ICT (Information and Communications Technology or technologies)

ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is

the infrastructure and components that enable modern computing.

Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to
mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow
people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal
enterprises) to interact in the digital world.

What is computer
The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means
to calculate or programmable machine.

A computer is an electronic device used to store retrieve and manipulate data.

An electronic device that accepts data as input, and transforms/ process it under the
influence of a set of special instructions called Programs, to produce the desired output
(referred to as Information).

A computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based
on instructions provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data
(input), process it, and then produce outputs.

COMPUTER
Its mean

• C= Commonly

• O= Operated

• M= Machine

• P= Particularly

• U= Used for

• T= Training

• E= Education

• R= Research
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF COMPUTER:
The history of computer dated back to the period of scientific revolution (i.e. 1543 – 1678).
The calculating machine invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 and that of Goffried Liebnits
marked the genesis of the application of machine in industry.
This progressed up to the period 1760 – 1830 which was the period of the industrial
revolution in Great Britain where the use of machine for production altered the British
society and the Western world. During this period Joseph Jacquard invented the weaving
loom (a machine used in textile industry).
The computer was born not for entertainment or email but out of a need to solve a serious
number-crunching crisis.
The followings are historical events of computer.
1623: Wilhelm Schickard designed and constructed the first working mechanical
calculator.

1673: Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the Stepped
Reckoner. He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist,
for, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system.

1801: In France, Joseph Marie Jacquard invents a loom that uses punched wooden
cards to automatically weave fabric designs. Early computers would use similar punch
cards. Home / News / Tech / Health / Planet Earth / Strange News / Animals / History /
Culture / Space & Physics.

1820: Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry when he released
his simplified arithmometer, which was the first calculating machine strong enough and
reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.

1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) conceives of a

steam-driven calculating machine that would be able to compute tables of numbers. The
project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More than a century later, however,
the world's first computer was actually built.

1843: During the translation of a French article on the Analytical Engine, Ada Lovelace
wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli
numbers, which is considered to be the first published algorithm ever specifically tailored for
implementation on a computer.

1885: Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator, which used punched cards to process
statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM [International Business
Machine].

1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census,
accomplishing the task in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He
establishes a company that would ultimately become IBM.

1936: Alan Turing presents the notion of a universal machine, later called the Turing
machine, capable of computing anything that is computable. The central concept of the
modern computer was based on his ideas.
1937: J.V. Atanasoff, a professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa State University,
attempts to build the first computer without gears, cams, belts or shafts.

1937: One hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced
IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the
calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard
Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central
computing unit. When the machine was finished, some hailed it as "Babbage's dream come
true".

1939: Hewlett-Packard is founded by David Packard and Bill Hewlett in a Palo Alto,
California, garage, according to the Computer History Museum.

1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student, Clifford Berry, design a computer that can solve 29
equations simultaneously. This marks the first time a computer is able to store information
on its main memory.

1943-1944: Two University of Pennsylvania professors, John Mauchly and J. Presper

Eckert, build the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). Considered
the grandfather of digital computers, it fills a 20-foot by 40-foot room and has 18,000
vacuum tubes.

1946: Mauchly and Presper leave the University of Pennsylvania and receive funding from
the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer for business and
government applications.

1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories invent the
transistor. They discovered how to make an electric switch with solid materials and no need
for a vacuum.

1953: Grace Hopper develops the first computer language, which eventually becomes
known as COBOL. Thomas Johnson Watson Jr., son of IBM CEO Thomas Johnson
Watson Sr., conceives the IBM 701 EDPM to help the United Nations keep tabs on Korea
during the war.

1954: The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for formula traslation, is

developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, according to the
University of Michigan.

1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce unveil the integrated circuit, known as the computer
chip. Kilby was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his work.

1964: Douglas Engelbart shows a prototype of the modern computer, with a mouse and a
graphical user interface (GUI). This marks the evolution of the computer from a
specialized machine for scientists and mathematicians to technology that is more
accessible to the general public.

1970: The newly formed Intel unveils the Intel 1103, the first Dynamic Access Memory
(DRAM) chip.
1971: Alan Shugart leads a team of IBM engineers who invent the "floppy disk,"
allowing data to be shared among computers.

1973: Robert Metcalfe, a member of the research staff for Xerox, develops Ethernet
for connecting multiple computers and other hardware.

1974 -1977: A number of personal computers hit the market, including Scelbi & Mark-8
Altair, IBM 5100, Radio Shack's TRS-80 — affectionately known as the "Trash 80" — and
the Commodore PET.

1975: The January issue of Popular Electronics magazine features the Altair 8080,
described as the "world's first minicomputer kit to rival commercial models." Two
"computer geeks," Paul Allen and Bill Gates, offer to write software for the Altair,
using the new Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC) language. On
April 4, after the success of this first
endeavor, the two childhood friends form their own software company, Microsoft.

1976: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak start Apple Computers on April Fool's Day and
roll out the Apple I, the first computer with a single-circuit board, according to
Stanford University.

1977: Radio Shack's initial production run of the TRS-80 was just 3,000. It sold like crazy.
For the first time, non-geeks could write programs and make a computer do what they
wished.

1977: Jobs and Wozniak incorporate Apple and show the Apple II at the first West Coast
Computer Faire. It offers color graphics and incorporates an audio cassette drive for storage.

1978: Accountants rejoice at the introduction of VisiCalc, the first computerized

spreadsheet program.

1979: Word processing becomes a reality as MicroPro International releases WordStar.

"The defining change was to add margins and word wrap," said creator Rob Barnaby in
email to Mike Petrie in 2000. "Additional changes included getting rid of command
mode and adding a print function. I was the technical brains — I figured out how to do it,
and did it, and documented it."The first IBM personal computer, introduced on Aug. 12,
1981, used the MS-DOS operating system. (Image: © IBM).

1981: The first IBM personal computer, code-named "Acorn," is introduced. It uses
Microsoft's MSDOS operating system. It has an Intel chip, two floppy disks and an
optional color monitor. Sears & Roebuck and Computer land sell the machines, marking the
first time a computer is available through outside distributors. It also popularizes the term
PC.
1983: Apple's Lisa is the first personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). It
also features a drop-down menu and icons. It flops but eventually evolves into the
Macintosh. The Gavilan SC is the first portable computer with the familiar flip form factor
and the first to be marketed as a "laptop." The TRS-80, introduced in 1977, was one of the
first machines whose documentation was intended for non-geeks (Image: © Radioshack) .
1985: Microsoft announces Windows, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. This was
the company's response to Apple's graphical user interface (GUI). Commodore unveils the
Amiga 1000, which features advanced audio and video capabilities.

1985: The first dot-com domain name is registered on March 15, years before the World
Wide Web would mark the formal beginning of Internet history. The Symbolics
Computer Company, a small Massachusetts computer manufacturer, registers
Symbolics.com. More than two years later, only 100 dot-coms had been registered.

1986: Compaq brings the “Deskpro 386” to market. Its 32-bit architecture provides as
speed comparable to mainframes.

1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, the high-energy physics laboratory in

Geneva, develops Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), giving rise to the World Wide
Web.

1993: The Pentium microprocessor advances the use of graphics and music on PCs.

1994: PCs become gaming machines as "Command & Conquer," "Alone in the Dark 2,"
"Theme Park," "Magic Carpet," "Descent" and "Little Big Adventure" are among the
games to hit the market.

1996: Sergey Brin and Larry Page develop the Google search engine at Stanford
University.

1997: Microsoft invests $150 million in Apple, which was struggling at the time, ending
Apple's court case against Microsoft in which it alleged that Microsoft copied the "look
and feel" of its operating system.

1999: The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing language and users begin connecting to
the Internet without wires.

