Question 1:

• Introduction to Digital System.

• Evolution of Digital System.

Digital systems are designed to store, process, and communicate

information in digital form. They are found in a wide range of
applications, including process control, communication systems, digital
instruments, and consumer products. The digital computer, more
commonly called the computer, is an example of a typical digital system.
A computer manipulates information in digital, or more precisely, binary
form. A binary number has only two discrete values — zero or one.
Each of these discrete values is represented by the OFF and ON status of
an electronic switch called a transistor. All computers, therefore, only
understand binary numbers. Any decimal number (base 10, with ten
digits from 0 to 9) can be represented by a binary number (base 2, with
digits 0 and 1).

The different eras of the Evolution of Digital Computers are listed

below:

(1) The Mechanical Era : There were many attempts to create a m/c
that could help to perform various calculations. In 1823, Charles
Babbage tried to build a mechanical as computing m/c capable of
performing automatic mathematical calculations. This was designed
to compute tables of functions such as logs functions etc. In 1830’s
Babbage made a more powerful mechanical computer. This m/c was
designed to perform any mathematical calculation automatically.
It could perform addition etc. It had a memory unit. Its capacity was
1000 numbers, each no. Consisting of 50 digits. The m/c was a
programmable m/c. It had mechanism for enabling a program to change
the sequence of its operations automatically. In the late 19 th century
punched cards were commercially used. Soon IBM was formed in 1924.
Konand Zuse developed a mechanical computer, the Z1, in 1938 in
Germany.

(2) The Electronic Era : The first electronic computer using. Valves
were developed by John V. Atanas off in the late 1930’s. It contained
add subtract unit. It was relatively a small computer and used about
300 valves. Its memory unit consisted of capacitors mounted on a
rotating drum. It used a no. Of I/O devices including a card punch
and a card reader. The first popular general electronic digital
computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Interpreter and
calculator). John von Neumann was the consultant of the ENIAC
project.
The ENIAC used a high speed memory to store both programs as well as
data during program execution. Neumann and his colleagues designed
and build the IAS Computers. It used RAM consisting of a cathode ray
tube. The transistors were invented in 1948 at AT&T bell laboratories.
Slowly they replaced Vacuum tubes. IC’s were first introduced, ie,
designed and fabricated in 1958-59. The examples of computers using
IC’s are-: IBM – 370 & PDP-8. In 1970 LSI chips were introduced is
form of memory units. Computers built in 1970’s & onwards used micro
process and other LSI, VLSI and ULSI components.
Question 2:
• ICT.
• Introduction to ICT Tools.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) is a broader term

for Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication
technologies, including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones,
computers, software, middleware, video-conferencing, social
networking, and other media applications and services enabling users to
access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in a digital
form.

Different ICT Tools:

1. BlackBoard
BlackBoard is a popular teaching tool that comes with numerous
capabilities. Teachers can easily administer tests, monitor performance,
manage syllabus and even upload grades.
2. Google Classroom
Google Classroom, as the name suggests, is a virtual classroom that
makes learning easy and fun. Teachers can integrate educational apps or
websites and create interactive assignments.
3. Trello
Trello is a collaborative tool that is used widely in IT companies with
large teams. Fortunately, it has several applications for educators as
well.
4. Microsoft Teams
Microsoft Teams is a Microsoft Office 365 product. It simply means you
can host meetings, chat, share files, and use every Microsoft Office app
using Teams.

Question 3:
• Software and It’s Types.

Software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tells a

computer what to do. Or in other words, the software is a computer
program that provides a set of instructions to execute a user’s commands
and tell the computer what to do. For example like MS-Word, MS-
Excel, PowerPoint, etc.

Types of system software:

1. Operating System: It is the main program of a computer system.

When the computer system ON it is the first software that loads
into the computer’s memory. Basically, it manages all the
resources such as memory, CPU, printer, hard disk, etc., and
provides an interface to the user, which helps the user to interact
with the computer system. It also provides various services to other
computer software. Examples of operating systems are Linux,
Apple macOS, Microsoft Windows, etc.

