Computer Programming-2

Lecture 1
Dr.Sara A.shehab
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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 Introduction to Java

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
❑ Topics of the Review
Essentials of object-oriented programming, in Java
Java primitive data types, control structures, and
arrays
Using some predefined classes:
– Math
– JOptionPane, I/O streams
– String, StringBuffer, StringBuilder
– StringTokenizer
Writing and documenting your own Java classes
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Some Salient Characteristics of Java
Java is platform independent: the same program
can run on any correctly implemented Java system
Java is object-oriented:
– Structured in terms of classes, which group data with
operations on that data
– Can construct new classes by extending existing ones
Java designed as
– A core language plus
– A rich collection of commonly available packages
Java can be embedded in Web pages 4
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Java Processing and Execution
Begin with Java source code in text files:
Model.java
A Java source code compiler produces Java byte
code
– Outputs one file per class: Model.class
– May be standalone or part of an IDE
A Java Virtual Machine loads and executes
class files
– May compile them to native code (e.g., x86)
internally
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Compiling and Executing a Java Program

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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Classes and Objects
The class is the unit of programming
A Java program is a collection of classes
– Each class definition (usually) in its own .java file
– The file name must match the class name
A class describes objects (instances)
– Describes their common characteristics: is a blueprint
– Thus all the instances have these same characteristics
These characteristics are:
– Data fields for each object
– Methods (operations) that do work on the objects 7
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Grouping Classes: The Java API
API = Application Programming Interface
Java = small core + extensive collection of packages
A package consists of some related Java classes:
– Swing: a GUI (graphical user interface) package
– AWT: Application Window Toolkit (more GUI)
– util: utility data structures (important to CS 187!)
The import statement tells the compiler to make
available classes and methods of another package
A main method indicates where to begin executing a
class (if it is designed to be run as a program) 8
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ A Little Example of import and main
import javax.swing.*;
// all classes from javax.swing
public class HelloWorld { // starts a class
public static void main (String[] args) {
// starts a main method
// in: array of String; out: none (void)
}
}

public = can be seen from any package

static = not “part of” an object

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Processing and Running HelloWorld

javac HelloWorld.java
– Produces HelloWorld.class (byte code)
java HelloWorld
– Starts the JVM and runs the main method

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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ References and Primitive Data Types
Java distinguishes two kinds of entities
– Primitive types
– Objects
Primitive-type data is stored in primitive-type
variables
Reference variables store the address of an object
– No notion of “object (physically) in the stack”
– No notion of “object (physically) within an object”

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Primitive Data Types

Represent numbers, characters, boolean values

Integers: byte, short, int, and long
Real numbers: float and double
Characters: char

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Primitive Data Types
Data type Range of values

byte -128 .. 127 (8 bits)

short -32,768 .. 32,767 (16 bits)
int -2,147,483,648 .. 2,147,483,647 (32 bits)
long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 .. ... (64 bits)
float +/-10-38 to +/-10+38 and 0, about 6 digits precision
double +/-10-308 to +/-10+308 and 0, about 15 digits precision
char Unicode characters (generally 16 bits per char)
boolean True or false

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❑ Primitive Data Types (continued)

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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Operators
1. subscript [ ], call ( ), member access .
2. pre/post-increment ++ --, boolean complement !,
bitwise complement ~, unary + -, type cast (type),
object creation new
3. * / %
4. binary + - (+ also concatenates strings)
5. signed shift << >>, unsigned shift >>>
6. comparison < <= > >=, class test instanceof
7. equality comparison == !=
8. bitwise and &
9. bitwise or |
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Operators
11. logical (sequential) and &&
12. logical (sequential) or ||
13. conditional cond ? true-expr :
false-expr
14. assignment =, compound assignment +=
-= *= /= <<= >>= >>>= &= |=

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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Type Compatibility and Conversion
Widening conversion:
– In operations on mixed-type operands, the
numeric type of the smaller range is converted
to the numeric type of the larger range
– In an assignment, a numeric type of smaller
range can be assigned to a numeric type of
larger range
byte to short to int to long
int kind to float to double

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Declaring and Setting Variables
int square;
square = n * n;
double cube = n *
(double)square;
– Can generally declare local variables where
they are initialized
– All variables get a safe initial value anyway
(zero/null)

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Referencing and Creating Objects
You can declare reference variables
– They reference objects of specified types
Two reference variables can reference the same
object
The new operator creates an instance of a class
A constructor executes when a new object is
created
Example: String greeting = ″hello″;

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Java Control Statements

A group of statements executed in order is

written
– { stmt1; stmt2; ...; stmtN; }
The statements execute in the order 1, 2, ...,
N
Control statements alter this sequential flow
of execution

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Java Control Statements (continued)

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Java Control Statements (continued)

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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
❑ Methods
A Java method defines a group of statements as
performing a particular operation
static indicates a static or class method
A method that is not static is an instance method
All method arguments are call-by-value
– Primitive type: value is passed to the method
– Method may modify local copy but will not affect caller’s
value
– Object reference: address of object is passed
– Change to reference variable does not affect caller
– But operations can affect the object, visible to caller
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
Appendix A: Introduction to Java
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807