2001: Apple unveils the Mac OS X operating system, which provides protected memory
architecture and pre-emptive multi-tasking, among other benefits. Not redesigned graphical
user interface GUI.

2003: The first 64-bit processor, AMD's Athlon 64, becomes available to the consumer
market.

2004: Mozilla's Firefox 1.0 challenges Microsoft's Internet Explorer, the dominant Web
browser. Facebook, a social networking site, launches.

2005: YouTube, a video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-
based mobile phone operating system.

2006: Apple introduces the Mac Book Pro, its first Intel-based, dual-core mobile
computer, as well as an Intel-based iMac. Nintendo's Wii game console hits the market.

2007: The iPhone brings many computer functions to the smart phone.
2009: Microsoft launches Windows 7, which offers the ability to pin applications to
the taskbar and advances in touch and handwriting recognition, among other features.

2010: Apple unveils the iPad, changing the way consumers view media and jumpstarting
the dormant tablet computer segment.

2011: Google releases the Chromebook, a laptop that runs the Google Chrome OS.

2012: Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4.

2015: Apple releases the Apple Watch. Microsoft releases Windows 10.

2016: The first reprogrammable quantum computer was created. "Until now, there
hasn't been any quantum-computing platform that had the capability to program new
algorithms into their system. They're usually each tailored to attack a particular
algorithm," said study lead author Shantanu Debnath, a quantum physicist and optical
engineer at the University of Maryland, College Park.

2017: The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a

new "Molecular Informatics" program that uses molecules as computers. "Chemistry
offers a rich set of properties that we may be able to harness for rapid, scalable information
storage and processing," Anne Fischer, program manager in DARPA's Defense Sciences
Office, said in a statement. "Millions of molecules exist, and each molecule has a unique
three-dimensional atomic structure as well as variables such as shape, size, or even color.
This richness provides a vast design space for exploring novel and multi-value ways to
encode and process data beyond the 0s and 1s of current logic-based, digital architectures."
[Computers of the Future May Be Minuscule Molecular Machines].

Generation of computer are as follows;

First Generation of Computer (1937 – 1946):
In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC).
It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used
for processing. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had
no operating system.

Characteristics:
 Sizes of these computers were as large as the size of a room.
 Possession of Vacuum Tubes to perform calculation.
 They used an internally stored instruction called program.
 Use capacitors to store binary data and information.
 They use punched card for communication of input and output data and information
 They generated a lot of heat.
 They have about One Thousand 1000 circuits per cubic foot.

Examples:
 Mark I developed by Aiken in 1944.
  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) by J. Presper Eckert and
William Mauchley.
 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) also
developed in 1947 by Eckert and Mauchley.

Second Generation of Computer (1947 – 1962):

Second generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were
more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine
(IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this
generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed,
computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were
in use also were printers for output.

Characteristics:
 The computers were still large, but smaller than the first generation of
computers.
 They use transistor in place of Vacuum Tubes to perform calculation.
 They were produced at a reduced cost compared to the first generation
of computers.
 Possession of magnetic tapes as for data storage.
 They were using punch cards as input and output of data and
information. The use of keyboard as an input device was also
introduced.
 These computers were still generating a lot of heat in which an air
conditioner is needed to maintain a cold temperature.
 They have about one thousand circuits per cubic foot.

Example:
 Leprechaun, IBM built by Bell Laboratories in 1947
 Transis produced by philco, GE and RCA.
 UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC III.
 RCA
14 501.
 IBM 7030 stretch.

Third Generation of Computer (1963 – 1975):

The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With
this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to
run many different programs at the same time.

Characteristics:
 They used large-scale integrated circuits, which were used for both
 data processing and storage.
 Computers were miniaturized, that is, they were reduced in size
  compared to previous generation.
 Keyboard and mouse were used for input while the monitor was used
 as output device.
 Use of programming language like COBOL and FORTRAN were
 developed.
 They have hundred thousand circuits per cubic foot.

Examples:
 Burroughs 6700, Mini computers
 Honeywell 200
 IBM system 360
 UNIVAC 9000 series.

Fourth Generation of Computer (PC 1975 – Current)

At this time of technological development, the size of computer was re-divided to what we
called Personal Computers, PC. This was the time the first Microprocessor was created by
Intel. The microprocessor was a very large-scale which contained thousands of transistors.
Transistors on one chip were capable performing all the functions.

Characteristics:
 Possession of microprocessor which performs all the task of a
computer system use today.
 The size of computers and cost was reduced.
 Increase in speed of computers.
 Very large scale (VLS) integrated circuits were used.
 They have millions of circuits per cubic foot.

Examples:
 IBM system 3090, IBM RISC6000, IBM RT.
 ILLIAC IV.
 Cray 2 XMP.
 HP 9000.
 Apple Computers.

Fifth Generation of Computers (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generations computing devices, based on artificial intelligence (AI) are still in
development, although there are some application such as voice recognition, facial face
detector and thumb print that are used today.
Characteristics:
 Consist of extremely large scale integration.
 Parallel processing
 Possession of high speed logic and memory chip.
 High
16 performance, micro-miniaturization.
 Ability of computers to mimic human intelligence, e.g. voice
recognition, facial face detector, thumb print.
 Satellite links, virtual reality.
 They have billions of circuits per cubic.
Examples:
 Super computers
 Robots
 Facial face detector
 Thumb print.

Conclusion:
The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of
the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the
abacus have existed Charles Babbage, sometimes referred to as the "father of computing".
Ada Lovelace is often credited with publishing the first algorithm intended for processing
on a computer. Since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division.
Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before the
development of sophisticated computing equipment.
In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced
the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the
Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating
system. As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we
have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will
continue to experience new development as time passes.

History of Internet
The Internet came in the year 1960 with the creation of the first working model
called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency). It allowed multiple computers to
work on a single network which was their biggest achievement at that time. ARPANET uses
packet switching to communicate multiple computer systems under a single network. In
October 1969, using ARPANET first message was transferred from one computer to another.
After that technology continues to grow.

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Roles of computer in the society

Basic Applications of Computer
 Home. Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment,
watching movies or shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing
games, internet access, etc.
 Medical Field.
 Entertainment.
 Industry.
 Education.
 Government.
 Banking.
 Business.
Importance of ICT in nursing profession, What are the Uses of
Computer in Nursing? Application of Computer in Nursing?

Uses of computer in nursing

There are 4 major areas -

1. Nursing Education
2. Nursing Practice
3. Nursing administration
4. Nursing Research

1. Nursing Education:
Computers are used extensively in nursing education, libraries are computerized, nursing
educationalist have computers in classroom teaching and for academic record keeping in
nursing education. Computer are used in -
 Teaching and learning
 Testing
 Students and course record management.

2. Nursing Practice:
 Use information and communication technology to document and evaluate patient
care, advance patient education and enhance the accessibility of care.

 Use appropriate technology to assess and monitor patient.

 Work on an interdisciplinary team to make ethical decision regarding the application
of technologies and acquisition of data.
 Nursing skill
 Informatics and technology in client care.

Current use of informatics in health care practice.

 Admission, Discharge and Transfer.
 Patient access record.
 Financial parameter
 Physician order entry.
 Ancillary/ assistant/ helping department
 Documentation
 Scheduling
 Pharmacy preparation.
 Specialty practice [ ICU nursing, Cardiac nursing, Psychiatric nursing]
 Decision support
 Communication
 Critical pathway
 Real time locating system.
 Better diagnostic tools
 Tech-driven drug delivery.
  Patient lifting technology
 Nursing software.

3.Nursing Administration
 Human resources
 Medical records
 Nursing station system
 Personnel management
 Facilities management
 Budget and finance
 Accreditation / স্বীকৃতি

4. Nursing Research
 Problem identification
 Literature search
 Research design
 Data collection
 Data analysis
 Research dissemination / spreading.

