Tyndale–Biscoe & Mallinson Society

Unit-2 Tutorial for Class-VIII (8)

Session: 2021-2022
Subject: Math
Syllabus for Unit-II

(I). Data Handling: - Circle Graph (Pie Chart) [Tutorial already provided in Unit-I]

(II). Understanding Quadrilaterals

(III). Practical Geometry

UNDERSTANDING QUADRILATERALS
Curve: A plane figure formed by joining a number of points without lifting pencil from the paper and
without retracing any portion of the drawing other than single points is called a curve.

In our day today life the word curve means not straight. However, in mathematics a curve can be straight as
shown in the figure

A
Simple Curve is a curve that doesn‟t cross itself.

Non-Simple curve is a curve that cross itself.

Open curve: A curve which does not cut itself is called an open curve. Below given figures are examples of
open curves. An open cure is a curve where the beginning and end points are different.

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Closed Curve: A curve which cuts itself is called a closed curve. Below given figures are examples of closed
curve. A closed curve is a cure where the beginning and end points are same.

Simple Closed Curve: A closed curve is called a simple closed curve, if it does not pass through one point
more than once. Below given figures are examples of simple closed curves.

Polygons: A polygon is a closed curve formed by the line segments such that:

i) No two line segments intersect except at their end points.

ii) No two lines segments with a common end points are coincident.

In other words, a simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon.

Following curves are polygons.

Polygons are classified according to the number of sides or (or vertices) as follow:

NUMBERS OF SIDES OR VERTICES NAME OF THE POLYGON

3 triangle

4 quadrilateral

5 pentagon

6 hexagon

7 heptagon

8 octagon

9 nonagon

10 decagon

n n-gon

Convex Polygon: A polygon is a convex polygon if the line segment joining any two points inside it lies
completely inside the polygon. Convex polygons have no portion of their diagonals in their exteriors which is
not true in case of concave polygons. A polygon which is not convex is called a concave polygon.
If there are n- sides of a convex polygons and n>3, then it has diagonals. A triangle has no diagonals.

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 Convex polygons

Concave polygons

Regular polygon: A regular polygon is a polygon whose length of all sides is equal and measure of all
angles are equal. Thus, a regular polygon is both equiangular and equilateral. Below given figures are the
examples of regular polygons.

Quadrilateral: let A, B, C and D be four points in a plane such that:

i) No three of them are collinear.

ii) The line segments AB, BC, CD and DA do not intersect except at their end points.

Then, the figure made up of the four line segments is called the quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C and D.
C

A B
Convex Quadrilateral: A quadrilateral is called a convex quadrilateral, if the line containing any side of the
quadrilateral has the remaining vertices on the same side of it. In a convex quadrilateral the measure of each
angle is less than 180 0. Also, the diagonals of a quadrilateral lie wholly in its interior.

The sum of the angles of a Quadrilateral is 3600.

 If there is a polygon of n sides (n ≥ 3), we can cut it up into ( n-2) triangles with a common vertex , so
the sum of all the interior angles of a polygon of n sides would be ( n-2 ) × 1800
 If there is a regular polygon of n sides (n ≥ 3), the its each interior angle is equal to [ ]
 Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides is equal to [ ]
Kinds of Quadrilaterals:
1. Trapezium
2. Kite
3. Parallelogram
4. Rhombus
5. Rectangle
6. Square

For definition and properties of above mentioned kinds of quadrilaterals, students are
advised to go through chapter “Understanding Quadrilaterals”

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 Exercise 3.1

Q1. The classification of the above given figures is as under:

(a) Simple curve - 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
(b) Simple closed curve - 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
(c) Polygon - 1, 2
(d) Convex polygon - 2
(e) Concave polygon – 1
Q 2. The number of diagonals in a polygon = where ‘n’ is the number of sides of the
polygon.

(a). Number of sides in a convex quadrilateral (n) = 4

∴ Number of diagonals =
4(4 −3)
=
2
= 2(1)
=2
So, there are 2 diagonals in a convex quadrilateral.
(b). Number of sides in a regular hexagon (n) = 6
∴ Number of diagonals =
= 6(6−3)
2
= 3(3)
=9
So, there are 9 diagonals in a regular hexagon.

(c). Attempt yourself.

Q3. Refer to the property of angle sum property of quadrilateral given on page no. 42.
The sum of the measures of the angles of a convex quadrilateral is 360° as a convex quadrilateral is made
of two triangles.

Here, ABCD is a convex quadrilateral, made o f two triangles ∆ABD and ∆ BCD.

