UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES,

PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

A project report submitted as a part of curriculum of B.Com LL.B

(Hons.) in the subject of RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

TOPIC: METHODS OF CITATION

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. Gulshan Kumar Karan Kalia

University Institute of Legal Studies 245/21

Panjab University B.Com LL.B(Hons)

Chandigarh Semester: 6

Section: D
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this
all along the completion of my project. Whatever I have done is only due to
such guidance and I would never forget to thank them.

I take this opportunity to record deep sense of gratitude to my teacher, Dr.

Gulshan Kumar, University Institute of Legal studies, Chandigarh for his
incontestably perfect unmatched guidance, encouragement, valuable
suggestions and efforts made during the preparation of this project and
during his lectures which enabled me to complete this project successfully
on the topic,
 CONTENTS

Particulars
Meaning of Citation
Importance of Citation
Components of Citation
APA Style
MLA Style
ILI STYLE
Footnotes, Endnotes, References, Bibliography, Webliography
References
 MEANING OF CITATION

A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted

and obtained information from while writing. A "citation" is the manner in which
you tell the readers that specific material in your work came from another
source. It may include:
- Information related to the original author
- Title of the work
-!Name and the page number of the material

Citations play a significant role in case of research paper or any academic

writing. At whatever point you use data or thoughts from a source (like a book,
article, or website), you need to incorporate a citation that offers credit to the
first writer.

IMPORTANCE OF CITATION
1. Citation enables better verification of your work: Any piece of
academic writing gets vetted several times over before it finally makes it
into print or onto a website. So, your paper is much more likely to be
passed through these multiple rounds of editing with minimal criticism
and positive feedback if you have already taken the trouble to attribute
your information correctly and cite all your sources.

2. Citation makes you a better researcher: Some of the hallmarks of good

research include attention to detail and the ability to distinguish outlines
and make coherent connections with your own thought process. Honest
citation practice portrays your reading habits. It shows your patience in
reading variety of literature available on a topic while it also necessitates
you to add many details, such as correct page numbers, the spelling of
author names, and of course, the accuracy of facts that you are presenting
in your own article or your thesis.

3. Citation practice make you a good writer: Other researcher's ideas can
be used to reinforce your arguments. In many cases, another researcher's
arguments can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize
the significance of your study and to provide supporting evidence about
how you addressed the "So what?" question.
 4. Add strength and authority to their own work: Scholarship is a
conversation and scholars use citations not only to give credit to original
creators and thinkers, but also to add strength and authority to their own
work. By citing their sources, scholars are placing their work in a
specific context to show where they “fit” within the larger conversation.
Citations are also a great way to leave a trail intended to help others who
may want to explore the conversation or use the sources in their own
work.

5. Citation increases credibility of work: Citing other people's words and

ideas demonstrates that you have conducted a thorough review of the
literature on your topic and, therefore, you are reporting your research
from an informed and critically engaged perspective. The list of sources
used increases your credibility as the author of the work.

COMPONENTS OF CITATION

Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came
from another source. A citation includes two main components:
1. A brief in-text citation next to the relevant information.
2. A full reference containing all the information required to find the
original source.

In-text citations: In-text citations often appear in parentheses, specifying the

author’s last name and sometimes (depending on the citation style) a year or
page number. Some styles cite using footnotes, endnotes, or bracketed numbers
that match reference entries.

"!Note citation: You put the source reference in a footnote or endnote.

- Numeric citation: You number each of your sources in the reference list.
and use the correct number when you want to cite a source.
- Parenthetical citation: You put the source reference in parentheses directly
in your text, this usually includes the author last name along with date
and page number.
Full references: References are usually listed at the end of the paper on a page
called References, Works Cited, or Bibliography.
Full references always include the author, title, and publication date of the
source. They also include other information that helps identify the source.
The exact format of a reference depends on the type of source. For example, a
book
reference includes the publisher and sometimes the edition, while a journal
article reference includes volume and issue numbers and the page range where
the article appears.
 CITATION STYLES

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are
instructed to use. A citation style is a set of rules on how to cite sources in
academic writing.

Citation style guidelines are often published in an official handbook containing

explanations, examples, and instructions. Different citation styles have different
rules for in-text citations, reference list entries, and (sometimes) the formatting
of your paper.

The differences can be very subtle, so it’s important to carefully check the rules
of the style you are using. Notably that some disciplines have their own citation
method [e.g., law].