Issues related to computer in nursing.

 Legal and ethical issues
 Privacy and confidentiality.
 Access to data for research and other purposes.
 Inform consent
 License related to tele nursing.
 Copyright of the material on the web.

What are the Uses of Computer in Nursing? Application of Computer in

Nursing/ health sector.

1. Electronic Medical Records

2. Computerized Scheduling
3. Nursing Technology
4. Address Issues Easily
5. Automated Medication Dispensing
6. Computer-Based Patient Care Reporting
7. Computer-assisted therapy
8. Streamlining workflow
9. Data analysis

1. Electronic Medical Records

Electronic medical records (EMRs) are computerized health records that store information
about patients, their health conditions, treatment plans, and progress.
Computers can be used to store patient data and generate reports for patients, such as
medication lists, diet plans, and health status reports. Nurses can also use computers to
generate progress reports for patients.
2. Computerized Scheduling
Computerized scheduling is used to automate the assignment of staff and resources,
and to track staff performance. Nurses can use computers to schedule their own work
and track the work of other nurses and healthcare staff. Computerized scheduling
software helps to identify available staffing and resources and automatically assigns
the appropriate work to the right person.

3. Nursing Technology
The use of computers in health care has increased dramatically over that time period, as
well as in other areas such as telemedicine, technology-assisted therapy, and digital
health records (DHR). Electronic medical records (EMRs) store information about
patients’ health conditions and treatment plans. EMRs are used by nurse practitioners
(NPs) who treat patients at their hospitals or clinics.

4. Address Issues Easily

The data can come from patients, other medical staff, or medical equipment. Computers
can sort, store, and analyze data to identify issues or trends in a healthcare setting.

Nurses can use these systems to identify and address issues such as patient safety
concerns, equipment malfunctions, or potential infections. Computer analysis can help
nurses identify which patients are most at risk for a certain outcome.

It can also help nurses identify which patients may benefit from a specific treatment
plan.

5. Automated Medication Dispensing

Many hospitals use automated dispensing machines (AMDS) to store and dispense
medications. AMDS uses computer technology and automated sensors to store
medications and identify abnormalities in the system. AMDS can reduce the risk of
medication errors, such as misidentifying a patient’s medication.

They can also help nurses manage medication lists. Nurses can use computers to order
medications and monitor the status of medications in a medical setting. For example,
computers can identify when a patient’s medication has run out শেষ হওয়া and order a
refill. They can also identify medications that are about to expire and order
replacements.

6. Computer-Based Patient Care Reporting

Healthcare providers can use computer-based reporting to generate reports on patient

care or specific events. For example, a nurse may use a computer to generate a report
after administering a certain type of medication or completing a specific treatment.

Computer-based reporting can help nurses save time by eliminating the need to complete
paper documentation. Computer-based reporting can also help reduce the risk of human
error.
7. Computer-assisted therapy

Computers can be used to deliver therapy for patients, either as a stand-alone technology
or in conjunction with other technologies. Therapies delivered via computer include
cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, and virtual reality therapy.

Computer-based CBT is used to treat conditions such as anxiety, depression, and stress.
Exposure therapy is used to treat specific phobias and anxiety disorders. Virtual reality
therapy is used to treat anxiety and stress-related disorders. Computer-assisted therapy is
beneficial because it is cost-effective and customizable.

8. Streamlining workflow

Computer technology can be used to streamline workflow and reduce the need for manual
work. Nurses can use computers to manage tasks, track workflow, and generate reports on
staff activities. Computer-based work management systems allow nurses to manage
multiple tasks at once.

9. Data analysis

Nurses can use computer software to analyze data, such as information from tests and
diagnostic scans. The data can come from patients, other medical staff, or medical
equipment. Computers can sort, store, and analyze data to identify issues or trends in a
healthcare setting. It can also help nurses identify which patients may benefit from a
specific treatment plan.

Conclusion

Nurses can use computers to assist with patient care and improve workflow. They can also be
used to store and analyze patient data to identify issues and improve care. Nurses can also use
computers for administrative tasks, such as scheduling and generating reports.

So, This is all about the “Application of Computer in Nursing, Uses of Computer in
Nursing, use of Computer in nursing.’’

Common terminology of ICT

1. PC (Personal Computer) – a small computer designed for use by a single user at a time.
2. Desktop; Visual display of computer environment viewed on the monitor.
3. Monitor Similar to a television screen, the monitor allows you to see the data on your
computer.
4. Mouse; Mouse is an input device that used as pointer on the screen that is moved by
moving the mouse up or down or from side to side. Generally a mouse has two buttons
which activates various tasks either by a single or a double click.
5. Cursor – A synonym for the pointer, which is controlled by the mouse. The cursor may
take different shapes.
6. Keyboard; An input device that is used for entering data into a computer or giving it an
instruction to do something specific.
7. Hardware The physical components of a computer and hence one can touch and see
hardware.
8. Software ; Software can not be physically touched but still can be used and seen. A
package of instructions that causes the computer to do something. Software is the
programs and data that run on those hardware components.
These are the programs (applications) that allow the computer to operate or do
certain tasks.
9. Motherboard – The circuit board that functioning parts of the computer connect to is
the motherboard. The CPU, RAM and cache all plug into the motherboard.
10. CPU; Central Processing Unit. This refers to the brains of the computer .the microchip
11. Memory is a device or system that is used to store information Permanently or
Temporarily for immediate use in a computer or related computer
hardware and digital electronic devices.
12. RAM ; Random Access Memory (RAM)/ internal memory contents are lost when the
computer is turned off. Where information is stored temporarily when a program is
run. It is volatile memory.
13. ROM; Read Only Memory (ROM)/ external memory. Contents are retained even when the
computer is turned off. More permanent than RAM. Data stored in these chips is non-
volatile , it is not lost when power is remove. Hard Drive – Where store information
permanently and most frequently. This is also non-volatile.
14. HDD stands for Hard Disc Drive. In computer systems, HDD is the most widely used
secondary storage device.
15. File – A collection of data with a name.
16. Input devices ; Stuff you tell the computer to do. This can be from external devices like a
keyboard, mouse, or microphone. A piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter
data into a computer is called an input device. Input devices are those devices that take
input from the user.
17. Out put devices ; An output device is a type of peripheral device that helps us to get data
processed from a computer. An output device is a piece of computer hardware that
receives data from a computer and then translates that data into another form. Stuff you
get back from the computer. Examples of output are: text/graphics displayed on the
monitor, sounds from the speakers, a printed page from the printer.
18. Browser ; A program used to navigate the World Wide Web. Examples include: Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Fire Fox, Chrome.
19. WWW ; World Wide Web. The Internet facility that allows you to browse linked web pages.
20. HTTP ; Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. A protocol that computers on the internet use to
communicate with each other. HTTP is just a protocol used to convey data over the
internet. HTTP is an Internet protocol.
21. HTML ; Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is a markup language used to design
web pages. The text based language used to construct Web pages. This text it then
interpreted by Web Browsers and displayed by computers.
22. Web Page ; An HTML document which contains information which can be seen on the
internet.
23. Bookmarks ; A feature of web browsers to save a web page’s location for future retrieval.
24. E-mail ; Electronic Mail. A way of sending other people messages from your computer.
Widely used facility on the Internet that basically sends addressed messages over a Network.
The message normally gets there in a couple of minutes.
25. Hyperlink ; A highlighted, underlined phrase or word on a web page that can be clicked to
go to another part of the page or even to another web page. e.g
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ZjBdmPL.
26. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) – A web address of a specific web page or file on the
Internet. An example is https://www.princegeorgecitizen.com.
27. Router – A device that transfers data between computer networks to provide access to the
Internet.
28. Examples of codes used include:
com - Commercial organization
edu - Educational institution
gov - Non military government organizations
int - International Organizations
mil - Military government organizations
net - Networks
org - non profit organization

29. Bit (Binary Digit): – the smallest, most basic unit of measurement for computer data
storage, represented as either a 0 or a 1. One byte is equal to 8 bits. Bit = Binary digit
= 0 or 1

30. Byte (Binary Term): – a unit of measurement for data storage. One byte is equal to 8
bits. Byte = a sequence of 8 bits = 00000000, 00000001 or 11111111
31. Hourglass :– This is the symbol that indicates the computer is working to retrieve or
send data or locate a webpage.