Therefore, the sum of all the interior angles of this quadrilateral will be same as the sum of all the interior
angles of these two triangles i.e.,

Sum of angles of quad. ABCD = Sum of angles of ∆ABD + Sum of angles of ∆ BCD.

= 180º + 180º = 360º

Yes, this property also holds true for a quadrilateral w h i c h is not convex. This is because any
quadrilateral can be divided into two triangles.

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Here again, ABCD is a concave quadrilateral, made of two triangles ∆ABD and ∆BCD. Therefore, sum
of all the interior angles of this quadrilateral will also be 180º + 180º = 360º
Q4.

Figure

Side 3 4 5 6

1800 2 × 1800 3 × 1800 4 × 1800

Angle Sum = (4 – 2) × 1800 = (5 – 2) × 1800 = (6 – 2) × 1800
= 3600 = 5400 = 7200

From the ab o v e table, it can be observed that the angle sum of the angles of a convex polygon of „n‟
sides = (n −2) × 180º.
Hence, the angle sum of the convex polygons having number of sides as above will be as follows.
(a) Number of sides (n)=7
∴ Angle sum = (n – 2) × 1800
= (7 – 2) × 1800
= 5 × 1800
= 9000
(b) , (c) & (d) attempt yourself.
Q5. Regular Polygon: A polygon in which all sides are of equal length and all angles are of equal measure is
called a regular polygon.
(i). Equilateral Triangle

(ii). Square

(iii). Regular Hexagon

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 Q6 (a).

We know, sum of the measures of all interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360º.

Therefore, in the given quadrilateral,
50° + 130° + 120° + x = 360°
300° + x = 360°
∴ x = 60°
(b). Attempt Yourself
(c)

From the figure, it can be concluded that,

70 + a = 180° (Linear pair)
a = 180° - 700
a = 110°
60° + b = 180° (Linear pair)
b = 180° - 600
b = 120°
We know, sum of the measures of all interior angles of a pentagon is 540º.
Therefore, in the given pentagon,
120° + 110° + 30° + x + x = 540°
260° + 2x = 540°
2x = 540° - 260°
2x = 280°
280°
x=
2

x = 140°
(d).

We know, sum of the measures of all interior angles of a pentagon is 540º.

x + x + x + x + x + x = 5400
5x = 540o
X=
x = 108o

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Q7.

(a). In the given polygon,

x + 90° = 180° (Linear pair)
x = 1800- 90°
x = 90°
z + 30° = 180° (Linear pair)
z = 180° - 30°
z = 1500
y = 90° + 30° (Exterior angle property of a triangle)
y = 120°
∴ Sum of the measures of all exterior angles = x + y + z
= 90° + 120° + 150°
= 360°
(c) Attempt yourself

Exercise-3.2
Q1. (a)

We know that the sum of all exterior angles of any polygon is 360o.
⇒ 125° + 125° + x = 360°
250° + x = 360°
x = 360° – 250°
x = 110°
(b). Attempt yourself

Q 2 . (i) W e k n o w t h a t the sum of all exterior angles of the given polygon = 360o.
Since, each exterior angle of a regular polygon has the same measure.
360
Thus, measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 9 sides =
9

= 40o
(ii) Attempt yourself
Q3. W e k n o w t h a t the sum of all exterior angles of the given polygon = 360o
Measure of each exterior angle = 24o
360o
Thus, number of sides of the regular polygon =
24𝑜
Q4. Measure of each interior angle = 165° = 15
Measure of each exterior angle = 180° − 165° = 15°
W e k n o w t h a t the sum of all exterior angles of the given polygon = 360o

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 360
Thus, number of sides of the polygon =
15𝑜
= 24
Q5. Note: The sum of all exterior angles of all polygons is 360o. Also, in a regular polygon, each
exterior angle is of the same measure. Hence, if 360o is a perfect multiple of the given exterior
angle, then the given polygon will be possible.
(a) Exterior angle = 22°
360o º is not a perfect multiple of 22o. Hence, such polygon is not possible.
(b) Interior angle = 22°
Exterior angle = 180° − 22° = 158°
Such a polygon is not possible as 360° is not a perfect multiple of 158°.