APA STYLE

1. APA stands for American Psychological Association, the scientific

organization that assembles the publishing manual of the APA format.
The style was developed in 1929 by a group of scientists to standardize
scientific writing. It was created in the hopes that it would provide a
coherent and professional manner of citing sources for students and
researchers in the fields of social and behavioral sciences.

2. The first publication manual of the APA format was published in pursuit
of a neat and efficient research formatting style, mainly for editorial
purposes. Although some contemporary scientists argued that having
such strict regulations restricted personal writing styles, the format has
since become one of the most popular referencing styles. Today it is
adopted in term papers, research reports, literature reviews, theoretical
articles, case studies etc.

3. These disciplines place emphasis on the date of creation or publication,

in an effort to track currency and relevancy. The date is listed
immediately following the author's name in the "References" list.

4. The APA format consists of in-text citations and a reference list.

 5. The APA citation style is a parenthetical author-date style, meaning that
you need to put the author’s last name and the publishing date into
parentheses wherever another source is used in the narrative.

6. To cite sources in APA style, you need:

In-text citations that give the author’s last name and date.
{E.g. Smith, date (particularly year)}
A reference list that gives full details of every source which you cited in
the research.

For the reference lists located at the end, you need to cite four major elements:
i. Author: includes the individual author names format and group author names
format
ii. Date: includes the date format and how to include retrieval dates
iii. Title: includes the title format and how to include bracketed descriptions
iv. Source: includes the source format and how to include database information

Author’s last name, Initials (Year or date). Title. Publisher or website if

unpublished

MLA STYLE

1. The Modern Language Association (MLA) is an organization responsible

for developing MLA format. It was developed as a means for researchers,
students, and scholars in the literature and language fields to use a
uniform way to format their papers and assignments.

2. In 1951, the Modern Language Association published the first MLA Style
Sheet. The ninth edition of the MLA Handbook, published in spring 2021,
builds on the MLA's unique approach to documenting sources using a
template of core elements – facts common to most sources, like author,
title, and publication date that allow writers to cite any type of work.

3. The humanities place emphasis on authorship and interpreting primary

sources in a historical context.

4. To cite sources in MLA style, you need:

i. In-text citations that give the author’s last name and a page number.
{E.g. Smith 239}
ii. A list of Works Cited that gives full details of every source.
There are 9 components of Citation source in MLA Style which are as follows:

Author. "Title of the Source." Title of Container ,Other Contributors, Version

Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.

i. Author:

1 author S.N. Mishra

2authors S.N. Mishra, K.N. Chandrashekhar

3+ authors S.N. Mishra, K.N. Chandrashekhar and etc.

ii. Title of Source:

iii. Container is the larger work that the source you’re citing appears in. For
example, a chapter is part of a book, a page is part of a website, and an article is
part of a journal.

iv. Contributors are added right after the container title and always end with a
comma.

v. When there is more than one version of a source, you should include the
version you used. For example, a second edition book.

vi. Sources such as journal articles (vol. 18), magazines (no. 25) and TV shows
(season 3, episode 5) are often numbered.

vii. Sometimes the publisher is already included elsewhere in the source entry,
such as in the container title or author element. For example, the publisher of a
website is often the same as the website name. In this case, omit the publisher
element.
viii. When a source does not state a publication date, add the date on which you
accessed the information. For example: Accessed 22 Sep. 2018.

ix. What you include in the location element depends on the type of source you
are citing:
• Book chapter: page range on which the chapter appears (e.g. pp. 164–
180.)
• Web page: URL, without ‘https://’ (e.g. www.scribbr.com/mla-
style/quick-guide/.)
• Journal article: DOI or stable url (e.g.
doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449. or
www.jstor.org/stable/43832354.)
• Physical object or live event: name of the location and city (e.g.
Moscone Center, San Francisco. or The Museum of Modern Art, New
York.)

ILI (Indian Law Institute)

1. Indian Law Institute (ILI) was founded in 1956 primarily with the
objective of promoting and conducting legal research. The objectives of
the Institute as laid down are to cultivate the science of law, to promote
advanced studies and research in law so as to meet the social, economic
and other needs of the Indian people, to promote systematization of law,
to encourage and conduct investigations in legal and allied fields, to
improve legal education, to impart instructions in law, and to publish
studies, books, periodicals, etc.