32. TCP/IP: stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP is a set
of standardized rules that allow computers to communicate on a network such as the
internet.

33. Server: A computer that other computers can connect to via a network.

34. Modem : A hardware device that is used to transfer information between computers
via a phone line. A Modem converts information from analog to digital and vice
versa.
35. Database: A collection of data organized and designed for easy access.

36. SMTP-Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a TCP/IP protocol used in sending and
receiving email.
37. Floppy Disk : It is a magnetic disk which is used to store data. Floppy disks are
often used to transfer files from one computer to another or to backup important files.

38. CD-ROM: Compact Disk - Read only Media. Plastic disc that can contain
enormous amounts of information.

39. GUI : Graphical User Interface. A Graphical User Interface is designed so that the
user can perform tasks by using a mouse to point & click to navigate around the
computer.

40. Active windows : In Windows, the front-most window on the desktop. The window
which accepts any keyboard input.

41. Home page : The page by which a user normally enters a web site.

42. Spam : Email spam, also referred to as junk email. E-mails sent to people whom in
no way asked you to send that information - normally done in huge numbers to
promote a product.

43. Firewall – A network security device designed to prevent unauthorized access to or

from a network.

44. ISP (Internet Service Provider) – A company that provides Internet service to
customers.

45. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) – A set of rules (a protocol) for transferring files
between computers over the Internet.

46. OS (Operating System) – a powerful program that controls and coordinates a

computer’s hardware devices and runs software and applications. Examples includes
Windows, Android, OS X, and Linux.

47. Reboot – to shut down and restart a computer, allowing its operating system and
programs to be reloaded.

Data Storage Unit Symbol One Unit Equals

Byte B 8 Bits

Kilobyte KB 1024 bits

Megabyte MB 1024 KB
 Gigabyte GB 1024 MB

Terabyte TB 1024 GB

Petabyte PB 1024 TB

HTTP HTML

1) HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.

1) HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
It is a great means of data communication for the
It is a well-known markup language used for web
World Wide Web.
page development.
It is an application protocol for distributed,
It is commonly used in webpage design
collaborative, hypermedia information systems.

2) HTML is written using HTML elements, which 2) HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer
consist of tags, primarily and opening tag and a hypertext. Hypertext is a multi-linear set of objects that
closing tag. The data between these tags is are used to build a network by using hyperlinks
usually the content. between the nodes, such as text or words.

What is software
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and execute
specific tasks.

It’s a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts, and programs that run on devices such
as Personal Computers, mobile phones, tablets, and other smart devices. Software
contradict/contrasts with hardware. Without software, most computers would be useless.
Example, a web browser is a software application that allows users to access the internet.
Without the web browser software, reading this page on Webopedia wouldn’t be possible.

Types of software and example

Among the various categories of software, the most common types include the following:

 Application software.

The most common type of software, application software is a computer software

package that performs a specific function for a user, or in some cases, for another
application. An application can be self-contained, or it can be a group of programs that
run the application for the user. Examples of modern applications include office suites,
 graphics software, databases and database management programs, web browsers,
word processors, software development tools, image editors and communication
platforms.

 System software.

These software programs are designed to run a computer's application programs and
hardware. System software coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and
software. In addition, it controls the operations of the computer hardware and provides an
environment or platform for all the other types of software to work in. The operating
system [OS] is the best example of system software; it manages all the other computer
programs. Other examples of system software include the firmware, computer
language translators and system utilities.

 Driver software.

Also known as device drivers, this software is often considered a type of system
software. Device drivers control the devices and peripherals connected to a computer,
enabling them to perform their specific tasks.

Every device that is connected to a computer needs at least one device driver to function.
Examples include software that comes with any nonstandard hardware, including special
game controllers, as well as the software that enables standard hardware, such as USB
storage devices, keyboards, headphones and printers.

 Middleware.

The term middleware describes software that mediates between application and system
software or between two different kinds of application software. For example,
middleware enables Microsoft Windows to talk to Excel and Word. It is also used to send
a remote work request from an application in a computer that has one kind of OS, to an
application in a computer with a different OS. It also enables newer applications to work
with legacy ones.

 Programming software.

Computer programmers use programming software to write code. Programming software

and programming tools enable developers to develop, write, test and debug other software
programs. Examples of programming software include assemblers, compilers,
debuggers and interpreters.
Computer Hardware:
Hardware is basically a physical device or can say intangible device which can we see and
touch. It is basically a device that is connected to the system and accepts data from the user
and processes it and after that provides the output to the user. OR

Hardware refers to the external and internal devices and equipment that enable you to
perform major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing, and
more.
There are two types of computer hardware: external and internal.
External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, printers, and scanners, whereas
internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and RAM.

Types of Hardware

Types of hardware are divided into four categories:

(I) Input Devices

(II) Output Devices
(III) Processing Devices
(IV) Storage Devices

(I) Input Devices

A piece of equipment/hardware which helps us enter data into a computer is
called an input device. Input devices are those devices that take input from the user.
Example: Keyboards, Mouse, Joy Stick, scanner etc., and others. So these are the
devices are there where users used to provide input to computer and get results from
the output devices. It is known as an “Input Device”.

Keyboard: This device is used to provide data to a computer via typing the characters or
alphabets in the keyboards. An input device that is used for entering data into a computer or
giving it an instruction to do something specific.
Mouse: Mouse is an input device that used as pointer on the screen that is moved by moving the
mouse up or down or from side to side. Generally a mouse has two buttons which activates various
tasks either by a single or a double click. It is basically a pointing device that is used as a cursor.

Joy Stick: It is used for controlling the movement of the cursor or a pointer in a computer
device.

Scanner: It is used to scan documents such as photographs and pages of text.

(II) Output Devices

An output device is a type of peripheral device that helps us to get data processed from a
computer. An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives data from a
computer and then translates that data into another form.

There are some output devices are there where we used in our daily life example: Monitor,
Speakers, Printer, projectors, optical mark readers, etc, so, these are the devices which is
used to take the output from the computer. It is known as “Output devices”.

Monitor: It is used to display the output on the screen so the user can able to see it.
Printer: It is used to generate hard copies and print any document.

Speakers: It is used to generate a sound when a user plays a song or a video.

Projector: It is an optical device that projects an image onto a surface, commonly a

projection screen.

Optical Mark Reader/ OMR Machine : It is used to gather information from human beings
by recognizing marks on a document.
 (III) Processing Devices

Processing devices are those devices that provide the processing of data to the computer so
that the computer can able to provide the result to the users. There are some processing
devices are CPU, RAM, GPU, Mother Board, Sound Card, Network Card, etc. These are
known as “Processing Devices”.

CPU: It is a central processing device that is used to provide the processing to the computer
so that it can process the data and provides a useful result.

RAM: It is a Random Access Memory that is used to execute the program by storing the data
and instructions of that program via read and write.