2. Language Processor: As we know that system software converts

the human-readable language into a machine language and vice
versa. So, the conversion is done by the language processor. It
converts programs written in high-level programming languages
 like Java, C, C++, Python, etc(known as source code), into sets of
instructions that are easily readable by machines(known as object
code or machine code).

3. Device Driver: A device driver is a program or software that

controls a device and helps that device to perform its functions.
Every device like a printer, mouse, modem, etc. Needs a driver to
connect with the computer system eternally. So, when you connect
a new device with your computer system, first you need to install
the driver of that device so that your operating system knows how
to control or manage that device.

Question 4:
• Operating System And It’s Functions:
An operating system is a piece of software that manages files, manages
memory, manages processes, handles input and output, and controls
peripheral devices like disk drives and printers, among other things.

Functions of Operating System:

1. Security
To safeguard user data, the operating system employs password
protection and other related measures. It also protects programs and user
data from illegal access.

2. Control over System Performance

The operating system monitors the overall health of the system in order
to optimise performance. To get a thorough picture of the system’s
health, keep track of the time between system responses and service
requests. This can aid performance by providing critical information for
troubleshooting issues.

3. Job Accounting
The operating system maintains track of how much time and resources
are consumed by different tasks and users, and this data can be used to
measure resource utilisation for a specific user or group of users.

4. Error Detecting Aids

The OS constantly monitors the system in order to discover faults and
prevent a computer system from failing.

5. Coordination between Users and Other Software

Operating systems also organise and assign interpreters, compilers,
assemblers, as well as other software to computer users.

Question 5:
• E-Commerce and Digital Marketing
Electronic commerce (e-commerce) refers to companies and individuals
that buy and sell goods and services over the internet. E-commerce
operates in different types of market segments and can be conducted
over computers, tablets, smartphones, and other smart devices.
Digital marketing, also called online marketing, is the promotion of
brands to connect with potential customers using the internet and other
forms of digital communication. This includes not only email, social
media, and web-based advertising, but also text and multimedia
messages as a marketing channel.

Question 6:
• Digital India & E-Governance.
Digital India is a flagship programme of the Government of India with a
vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and
knowledge economy. The programme was launched on July 1, 2015 by
Hon’ Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi.
E-governance, meaning ‘electronic governance’ is using information and
communication technologies (ICTs) (such as Wide Area Networks, the
Internet, and mobile computing) at various levels of the government and
the public sector and beyond, for the purpose of enhancing governance.

Question 7:
• Digital Financial System.
Digital finance is the term used to describe the impact of new
technologies on the financial services industry. It includes a variety of
products, applications, processes and business models that have
transformed the traditional way of providing banking and financial
services.

Question 8:
• Cyber Security
Cyber security refers to every aspect of protecting an organization and
its employees and assets against cyber threats. As cyberattacks become
more common and sophisticated and corporate networks grow more
complex, a variety of cyber security solutions are required to mitigate
corporate cyber risk.

Question 9:

1. Artificial Intelligence is a method of making a computer, a

computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently like the
human mind. AI is accomplished by studying the patterns of the
human brain and by analyzing the cognitive process. The outcome
of these studies develops intelligent software and systems.

2. The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical

objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and
other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging
data with other devices and systems over the internet.

3. Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception,

design, manufacture and operation of robots. The objective of the
robotics field is to create intelligent machines that can assist
humans in a variety of ways. Robotics can take on a number of
forms.

4. Cloud computing might sound like a fancy term, but it is quite

simple. In our daily lives, we use a few computing platforms to
simply manage and store data. Businesses are now moving rapidly
from traditional methods of data storage to cloud computing. It is
more cost-effective in terms of creating a data backup, recovering
data, streaming, data analysis, connecting people, etc.