generated voltage, capacitor current is produced which
provides further reactive power for magnetization.
• Applications
• Advantages: More rugged and require no commutator and brush
arrangement .
• Disadvantage: Take quite large amount of reactive power.
SYNCHRONOUS-INDUCTION MOTOR
• If the rotor of a slip-ring induction motor is fed from a DC source, it is
possible to run this motor at a synchronous speed.
• The rotor of a slip-ring induction motor becomes an electromagnet when
it is fed from a DC source.
• The axis of this electromagnet becomes fixed.
• The additional resistance is put on the rotor circuit and it is started as an
ordinary slip- ring induction motor and the switch S is at the start
position.
• The additional resistances are slowly cut out.
• The motor runs with a small slip.
• The switch is then thrown to run position and the rotor is fed by a DC
source by the excitation that is mounted on the same shaft of induction
motor.
• This creates fixed poles on the rotor due to DC excitation, which get
magnetically locked with the poles produced by the rotating magnetic
field.
• This rotating magnetic field is produced by the stator winding fed from a
three- phase AC source.

• This helps to run the motor at a synchronous speed.

• The synchronous-induction motor can be started with load when it starts

as a slip-ring induction motor.
• Constant speed and power factor control.
• It is necessary to design the rotor of
• It is preferred to have a large synchronous impedance for a synchronous
motor operation.
• This will produce a large variation in power factor with load.
Rotor connections for dc excitation:
Double Squirrel-Cage Motors
• One of the advantages of the slip-ring motor is that resistance may be
inserted in the rotor circuit to obtain high starting torque (at low starting
current) and then cut out to obtain optimum running conditions.

• However, such a procedure cannot be adopted for a squirrel cage motor

because its cage is permanently short-circuited.

• In order to provide high starting torque at low starting current, double-

cage construction is used.
Construction
• The rotor of this motor has two squirrel-cage windings located one
above the other.
• (i) The outer winding consists of bars of smaller cross-section short-
circuited by end rings.
• Therefore, the resistance of this winding is high.
• Since the outer winding has relatively open slots
• and a poorer flux path around its bars,
• it has a low inductance.
• Thus the resistance of the outer squirrel-cage
• winding is high and its inductance is low.

• (ii) The inner winding consists of bars of greater cross-section short-

circuited by end rings.
• Therefore, the resistance of this winding is low.
• Since the bars of the inner winding are thoroughly buried in iron, it has a
high inductance.
• Thus the resistance of the inner squirrelcage winding is low and its
inductance is high.
Working
• When a rotating magnetic field sweeps across the two windings, equal
e.m.f.s are induced in each.
• (i) At starting, the rotor frequency is the same as that of the line (i.e., 50
Hz), making the reactance of the lower winding much higher than that of
the upper winding.
• Because of the high reactance of the lower winding, nearly all the rotor
current flows in the high-resistance outer cage winding.
• Thus the outer winding gives high starting torque at low starting current.

• (ii) As the motor accelerates, the rotor frequency decreases, thereby

lowering the reactance of the inner winding, allowing it to carry a larger
proportion of the total rotor current.
• At the normal operating speed of the motor, the rotor frequency is so low
(2 to 3 Hz) that nearly all the rotor current flows in the low-resistance
inner cage winding.
• This results in good operating efficiency and speed regulation.
Crawling
• In squirrel cage induction motors, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run
firmly at speeds as low as one-seventh of their synchronous speed Ns.

• This phenomenon is known as crawling of an induction motor.

• Stator flux is not a pure sine wave.

• Complex wave consists of fundamental and harmonics waveforms.

• Harmonic waveforms runs at Ns/3, Ns/5, Ns/7
• Harmonics torques are developed in addition with fundamental torque
and running at 1 / nth of the speed of the fundamental torque. (Ns / n).
• The magnitude of the harmonic torques is 1/n2 of the fundamental torque.
• Components of motor torque are,
– The fundamental torque , rotating with synchronous motor Ns
– 5th harmonic torque rotating at Ns / 5
– 7th harmonic torque rotating at Ns / 7
• 5th harmonic currents have a phase difference of 5*120 = 6000 = -1200 in
three stator winding.
• Revolving field rotates in reverse at Ns / 5.
• Produce breaking action.
• 7th harmonic currents have a phase difference of 7*120 = 8400 = 1200 in
three stator winding.
• Revolving field rotates in forward direction at Ns / 7.

•
Cogging or Magnetic Locking
• The rotor of a squirrel cage motor sometimes refuses to start at all, when
the voltage is low.

• This happens when the number of stator teeth S1 is equal to the number
of rotor teeth S2 and is due to the magnetic locking between the stator
and rotor teeth.

• That is why this phenomenon is sometimes referred to as teeth-locking.

• The reluctance of the magnetic path is minimum when the stator and
rotor teeth face each other than when teeth of one element are opposite
to the slots on the other.

• The rotor tends to remain fixed at minimum reluctance path.

• Easily overcome by making the number of the rotor slots prime to the
number of stator slots.
Any Quires?