GPU: It is a Graphics Processing Units that are used to provide the graphics to the computer
so that it can able to provide the facility of graphic intensive work for users.
Mother Board: It is the main board of the computer where the important component is
placed inside it like CPU, RAM, HDD, SDD, etc.

Sound Card: It is basically like a driver that allows the computer to connect all those audio
devices which can be connected to the computer like Speakers, Headphones, Earphones, etc.

Network Card: It allows computers to communicate over a computer network.

 (IV) Storage Devices

In computer systems and in smart phones, storage devices are used for storing the data in a
computer system or in a mobile. Users can store any items in the storage like files, images,
videos, projects, documents, PDFs, etc. If I talk about computer systems there are two types
of storage storage Hard Disk Drive(HDD) and Solid State Drive (SDD) etc and in
mobiles: Secure Digital(SD) Card.

HDD: It is a Hard Disk Drive that is used to store data in the computer. In HDD the
read/write speed is slower than in SSD.

SSD: It is a storage device but it is faster than the HDD.

SD Card: It stands for Secure Digital Cards which is typically used in digital cameras and
other portable devices.

RAM ; Random Access Memory (RAM)/ internal memory contents are lost when the
computer is turned off so it is volatile. Where information is stored temporarily when a
program is run.

ROM; Read Only Memory (ROM)/ primary memory. Contents are retained even when
the computer is turned off. More permanent than RAM. Data stored in these chips is non-
volatile , it is not lost when power is remove.
Difference between RAM and ROM

RAM ROM
RAM stands for Random Access Memory ROM stands for Read Only Memory
Temporary storage information Permanent storage information
Store data in MBs Store data in GBs
RAM is the type of volatile memory/ ROM is the type of non volatile
temporary. memory/permanent.

N.B Volatile memory means the stored data N.B Non Volatile memory means the
are lost, if the power goes off. information stored in it is not lost even if the
power supply goes off.

Writing data is faster Writing data is slower

It is very expensive It is less expensive
Higher capacity Lower capacity
Higher speed Lower speed
RAM data can be read, erased or modified ROM data is only read only

Difference between Hardware and Software

Hardware Software
The physical components of a computer and The software can not be physically touched
hence one can touch and see hardware. but still can be used and seen.
[A package of instructions that causes the
computer to do something. Software is the
programs and data that run on those hardware
components.]
It has 4 main categories Mainly divided into two main categories
 Input devices,  System software and
 Output devices,  Application software.
 Storage devices and
 Internal component/ processing unit.
It is not affected by virus. It is affected by virus.
Hardware made up of electronic components Software is developed by writing
and other materials. instructions in a programming language.

User Can Not Copy Hardware User Can Copy The Software
Examples monitors, keyboards, mouse, Examples include application programs,
memory, motherboard, Hard drive, power operating system, Productivity suites and
supply and printers. games.
Operating System;
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.

 Computer System = Hardware + Software

 Software = Application Software + System Software(OS)
 An Operating System is a system Software that acts as an intermediary/interface
between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
 Make the computer system convenient to use
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

We can draw a generic architecture diagram of an Operating System which is as

follows:
Operating System Generations
Operating systems have been evolving over the years. We can categories this evaluation
based on different generations which is briefed below:
0th Generation
The term 0th generation is used to refer to the period of development of computing when
Charles Babbage invented the Analytical Engine and later John Atanasoff created a
computer in 1940. The hardware component technology of this period was electronic
vacuum tubes. There was no Operating System available for this generation computer and
computer programs were written in machine language.
First Generation (1951-1956)
The first generation marked the beginning of commercial computing including the
introduction of Eckert and Mauchly’s UNIVAC I in early 1951, and a bit later, the IBM
701.
Later mono-programmed operating system was developed, which eliminated some of the
human intervention in running job and provided programmers with a number of desirable
functions. These systems still continued to operate under the control of a human operator who
used to follow a number of steps to execute a program. Programming language like
FORTRAN was developed by John W. Backus in 1956.
Second Generation (1956-1964)
The second generation of computer hardware was most notably characterized by transistors
replacing vacuum tubes as the hardware component technology. The first operating system
GMOS was developed by the IBM computer. GMOS was based on single stream batch
processing system, because it collects all similar jobs in groups or batches and then submits
the jobs to the operating system using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine.
Operating system is cleaned after completing one job and then continues to read and initiates
the next job in punch card.
Researchers began to experiment with multiprogramming and multiprocessing in their
computing services called the time-sharing system. A noteworthy example is the Compatible
Time Sharing System (CTSS), developed at MIT during the early 1960s.
Third Generation (1964-1979)
The third generation officially began in April 1964 with IBM’s announcement of its
System/360 family of computers. Hardware technology began to use integrated circuits
(ICs) which yielded significant advantages in both speed and economy.
Operating system development continued with the introduction and widespread adoption of
multiprogramming. The idea of taking fuller advantage of the computer’s data channel I/O
capabilities continued to develop.
Another progress which leads to developing of personal computers in fourth generation is a
new development of minicomputers with DEC PDP-1. The third generation was an exciting
time, indeed, for the development of both computer hardware and the accompanying
operating system.
Fourth Generation (1979 – Present)
The fourth generation is characterised by the appearance of the personal computer and the
workstation. The component technology of the third generation, was replaced by very large
scale integration (VLSI). Many Operating Systems which we are using today like Windows,
Linux, MacOS etc developed in the fourth generation.

History of Operating Systems

 The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)

 No Operating System
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up
plug-boards to control the machine’s basic functions.
 The Second Generation (1955-1965)
 First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
 Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
 Single-stream batch processing systems
 The Third Generation (1965-1980)
 Introduction of multiprogramming
 Development of Minicomputer
 The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
 Development of PCs
 Birth of Windows/MaC OS

Functions of an Operating System

An operating system performs several functions, including:

 Resource allocation and management: An operating system manages hardware

resources such as CPU, memory, and disk space, and assigns these resources to
running applications based on their priority.
 Memory management: An operating system manages memory usage, including
virtual memory and memory allocation. It also ensures that memory is shared
efficiently among running programs.
 Device management/ IO Management: An operating system manages input and
output devices such as printers, scanners, and keyboards. It ensures that these devices
are compatible with the system and can be used by applications.
 User interface management: An operating system provides a graphical user
interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with the computer. It manages windows,
menus, and other graphical elements.
 Security management: An operating system manages security features such as user
authentication, firewalls, and antivirus software. It also ensures that applications and
data are protected from unauthorized access.
 Error Detection: From time to time, the operating system checks the system for any
external threat or malicious software activity. It also checks the hardware for any type
of damage. This process displays several alerts to the user so that the appropriate
action can be taken against any damage caused to the system.
  Job Scheduling: In a multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously,
the operating system determines which applications should run in which order and
how time should be allocated to each application.

Types of operating system

1. Batch Operating System

2. Multiprogramming Operating System
3. Time-Sharing OS
4. Multiprocessing OS
5. Distributed OS
6. Network OS
7. Real Time OS
8. Embedded OS

Popular types of OS

• Desktop Class
 Windows
 OS X
 Unix/Linux
 Chrome OS
• Server Class
 Windows Server
 Mac OS X Server
 Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
 Android
 iOS
 Windows Phone
What is an Application Software / program?

Application software / program is a type of software that is designed to do a certain set of

tasks. It is a form of software that runs or executes on the user's request. It performs single
tasks. These software applications are specifically developed to solve certain problems like
document creation, image editing, calculation, etc.

The application software is written in high-level languages like Java, C, and C++. It cannot
be installed without an operating system. Some examples of Application software
are VLC media player, Google Chrome, Adobe Photoshop, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, etc.
We can run multiple application software at the same time.

Application program – a computer program that provides users with tools to accomplish a
specific task.