2. The Institute has formulated a set pattern of citation (i.e., ILI Rules of
Footnoting), which is followed in The Journal of Indian Law Institute,
Annual Survey of Indian Law and various other publications of the
Institute. Contributors of articles, notes and comments are required to
follow this pattern

Mode of Citing Different Source Types

· Books
• Name of the author, Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific page
or pages)
(Publisher, Place of publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 98 (Kamal Law House,
Calcutta, 5th edn., 1998).
Journal Article
• Name of author of the article, title of the essay within inverted commas,
volume number of journal Name of the journal page number (year).
E.g. Upendra Baxi, “On how not to judge the judges: Notes towards
evaluation of the Judicial Role” 25 Journal of Indian Law Institute 211
(1983).

· Unpublished Work
• Unpublished Research Work (E. g., Dissertation/Thesis):
Name of the Researcher, Title of the dissertation/thesis (Year)
(Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Name of the University/organization).
E.g. Sahil Kumar, Corporate Governance: Regulatory Mechanism With
Special Emphasis On Corporate Social Responsibility (2017)
(Unpublished LL.M dissertation, Indian Law Institute).

· Reports
• Institution/Author, “title of the Report within inverted commas” page
number (Year of publication).
E.g. Law Commission of India, “144th Report on Conflicting Judicial
Decisions Pertaining to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908” (April, 1992).

FOOTNOTES

Footnotes are notes that are placed at the end of a page and used to reference
parts of the text (generally using superscript numbers). Writers use footnotes for
several purposes, including citations, parenthetical information, outside sources,
copyright permissions, background information, and more.

The truth is, long explanatory notes can be difficult for readers to trudge
through (especially when they occur in the middle of a paper). Providing this
information is necessary, but doing so in the main text can disrupt the flow of
the writing.

Imagine if every time an author wanted to provide a citation, the entire citation
had to be written out at the end of the sentence, like this (Anthony Grafton, The
Footnote: A Curious History [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999]
221). Books would become much longer and reading would be much more
tedious. That's why footnotes are so useful: they let authors provide the required
information without disrupting the flow of ideas.
How to Do Footnote Citations
To make a footnote citation, label the area of your text that you need to
reference with a number (if it's your first footnote, start with "1."). At the
bottom of the page, include this number with the citation. When readers see the
number in the text, they know they can find the source by looking for the
corresponding footnote.

Here's an example of a quoted piece of text using in-text citations vs. footnotes.

3.1 In-Text Citations

"Like the high whine of the dentist's drill, the low rumble of the footnote on the
historian's page reassures" (The Footnote: A Curious History [Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press], 1999. pg. 1).

3.2 Footnotes
"Like the high whine of the dentist's drill, the low rumble of the footnote on the
historian's page reassures."1
[Text continues]

Bottom of the page:

1. The Footnote: A Curious History [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press], 1999. pg. 1

Advantages of Using Footnotes

1. Readers interested in identifying the source or note can quickly
glance down the page to find what they are looking for.
2. It allows the reader to immediately link the footnote to the subject
of the text without having to take the time to find the note at the
back of the paper.
3. Footnotes are automatically included when printing off specific
pages.

Disadvantages of Using Footnotes

1. Footnotes can clutter up the page and, thus, negatively impact the
overall look of the page.
2. If there are multiple columns, charts, or tables below only a small
segment of text that includes a footnote, then you must decide
where the footnotes should appear.
3. If the footnotes are lengthy, there's a risk they could dominate the
page, although this issue is considered acceptable in legal
scholarship.
 ENDNOTES
An endnote is source citation that refers the readers to a specific place at the end
of the paper where they can find out the source of the information or words
quoted or mentioned in the paper.

When using endnotes, your quoted or paraphrased sentence or summarized

material is followed by a superscript number.

How to Do Endnote Citations

The first time you have a citation to a particular source, the note at the
end of the paper must include the following information in the following
order:
Author’s first name then last name, Title of Book (City of publication:
Publishing company’s name, Date of Publication), Page Number of
quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material.

Example:
You have written this sentence:
According to Eastman, "The family was the central core of the Chinese social
system."1

At the end of the paper, you would put the following information in the
following order:
1. Lloyd E. Eastman, Family, Field, and Ancestors: Constancy and Change in
China's Social and Economic History, 1550-1949 (New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988), 53.

Advantages of Using Endnotes

1. Endnotes are less distracting to the reader and allow the narrative
to flow better.
2. Endnotes don't clutter up the page.
3. As a separate section of a research paper, endnotes allow the reader
to read and contemplate all the notes at once.

