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Q2 Week 6 EALS

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10 views37 pages

Q2 Week 6 EALS

Uploaded by

kyriestonino5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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After going through lesson, you are expected to:

1. Explain the process of evolution;


2. Identify some scientists who contributed to the
historical developments of evolutionary
thoughts;
3. Compare Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution;
Evolution This refers to a change over time.
Adaptation The process by which a species
becomes fitted to its environment; it is the
result of natural selection’s acting upon
heritable variation over several generations.
Taxonomy is the practice and science of
categorization or classification.
Some scientists who
contributed to the historical
developments of evolutionary
thoughts
Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 – 1778)
He is the father of taxonomy.
is most famous for creating a
system of naming plants and
animals - a system we still use
today. This system is known as the
binomial system, whereby each
species of plant and animal is given
a genus name followed by a
specific name (species), with both
names being in Latin.
Charles Darwin
(1809 – 1882)
He is the father of evolution.
He formulated the theory of
evolution by natural selection in
his book “On the Origin of
Species” in 1859. It refers to a
change over time and the
process by which modern
organisms have descended from
ancient organisms
Thomas Robert Malthus
(1766 – 1834)
In 1798, he published the Principle
of Population where he made the
observations that the human race
would be likely to overproduce if the
population size was not kept under
control. He believed that populations
grow geometrically while resources
slowly increase or not at all, leading
to competition.
Alfred Russel Wallace
(1823 – 1913)
He had the revolutionary idea of
evolution by natural selection
entirely independently of Charles
Darwin. He realized that species
evolved because the fittest
individuals survived and reproduced
passing their advantageous
characters.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
(1744 – 1829)
He proposed the theory of
inheritance of acquired traits and
the theory of use and disuse. If
an organism changes during life
in order to adapt to its
environment, those changes are
passed on to its offspring.
Mechanisms of Evolutionary
Changes
(Mechanisms of evolutionary changes include
genetic drift, migration or gene flow, mutation,
natural selection, and nonrandom mating)
Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a
population due to chance.
Examples of genetic drift are the
bottleneck effect and the founder
effect. The bottleneck effect takes
place when the population
decreases due to various
environmental factors such as
fires, earthquakes, and floods.
Genetic drift
The founder effect happens when a small population
of organisms separates from the larger group to
invade a new area.
Gene flow
Gene flow also called migration, is described as the
movement of genes from one population to another.
When this happens, there is a tendency to increase
gene diversity in the populations.
Mutation
Mutation occurs when there is a change in the
genetic makeup caused by environmental stressors.
This process expands the diversity of organisms.
Natural Selection
Natural selection explains the difference in survival of
individual and reproduce in a particular environment.
Nonrandom Mating

Nonrandom mating
increases the frequency of
animal with desirable traits.
It causes evolution
because it intrudes the
natural pool of gene
variations.
Lamarckian vs. Darwinian
Evolution
According to Lamarck’s theory of evolution,
organisms change during their lifetime to survive and
then pass these changes to their offspring. While
Darwin’s theory involves natural selection and
struggles for existence. When an organism is fit and
can adapt to its environment, survives, and more
chances to reproduce.
LAMARCKIAN
Evolution was the acquired traits" of a species
from its offspring. So if a organism consistently
carried out a certain task, their body would adapt
to make that task easier. Their adapted bodies
would then carry on to their offspring.

DARWINIAN
All species are different in some ways. However
not all animals can survive due to predators or
changes in their environment, the organisms to
adapt will survive, where as the organisms who
don't adapt will die off so the organisms who did
adapt is now the majority of the population. They
then produce offspring and then the offspring
carry the traits of their parents.
After going through lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe how the present system of
classification of organisms is based on
evolutionary relationships;
2. Interpret and explain the phylogenetic tree;
3. Explain the importance of phylogenetic tree to
evolutionary relationship of organisms.
Descendant (successor) a person, plant, or
animal that is descended from a particular
ancestor.
Clade is a group of organisms believed to
have evolved from a common ancestor.
The evolutionary history of a group of
organisms is called phylogeny from the
Greek word phylon which means “tribe” and
genesis which means “origin”. Biologist
traditionally represent the genealogy or
organism’s line of evolutionary development
of organisms as phylogenetic trees, which are
diagrams that trace evolutionary relationships
and connections among organisms.
A phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of
evolutionary history. Rooted phylogenetic trees have
single lineage at the base representing a common
ancestor.
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Root indicates that an


ancestral lineage gave
rise to all organisms on
the tree

Root
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Branch Point is the point


where split occurs.

Branch Point
Root
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Basal Taxon lineage that


evolved early from the
root and remains
unbranched.
Branch Point
Basal Taxon
Root
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Polytomy
Polytomy branch with
more than two lineages.

Branch Point
Basal Taxon
Root
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Sister Taxa
Polytomy
Sister Taxa point of two
lineages stems from the
same branch.
Branch Point
Basal Taxon
Root
Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic Tree

Sister Taxa
Polytomy
Tip/Terminal node/Leaf
node is the node without
successor.
Branch Point
Basal Taxon
Root
Four Groups of Evolutionary Tree
1. Monophyletic group is
also called clade which
shows common ancestor.
Four Groups of Evolutionary Tree
2. Paraphyletic group
refers to recent common
ancestor but not all
descendants are included.
Four Groups of Evolutionary Tree
3. Polyphyletic group
includes recent common
ancestors are not
included only distant
relative.
Four Groups of Evolutionary Tree
4. Soft polytomy indicates
more than two immediate
descendants.
ACTIVITY
Analyze the phylogenetic tree. Fill in the blank with the
correct answer.
1. The root of the tree is
represented by letter _______.
2. ________ shows common
ancestor of B and C.
3. A to E represents the _______.
4. B and C are _____________.
5. Which is more likely close
related? A and C or C and D?
Copy & Answer in 1 Whole sheet of paper
ACTIVITY
Analyze the phylogenetic tree. Fill in the blank with the
correct answer.

6. Letter K represents ______?


7. D and E are __________?
8. F is ___________?
9. A, B, C common ancestor is?
10. D is most likely related to __?

Copy & Answer in 1 Whole sheet of paper

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