Examples of application programs include those for word processing, spreadsheets,

presentations, and database management, as well as Internet browsers, email programs,
media players, accounting software, and programs that help with pronunciation,
translation, desktop publishing, enterprise.

Types of Application Software

Here is a list of different types of application software we get to see −
 Freeware − As the name suggests, this application software is available for free.
Adobe reader, Yahoo messenger, Libre Office etc., are some of the freeware software
 Open source − The source code of these software is available for all thus one can
change it and add new features to it. Apache web server, GIMP, etc., are examples of
open source software
 Shareware − This software is available for free for a limited period of time (trail) and
then one has to pay for their services. Winzip, Adobe acrobat, skype etc., are some of
the shareware software
 Custom software − Software that is special developed for a user or organization. E-
commerce solution, Fintech solution, etc., are some of the custom software
 Packaged software − Software consisting a group of similar programs. MS Office is
the best example for this. It consists of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, etc.

Operating System vs. Application Software

The following table highlights the major differences between Operating System and
Application Software –
 Parameter Operating System Application Software

It is a system software that acts as It is a software program that can

Definition an interface between the user and perform a specific task.
system’s hardware.

It is written using low level This software is written in high level

Programming
languages like assembly language programming languages like C++,
language
and C, C++ Python, Java, etc.

It is the first software loaded by BIOS It is used by the user based on their
Run time when the computer is tuned on. requirements.

Its main aim is to manage the It is used by the user to perform a

Goal
hardware components efficiently. specific function.

It is pre-installed in the devices. User needs to install them from the

Installation
Internet.

Without OS, a computer can’t run. It has no effect on the general

Necessity
functioning of a computer.

Windows, Android, Mac, Linux MS office, Adobe reader, Whats

Examples etc., are some of the operating App, etc., are all examples of
system. application software.

Microsoft Office – A group of productivity software applications developed by Microsoft

Corporation. Microsoft Office 2016 includes such programs as Microsoft Word, Microsoft
Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint.

Word processors

Word processor – a program that allows users to create, save, edit, format, print, and retrieve
documents.

Word processing programs can be used to create all types of text-based documents, such as:

o Assignments
o Notes
o Memos
o Letters
o Resumes
o Articles
 o Reports
o Newsletters
o Short stories
o Books (with tables, diagrams, photos, links, etc.)

Examples of word processing programs include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, Apple
Pages, and Libre Office Writer.

Spreadsheets

Spreadsheet (electronic worksheet) – a program that organizes data into rows and columns,
also known as tabular form. This data can then be arranged, sorted, calculated (using
formulas and functions), analyzed, or illustrated using graphical representations.

Among many other things, a spreadsheet program can be used to:

o Create budgets
o Calculate grades
o Balance bank accounts
o Calculate loan payments
o Calculate tax
o Prepare payrolls
o Analyze business performance numbers and results
o Produce charts
o Calculate revenues

Examples of spreadsheet programs include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Apple

Numbers, and LibreOffice Calc.

Presentation and Database Programs

Presentation program – a program that is designed to present information in the form of a

slideshow, using multimedia formats such as pictures, sounds, videos, and text. Such a
program is commonly used in education, training, business meetings, etc., to create powerful
presentations.

Presentation programs are commonly used to:

o Create slideshow presentations

o Create lectures and tutorials
o Make photo slideshows
o Design websites with hyperlinks and interactivity
o Make photo albums
o Create animated videos (with voice and animation)
 Examples of presentation programs include Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, Apple
Keynote, Prezi, CustomShow, SlideDog, and Powtoon.

Database programs

Database program (database management system) – A program that is designed for

creating, editing, updating, maintaining databases, and managing organized information
stored in them.

Databases are useful for keeping track of customers, users, employees, students, inventory,
product purchases, ISBN numbers, etc. Database programs are used in the following fields:

o Banking
o Airline/railway reservation
o Library management
o Education
o Human resource management
o Healthcare
o Weather
o E-commerce
o Government
o Sports
o Military

Examples of database programs include Microsoft Access, Oracle Database, Knack,

TablePlus, and TeamDesk.

Launch and Terminate a Program

Launch an application program

Method 1

1. Click the Start icon.

2. Click the name of the program that you wish to start (e.g., Word 2016).

Method 2

1. Type the program name in the Search box.

2. Click the name of the program that you want to launch.

Method 3

1. Double-click a program shortcut icon on the desktop, if there is one.

 Method 4

1. Click a program shortcut on the taskbar at the bottom edge of the screen.

Close (exit) a program (close an active open window)

Method 1

1. Click the Close icon (x) in the upper-right corner of the window.

Method 2 (Apple)

1. Click File in the upper-left corner.

2. Click Close.

Force close a frozen program

Method 1

1. Click Alt + F4.

Method 2

1. Click Ctrl + Alt + Delete to open Task Manager.

2. Select the unresponsive program and click End Task.

Q. Windows operation for maintaining the Computer

Over time, you may notice that your computer isn’t running as smoothly or as quickly as it
once did. There are many reasons why your computer’s performance may have declined with
usage. Disorganized files, excessive software installs, unnecessary programs automatically
run at start up – all these will eat up computer resources and significantly slow down its start
up and processing time. Thankfully, there are basic maintenance tasks that a regular user can
routinely perform to keep his/her computer running smoothly.

Organize Your Files

Keeping all your documents in one folder is the first step to maintaining a tidy computer.
Windows has a default folder in which to store your documents called Documents. For an
even safer solution, you can save your files directly to your OneDrive folder.

These simple precautions can save you time and energy in the event of a system failure -- an
organized computer is much easier to backup than a computer that has its files scattered all
over the hard drive, or if your files are saved to your OneDrive folder, you don't have to
worry about the loss of your files.
 Do Routine Backups

Get in the practice of doing frequent backups. This could make the difference between a
computer failure being an annoying inconvenience or a catastrophic meltdown. Backing up
your computer is a highly personal task, and one that only you can do with confidence -- no
one but you knows which files are important and which are not. Suggestions for files that you
will want to back up are: photos, email archives, bookmarks, personal projects (Word docs,
Excel spreadsheets, etc), contacts, and purchased software and music. Programs do not need
to be backed up. You can always back up your data to external media, such as an external
hard drive or a flash drive, or also save your files into One Drive.

Remove Temporary Files

Disk Cleanup is a Windows utility that calculates how much space can be recovered by
deleting temporary files on your computer. After it is done assessing your hard drive, it will
allow you to select which temporary files you want to delete. To run Disk Cleanup:

1. Double-click the Computer icon or the This PC icon.

2. Right-click the drive you want to clean (usually the C: drive) and select Properties.
3. Select the General tab. Press the Disk Cleanup button.
4. When the scan is complete, you will be able to choose what files (if any) that you want to
delete. If you want to delete any of the files, check those files, and then press the OK button.
When the message pops up that says "Are you sure you want to permanently delete these
files?", press the Delete Files button.
5. Press the OK button to close the window when the cleanup has been done.

Remove Unwanted Startup Items

If your computer used to take 60 seconds to start up, but now takes 2 minutes to start up, it
may be loading too many programs upon boot up. Sometimes, the programs that we install
configure themselves to run when the computer is started. They can run in the background
undetected and considerably delay the start up process of the computer, as well as consume
needed resources while the computer is operating. If you find that an application is opening at
start up, but you don't need it to do so, then go into the Options section of the application and
choose to stop the program from opening at start up.

Download Windows Updates

Periodically, Microsoft releases updates which contain patches for security holes, bug fixes,
and sometimes added features and drivers. In order to protect your computer and enhance its
functionality, you can check to see if your computer is up-to-date with its updates.