Disadvantages of Using Endnotes

1. If you want to look at the text of a particular endnote, you have to
flip to the end of the research paper to find the information.
2. Depending on how they are created [i.e., continuous numbering or
numbers that start over for each chapter], you may have to
 remember the chapter number as well as the endnote number in
order to find the correct one.
3. Endnotes may carry a negative connotation much like the
proverbial "fine print" or hidden disclaimers in advertising. A
reader may believe you are trying to hide something by burying it
in a hard-to-find endnote.

REFERENCES
A reference is a detailed description of the source of information that you want
to give credit to via a citation. The references in research papers are usually in
the form of a list at the end of the paper. The essential difference between
citations and references is that citations lead a reader to the source of
information, while references provide the reader with detailed information
regarding that particular source.

Some Dos and Don’ts for Reference Citation

• Don’t repeat references within a reference list.
• Don’t repeatedly cite yourself. Make sure to balance your discussion with
external literature citations.
• Be careful about citing old references. The rule of thumb is to go back at
most five to six years.
• Be careful not to cite several references in one place without discussing
the relevance of each work to your research.
• Confirm the quality of the work you cite. Are there any ethical issues
regarding the paper that would disqualify it as a good source? Do your
references come from reputable sources such as respected journals rather
than random blogs and website links? Remember that your analysis is
only as good as the verifiable information you use to conduct your
research.
• One of the main purposes of citing existing literature is to show the
“knowledge gap” regarding your topic. Therefore, make sure the work
you reference naturally lead readers to wonder about the research
question you address in your paper.
• Don’t completely ignore the paper that could disprove your hypothesis.
You want to show objectivity and that you took a balanced and unbiased
approach to conducting your research. Mention the potentially conflicting
|
 evidence and explain why you believe it is flawed or inapplicable to your
research.
• In qualitative research papers, you may have fewer references.
• Anything you cite in your paper should be listed in the references section
(or reference list). Anything listed as a reference should have been quoted
or paraphrased in the text. If either rule is violated, something is wrong.
• Finally, remember that a paper will typically have more citations in
the Introduction section and Discussion section than in other parts.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography is the list of sources a work’s author used to create the work. It
accompanies just about every type of academic writing, like essays, research
papers, and reports. A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used
(whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. The
purpose of bibliography is to provide with a fair chance to estimate the
thoroughness and exhaustiveness of the report.

A bibliography accomplishes a few things. These include:

• Showing your instructor that you conducted the necessary research for
your assignment
• Crediting your sources’ authors for the research they conducted
• Making it easy for anybody who reads your work to find the sources you
used and conduct their own research on the same or a similar topic

How is a bibliography structured?

Although each style guide has its own formatting rules for bibliographies, all
bibliographies follow a similar structure. Key points to keep in mind when
you’re structuring a bibliography include:
• Every bibliography page has a header. Format this header according to
the style guide you’re using.
• Every bibliography has a title, such as “Works Cited,” “References,” or
simply “Bibliography.”
 • Bibliographies are lists. List your sources alphabetically according to
their authors’ last names or their titles—whichever is applicable
according to the style guide you’re using. The exception is a single-author
bibliography or one that groups sources according to a shared
characteristic.
• Bibliographies are double-spaced.
• Bibliographies should be in legible fonts, typically the same font as the
papers they accompany.

Example: S.N.
Mishra, Indian Penal Code, 1860, Central Law Publication
Company, 2018

WEBLIOGRAPHY
The term Webliography is commonly used when discussing online resources. It
is referred to as “Web bibliography”. Accordingly, a Webliography is a list of
resources relating to a particular topic that can be accessed on the World Wide
Web, and can be referred to in a scholarly work.

A webliography is much like a bibliography, but is limited to a collection of

online resources rather than books and academic journals.
 REFERENCES

• Base, K., & edition, A. (2021). Quick Guide to APA Citation (6th ed.)

• Base, K., & Style, M. (2021). Student's Guide to MLA Style

• How To Cite a Research Paper: Citation Styles Guide

• How to Cite Sources | Citation Examples for APA, MLA & Chicago |
EasyBib. Easybib.com.

• LibGuides: Tools for Effective Writing: Help!. Stmary.libguides.com.

• Library Guides: Citation Styles & Tools: Which citation style should I
use?

• Standard Citation Styles - Free Online NTA UGC NET Guide Book
December 2020. Netugc.com.

• [9] What Are Footnotes and How Do You Use Them? | Scribendi.
Scribendi.com.