Mod 2
Mod 2
Mod 2
Representation:
Introduction, Digitization
principles, Text, Images,
Audio and Video.
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Multimedia information
representation
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Digitization principles
• 2.3 Text
• 2.4 Images
• 2.5 Audio
• 2.6 Video
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Introduction
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2.2 Digitization principles
2.2.1 Analog signals
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Analogue Signals –Signal Properties
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2.2.2 Encoder design
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Encoder Design
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Quantization Intervals
• Three bits are used to represent each sample ( 1 bit for the
sign and two bits to represent the magnitude)
• If Vmax is the maximum positive and negative signal
amplitude and n is the number of binary bits used then the
quantization interval, q, is defined as
q = 2Vmax/ 2n
• A signal anywhere within the quantization interval will be
represented by the same binary codeword
• Each codeword is at the centre of the corresponding
quantization interval
• Therefore a difference of ±q/2 from the actual signal level is
present. This difference is known as the quantization error
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Quantization noise polarity
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Decoder Design
Encoder+decode= Codec
• A signal decoder is an electronic circuit that
performs the conversion prior to their output back
again into their analogue form through a
digital-to-analogue converter and a low pass filter
• Low-pass filter: Only passes those frequency
components that were filtered through the
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bandlimiting filter in the encoder
Text
• Control characters
(Back space, escape,
delete, form feed etc)
• Printable characters
(alphabetic, numeric,
and punctuation)
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Graphics
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Digitized Pictures-Pixel format on each scan
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Digitized Pictures – Screen Resolutions
• Color principles
• A whole spectrum of colors─ known as a color
gamut ─can be produced by using different
proportions of red(R), green(G), and blue (B)
• Fig 2.12
• Additive color mixing producing a color image on
a black surface
• Subtractive color mixing for producing a color
image on a white surface
• Fig 2.13
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2.4.3 Digitized pictures
• Raster-scan principles
• Progressive scanning
• Each complete set of horizontal scan is
called a frame
• The number of bits per pixel is known as
the pixel depth and determines the range
of different colors.
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2.4.3 Digitized pictures
• Aspect ratio
• Both the number of pixels per scanned line and
the number of lines per frame
• The ratio of the screen width to the screen height
• National Television Standards Committee
(NTSC), PAL(UK), CCIR(Germany), SECAM
(France)
• Table 2.1
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2.4.3 Digitized pictures
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Digitized Pictures(5)
▪ Example 2.3
Derive the time to transmit the following digitized images at both 64Kbps and
1.5Mbps networks
▪ a 640×480×8 VGA-compatible image
▪ a 1024×768×24 SVGA-compatible image
▪ Solution
The size of each image in bit is as follows
▪ a VGA image = 640×480×8 = 2.46Mbits
▪ an SVGA image = 1024×768×24 =18.88Mbits
The time to transmit each image is given as follows
▪ at 64Kbps : VGA = 2.46Mbits/64Kbps = [2.46×106]/[64 ×103] = 38.4 sec.
SVGA = [18.88×106]/[64 ×103] = 295 sec.
▪ at 1.5Mbps: VGA = 2.46Mbits/1.5Mbps = [2.46×106]/[1.5 ×106] = 1.64 sec.
SVGA = [18.88×106]/[1.5 ×106] = 12.59 sec.
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2.4.3 Digitized pictures
• Scanning sequence
• It is necessary to use a minimum refresh
rate of 50 times per second to avoid flicker
• A refresh rate of 25 times per second is
sufficient
• Field:the first comprising only the odd scan
lines and the second the even scan lines
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2.6.1 Broadcast television
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2.6.1 Broadcast television
• In the PAL system, Cb and Cr are referred to as
U and V respectively
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2.6.2 Digital video
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2.6.2 Digital video
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2.6.2 Digital video
525-line system
625-line system
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2.6.2 Digital video
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2.6.2 Digital video
• The common intermediate format (CIF) for use in
videoconferencing applications
• Fig 2.23
• The quarter CIF (QCIF) for use in video
telephony applications
• Fig 2.24
• Table 2.2
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Figure 2.23 Sample positions for
SIF and CIF.
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Figure 2.24 Sample positions for QCIF.
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2.6.3 PC video
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2.5 Audio
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AUDIO
TWO TYPES OF AUDIO SIGNALS- SPEECH SIGNALS AND MUSIC QUALITY AUDIO
PCM SPEECH:
It is a digitization process
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IT CONSISTS OF EXPANDER AND COMPRESSOR
AS EAR IS MORE SENSITIVE TO NOISE ON QUITE SIGNALS THAN LOUD SIGNALS, PCM
SYSTEM CONSISTS OF NON-LINEAR QUANTIZATION WITH NARROW INTERVALS
THROUGH COMPRESSOR
BEFORE SAMPLING AND USING ADC, SIGNAL PASSED THROUGH COMPRESSOR FIRST
AND PASSED TO ADC AND QUANTIZED.
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CD- QUALITY AUDIO
SYNTHESIZED AUDIO:
For each key different codeword known as the message with a synthesizer keybord is
generated and read by the computerprogram
The control panel has switches and sliders which indicate the volume and sound effects
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for the prog
Secondary interface stores audio in secondary
Storage devices
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Example 1
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Example 2
Example 3 113
Example 4
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Example 5
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Example 6
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Chapter 1- Example-1
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Chapter 1 – example 2
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