1. Click on your Windows 10 icon.

2. Click on the Settings icon.
3. In the Window Settings window that pops up, click on Update & security.
4. Click on the Check for updates button.
Update your Virus Definitions

Thousands of new computer viruses are discovered every year. Most of them are easy to
identify and isolate, but only if you have updated your virus definitions in your antivirus
software. The antivirus Lesley uses is Windows Defender. Click here to find instructions on
how to make sure your Windows updates and your antivirus definitions are up-to-date.

Reboot your Computer

Although this is by far the easiest task on the list, it’s one that is most often overlooked.
Leaving the computer on for days eats up system resources that can only be restored when the
computer is restarted. Shut down your computer whenever you anticipate you will be away
from it for an extended period of time.

Write down the types of computer? RMU-21

Types of Computer by use

Here, computers are classified depending on the intended use/application. By use, we have a
general purpose and special purpose computers.

General Purpose

A general-purpose computer is programmed to undertake several tasks and interact with

multiple devices or users. Most computers, including PCs, desktops, smart phones, and
tablets, fall under this category because they can perform most computing tasks.

Embedded/Special Purpose

This is a microprocessor-based computer programmed to perform a particular software-

controlled task or set of functions. Still, they cannot perform other general functions of a
computer. They are also referred to as embedded computers. They can be used in industrial
automation, space exploration, and digital signage.

Examples: Wi-Fi routers, automatic teller machines(ATM), washing machines, etc.

Wearable computers

This category consists of any technological device that you can wear on your body. They
are programmed to enhance convenience, accessibility, more straightforward navigation,
health, and fitness tracking, etc.

Examples: smart watches, implantable (pacers) etc.

Types of Computer by size/ power

Since their inception, computers have evolved into different sizes.

Supercomputers

A supercomputer is the fastest, largest, and most expensive type of computer that exists
today. They are only designed for special purposes that often require complex calculations,
such as scientific research, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, and geological
data analysis.

Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers are enormous (2,000 to 10,000 sq. ft.) and powerful computers
mainly used in the data centers of large enterprises and organizations. They are typically
found in a dedicated server room and can be accessed remotely by different users
simultaneously.

Mainframes are capable of processing huge amounts of data quickly and accurately such as
banking, government, or insurance.

Mainframe computers also control other systems, such as air traffic control, satellite
tracking, and military defense systems.

Minicomputers

Minicomputers are mid-sized computers, larger than microcomputers but smaller than
mainframes. These multi-processing systems are ideal for 5 to 300 people and are primarily
used in small businesses, colleges, research labs, and hospitals.

Minicomputers are cost-effective and deliver the functionalities of a mainframe computer at a

more affordable price.

Workstation Computers

This type of single-user computer is specially programmed for engineering applications

(CAM/CAD), software development, publishing, or any application that doesn’t require a
lot of computing power. They feature advanced graphics, a huge RAM, and a graphical
user interface (GUI).

Microcomputers

Microcomputers are the smallest and most popular computer types. They are primarily
used for personal use or startup business computing. Microcomputers are typically equipped
with various components, such as a processor, memory, storage, and an operating system.
The processor is responsible for executing instructions, while the memory is used to store
data and programs.

Microcomputers come in various sizes and configurations, depending on their purpose.

Examples include desktop computers, personal computers (PCs), laptops, netbooks, and
tablets.
Types of Computer by handling capabilities

Computers may also be classified according to how they are designed to function, or by their
working methods. Thus, the three broad categories include analog, digital, and hybrid
computers.

Analog Computers

As the name suggests, these types of computers are primarily designed to process and
analyze organic (analog) measurable data. They don’t process numerical data but, instead,
data captured from the real world, such as distance, pressure, temperature, speed, and
length.

Digital Computers

These types of computers are designed to work on numerical data presented in the form
of binary digits (0s and 1s). Thus, any input is usually converted into the binary language to
enable the computer to process the data to produce information. They can compute
mathematical calculations and also process logical/factual work.

Examples of digital computers include PCs, mobile phones, and tablets.

Hybrid Computers

A hybrid computer is a blend of both analog and digital computers. They are designed for
fast and efficient computations of complex calculations and factual work. They are mainly
used in medicine, whereby raw input data (analog data) is converted into digital signals
and processed to produce a numerical output.

Examples include electrocardiogram machines, ultrasound machines, and gasoline

vending machines.

Definition Of Digital Computer. RMU-21 SUPP

Digital Computer is a machine or a device that helps to process any kind of information.
These are the devices through which we provide some input and get the output within a
fraction of a second. The main benefit of digital computers is that they are quick and re-
programmable.

Advantages of digital computers

The main advantage of Digital computers is as follows:-

 that they can store loads of data and it is very accurate.

 they are comparatively less expensive.
 Easy to use
 digital computers are more reliable, flexible, and compatible.
 the upgradation of new features in digital devices is very easy.
The disadvantage of digital computers

 Digital computers consume more energy and produce more heat than analog
computers.
 The elements of a digital computer are very fragile.
 A single unit can bring down a whole unit.

Characteristics of Digital Computer RMU-21 SUPP

 Good Memory – Digital computers can store a large number of data and can retrieve
data in a fraction of a second. The data can be stored for any duration and retrieved
anytime.
 Very Flexible – These computers can perform multi-tasking without any human
interference and hence they are very flexible and versatile.
 Automatic – These devices once started are automatic. They do not need any
intervention until required by the task specifically.
 Good Speed – Digital computers are high in speed and carry out all the operations at a
very fast speed.
 Accurate – These devices help in storing all the information which helps in retrieving
accurate data at any point in a given time.

What is Number System and its Types?

The number system is simply a system to represent or express numbers. There are various
types of number systems and the most commonly used ones are decimal number system,
binary number system, octal number system, and hexadecimal number system.

Q. Convert the decimal no 97.27 into the binary number? RMU-21

To convert decimal number 97.27, we convert its integer and fraction part individually
and then add them to get the equivalent binary number, as below:

To convert integer 97 to binary, follow these steps:

97 / 2 = 48 with remainder 1
48 / 2 = 24 with remainder 0
24 / 2 = 12 with remainder 0
12 / 2 = 6 with remainder 0
6 / 2 = 3 with remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 with remainder 1
1 / 2 = 0 with remainder 1

Here is the answer to 97 decimal to binary number:

1100001
For converting decimal fraction 0.27 to binary number, follow these steps:

Multiply 0.27 by 2 keeping notice of the resulting integer and fractional part. Continue
multiplying by 2 until you get a resulting fractional part equal to zero (we calcuclate upto ten
digits).

Then just write out the integer parts from the results of each multiplication to get equivalent
binary number.

0.27 × 2 = 0 + 0.54
0.54 × 2 = 1 + 0.08
0.08 × 2 = 0 + 0.16
0.16 × 2 = 0 + 0.32
0.32 × 2 = 0 + 0.64
0.64 × 2 = 1 + 0.28
0.28 × 2 = 0 + 0.56
0.56 × 2 = 1 + 0.12
0.12 × 2 = 0 + 0.24000000000001
0.24000000000001 × 2 = 0 + 0.48000000000002

Here is the answer to 0.27 decimal to binary number:

0.0100010100
Therefore, decimal number 97.27 converted to binary is equal:
1100001.0100010100
Computer Networking
A computer network is a cluster of computers over a shared communication path that works
to share resources from one computer to another, provided by or located on the network
nodes.
Uses of Computer Networks
 Communicating using email, video, instant messaging, etc.
 Sharing devices such as printers, scanners, etc.
 Sharing files.
 Sharing software and operating programs on remote systems.
 Allowing network users to easily access and maintain information.

