Engineering

Analysis

3rd Class

Lecture 2: First order differential equations-B

Dr Hayder Al-Shuka
Aeronautical Eng. Dept.
University of Baghdad
1.4: Special 1st order DE and solution
Any first order DE can be put in the following forms:

In general, there are three well-known methods for solution of special ODEs :
1. Separation of variables
2. Exact equation
3. Integrating factor

1. Separation of variables

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Q 1.6:

Ans:

Remark:
1. You remember that:
∫ = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐 Eq. (*)
2. Why are the absolute signs dropped
here?
3. To avoid confusion, always use
This is the required general solution absolute value for integration of Eq. (*).

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Q1.7

ln(a)-ln(b)=ln(a/b)

Exercise:

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Q1.8

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1.4: Special 1st order DE and solution- Exact equation

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Q1-9:

Ans:

Three methods are possible to solve (b) of Q1-9.

df= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑y

d(ysinx)=ycosx dx+sinx (1) dy.

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1.4: Special 1st order DE and solution- Integrating factor

Remark:
For solution a DE, we should follow
the following:
1. Check if it can be solved using
separation of variables and solve
it.
2. If it cannot be solved using
separation of variables, then check
if it is an exact equation.
3. If it is not an exact equation, then
find the integrating factor and
transform it to an exact equation
and complete…

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Q 1.10:

So the equation is not exact.

So the equation is exact.

(c) Exercise.
Solve it as in Q1.9

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Q1.11:

(c) Use the result to solve Q1.10.

If 𝜇 is a function of x, then:

, where

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(c) In Q1.10,

Integrating factor
Complete the solution…
If 𝜇 is a function of y, then:

, where

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Remark: How to find the integrating factor?
1. Check if the integrating factor is function of x only then , f(x)=(𝑀 −𝑁 )/𝑁
2. If it is not a function of x then check if integrating factor is function of y, then , g(y)=(𝑁 −𝑀 )/𝑀
3. If the integrating factor is not function to x only or y only, then:

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Q1.12:

𝑀 =𝑦+𝑥 , 𝑀 =1 The DE is non-exact, so we should use

𝑁 = −𝑥, 𝑁 = −1 integrating factor method

Assume the integrating factor a function of x, then

𝑀 −𝑁 1 + 1 −2 So the f(x) is a function of x. There is no need to check if the integrating factor function
𝑓 𝑥 = = =
𝑁 −𝑥 𝑥 of y.
∫
𝜇 = 𝑒∫ =𝑒 =𝑒 =𝑥 .

Multiplying the DE of (a) by 𝑥 , we get:

𝑦+𝑥 𝑥 dx − x𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0. Now the equation is exact, and three solutions are possible. See Q1.9.
Below only one method is metioned.
𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥

Integrating to get

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 Exercise

Hint:
1. Find M, N, My, Nx to check if the DE is exact or not.
2. If it is not exact, find the integrating factor as follows:
a) Assume the integrating factor function of x and check.
b) If it is not function of x, then check if it is function of y.
c) If it is not function to x only or y only, then use one of the following
expressions to find the integrating factor:

This question is solved in page 50, Q2.16:

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Q1.13:
[Hint: The integrating factor is function of x only].

𝜇 = 𝑒∫

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Q1.14:

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Q1-15:

It is linear equation
similar to:

Ex:

Complete…
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Q1-16

Ex.

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1.5 Applications
Many problems of science and engineering, when formulated mathematically, lead
to boundary value problems (differential equations with their associated
conditions). Some applications are:
Newton‘s Law
, where F is the force, m is the mass, v is
the vlocity and t is the time

E=IR+LdI/dt+Q/C
I=dQ/dt
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 For small deflections, the above equation becomes

The quantity El where E is Young's modulus and / is the moment of inertia of a cross
section of the beam about its central axis, is called the flexural rigidity and is generally constant.

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Problems
P1-1:
Hint: Use separation of variables for solution

P1-2:

P1-3:

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P1-4:

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