Types of Computer Networks

There are mainly five types of Computer Networks
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Campus Area Network (CAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
5. Wide Area Network (WAN)

1. Personal Area Network (PAN)

PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is restrained to a single
person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centered only on an
individual’s workspace. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters from person to
device providing communication. Its transmission speed is very high with very easy
maintenance and very low cost.
This uses Bluetooth, IrDA, and Zigbee as technology.
Examples : USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a common communication path,
contained within a limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or more
computers connected over a server. The two important technologies involved in this
network are Ethernet and Wi-fi. It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high
with easy maintenance and low cost.
Examples : Home, School, Library, Laboratory, College, Office, etc.

3. Campus Area Network (CAN)

CAN is bigger than a LAN but smaller than a MAN. CAN mainly use Ethernet
technology with a range from 1km to 5km.
Its transmission speed is very high with a moderate maintenance cost and moderate cost.
Examples of CAN are networks that cover schools, colleges, buildings, etc.

4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. This is the type of computer
network that connects computers over a geographical distance through a shared
communication path over a city, town, or metropolitan area. This network mainly uses
FDDI, CDDI, and ATM as the technology with a range from 5km to 50km. Its
transmission speed is average. It is difficult to maintain and it comes with a high cost.
Examples of MAN are networking in towns, cities, a single large city, a large area within
multiple buildings, etc.

5. Wide Area Network (WAN)

WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large geographical
distance through a shared communication path. WAN can also be defined as a group of local
area networks that communicate with each other with a range above 50km.
Here we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its transmission speed is very low and it
comes with very high maintenance and very high cost.
The most common example of WAN is the Internet.
Comparison between Different Computer Networks
PAN LAN CAN MAN WAN
Parameters

Local Campus Wide

Personal Area Metropolitan
Full Name Area Area Area
Network Area Network
Network Network Network

Leased
Bluetooth, Ethernet FDDI, CDDi.
Technology Ethernet Line,
IrDA,Zigbee & Wifi ATM
Dial-Up

Above 50
Range 1-100 m Upto 2km 1 – 5 km 5-50 km
km

Transmission Very
Very High High Average Low
Speed High

Private or Private or
Ownership Private Private Private
Public Public

Very
Maintenance Very Easy Easy Moderate Difficult
Difficult

Very
Cost Very Low Low Moderate High
High

Other Types of Computer Networks

1. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
2. Storage Area Network (SAN)
3. System-Area Network (SAN)
4. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)
5. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)
6. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
7. Home Area Network (HAN)
1. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
WLAN is a type of computer network that acts as a local area network but makes use of
wireless network technology like Wi-Fi.
The most common example of WLAN is Wi-Fi.
2. Storage Area Network (SAN)
SAN is a type of computer network that is high-speed and connects groups of storage devices
to several servers. This network does not depend on LAN or WAN. A SAN provides access
to block-level data storage.
Examples of SAN are a network of disks accessed by a network of servers.

3. System Area Network (SAN)

A SAN is a type of computer network that connects a cluster of high-performance computers.
It is a connection-oriented and high-bandwidth network. A SAN is a type of LAN that
handles high amounts of information in large requests.
4. Passive Optical Local Area Network (POLAN)
A POLAN is a type of computer network that is an alternative to a LAN. POLAN is a point
to multipoint LAN architecture.

5. Enterprise Private Network (EPN)

EPN is a type of computer network mostly used by businesses that want a secure connection
over various locations to share computer resources.

6. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

A VPN is a type of computer network that extends a private network across the internet and
lets the user send and receive data as if they were connected to a private network even though
they are not.

7. Home Area Network (HAN)

Many of the houses might have more than a computer. To interconnect those computers and
with other peripheral devices, a network should be established similar to the local area
network (LAN) within that home. HAN encourages sharing of resources, files, and programs
within the network. It supports both wired and wireless communication.

Advantages of Computer Network

Some of the main advantages of Computer Networks are:
 Central Storage of Data: Files are stored on a central storage database which helps to
easily access and available to everyone.
 Connectivity: A single connection can be routed to connect multiple computing devices.
 Sharing of Files: Files and data can be easily shared among multiple devices which helps
in easily communicating among the organization.
 Security through Authorization: Computer Networking provides additional security
and protection of information in the system.
Disadvantages of Computer Network
Some of the main disadvantages of Computer Networks are:
 Virus and Malware: A virus is a program that can infect other programs by modifying
them. Viruses and Malware can corrupt the whole network.
 High Cost of Setup: The initial setup of Computer Networking is expensive because it
consists of a lot of wires and cables along with the device.
 loss of Information: In case of a System Failure, might lead to some loss of data.
 Management of Network: Management of a Network is somehow complex for a person,
it requires training for its proper use.

Define Operating System. Types Of Operating System. Brief Discuss About These O S.

An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.

An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Functions of an Operating System

An operating system performs several functions, including:

• Resource allocation and management: An operating system manages hardware

resources such as CPU, memory, and disk space, and assigns these resources to
running applications based on their priority.
• Memory management: An operating system manages memory usage, including
virtual memory and memory allocation. It also ensures that memory is shared
efficiently among running programs.
• Device management/ IO Management: An operating system manages input and
output devices such as printers, scanners, and keyboards. It ensures that these devices
are compatible with the system and can be used by applications.
• User interface management: An operating system provides a graphical user
interface (GUI) that allows users to interact with the computer. It manages windows,
menus, and other graphical elements.
• Security management: An operating system manages security features such as user
authentication, firewalls, and antivirus software. It also ensures that applications and
data are protected from unauthorized access.
• Error Detection: From time to time, the operating system checks the system for any
external threat or malicious software activity. It also checks the hardware for any type
of damage. This process displays several alerts to the user so that the appropriate
action can be taken against any damage caused to the system.
• Job Scheduling: In a multitasking OS where multiple programs run simultaneously,
the operating system determines which applications should run in which order and
how time should be allocated to each application.
 Types of operating system

• Batch Operating System

• Multiprogramming Operating System
• Time-Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Real Time OS
• Embedded OS

Popular types of OS

• Desktop Class
– Windows
– OS X
– Unix/Linux
– Chrome OS
• Server Class
– Windows Server
 – Mac OS X Server
– Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
– Android
– iOS
– Windows Phone

What is Computer operating system? Types of computer operating system.

Operating system:

An operating system (OS) is a type of software interface between the user and the device
hardware. This software allows users to communicate with the device and perform the
desired functions.

একটি অপাররটিিং সিরেম (OS) হ঱ ব্যবহারকারী এবিং সিভাইি হািডওয়্যাররর মরে এক ধররের িফ্টওয়্যার ইন্টাররেি। এই
িফ্টওয়্যারটি ব্যবহারকারীরের সিভাইরির িারে যযাগারযাগ কররে এবিং পছন্দিই োিংলে িম্পােে কররে যেযয।

Types of operating system

1. Batch OS

The batch operating system does not have a direct link with the computer. A different system
divides and allocates similar tasks into batches for easy processing and faster response.

The batch operating system is appropriate for lengthy and time-consuming tasks. To avoid
slowing down a device, each user prepares their tasks offline and submits them to an
operator.

ব্যাচ অপাররটিিং সিরেরমর কসম্পউটাররর িারে িরািসর িিংরযাগ যেই। একটি সভন্ন সিরেম িহজ প্রসিযযাকরণ এবিং দ্রুে
প্রসেসিযযার জন্য অনুরূপ কাজগুস঱রক ব্যাচগুস঱রে ভাগ করর এবিং বরাদ্দ করর।

ব্যাচ অপাররটিিং সিরেমটি েীর্ ড এবিং িমযযিারপক্ষ কারজর জন্য উপযুক্ত। একটি সিভাইরির গসে কমারো এিযারে, প্রসেটি
ব্যবহারকারী োরের কাজগুস঱ অে঱াইরে প্রস্তুে করর এবিং একটি অপাররটররর কারছ জমা যেযয।