Q6. (a). Consider a regular polygon having the lowest possible number o f sides (i.e., a n equilateral
triangle).
We know, measure of each angle of an equilateral triangle = 60o
So, minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon = 60o
(b). The exterior angle of this triangle will be the maximum exterior angle possible for any regular polygon.
Sum of all exterior angles of a regular polygon (equilateral triangle) = 3600
360
Therefore, measure of each exterior angle of an equilateral triangle =
3
= 120°
Hence, maximum possible measure of exterior angle for any polygon is 120º

Exercise-3.3
Q1. Attempt yourself

Q2. (i)

In the parallelogram ABCD,

x + 100° = 180° (In parallelogram adjacent angles are supplementary)
x ° = 180° – 100°
x = 80°
z=x (In parallelogram opposite angles are of equal measure)
= 80°
y = 100° (In parallelogram opposite angles are of equal measure)

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(ii) Attempt yourself
(iii)

Here, x = 90° (∴Vertically opposite angles )

Now, x + y + 30° = 180° (∴Angle sum property of triangles)
0
90° + y +30 = 180°
y = 180° – 120°
y = 60°
But, z=y (∴ Alternate interior angles)
∴ z = 600

(iv) Attempt yourself

(v)

y = 112° (∴ In a parallelogram, opposite angles are of equal measure)

x+ y + 40° = 180° (∴ Angle sum property of triangles)
x + 112° + 40° = 180°
x + 152° = 180°
x = 180° – 152°
x = 28°
But, z=x (∴ Alternate interior angles)
∴ z = 28°

Q3.
(i) For ∠D + ∠B = 180°, quadrilateral ABCD may or may not be a parallelogram. Along with this
condition, the following condition should also be fulfilled.
Opposite angles should also be of same measures.
(ii) S i n c e AD ≠ BC i . e. the o p p o s i t e s ides of the q u a d ri l at e ral are not eq u al i n l en g t h
So, ABCD i s not a p ar al l el o g r am .

(iii) S i n c e ∠A ≠ ∠C i . e. the o p p o s i t e an gl es of the q u a d ri l at e r al are not of eq u al

m eas u r e.
So, ABCD i s not a p ar al l el o g r am .
Q4.

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 Here, quadrilateral ABCD (kite) has two of its interior angles, ∠B and ∠D, of same measures. However,
still the quadrilateral A B C D is not a parallelogram as the measures of the remaining pair of opposite
angles, ∠A and ∠C, are not equal.
Q 5 . Let ABCD be the given parallelogram and the two adjacent angles, ∠A and ∠B of parallelogram
ABCD are in the ratio of 3:2.
Let ∠A = 3x and ∠B = 2x
We know the sum of the measures of adjacent angles of a parallelogram is 1800.
∴ ∠A + ∠B = 180°
3x + 2x = 180°
5x = 180°

x=
x = 36°
Now ∠A = 3x
= 3 x 36°
= 108°
∠A = ∠C (In a parallelogram, opposite angles are of equal measure)
= 3x
= 3 x 36° = 108°
∠B = 2x
= 2 x 36°
= 72°
∠B = ∠D (In a parallelogram, opposite angles are of equal measure)
= 2x
=2 x 36° = 72°
Q6. Let the measure of each eqial adjacent angles of the parallelogram be x.
We know that sum of adjacent angles o f a parallelogram = 180°
Then x + x = 180° (Sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram = 180° )
2x = 180°
180
x=
2
∴ x = 90°
∴ the measure of each equal adjacent angles of the parallelogram = 90°
We know opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure
Thus, each angle of the parallelogram measures 90°.
Q7.

HOPE is a parallelogram in which HE ∥ OP and the transversal HP intersects them.

⇒ ∠OPH = ∠EHP (Alternate interior angles)

y = 40°
Now, ∠HOP + 70° = 180o (Linear Pair)

∠HOP = 180o - 70°

∠HOP = 110o

Since opposite in a parallelogram are of equal measure

10
 ∠HEP = ∠HOP
∴ x = 110o

Also,

70° = z + y ( Exterior angle of a triangle = Sum of the interior opposite angle) 70° = z +
40o
70° − 40° = z
z = 30°
Hence, x = 110o ; y = 40° ; z = 30°

Q8. Attempt yourself

Q9 .

We know, Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.

∴ In parallelogram RISK,
∠RKS + ∠ISK = 180° 120° +
120°+∠ISK = 180°
∠ISK = 180° - 120°
∠ISK = 60°
Also, opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure.
In parallelogram CLUE,
∠CEU = ∠ULC
∠CEU = 70°
The sum of the measures of all the interior angles of a triangle is 180o.
⇒ x + 60° + 70° = 180°
x + 130o = 180°
x = 180-130°
x = 50°

Q10.

If a transversal is intersecting two given lines such that the sum of the measures of the angles on the same
side of transversal is 180º, then the given two lines will be parallel to each other.
Here, ∠NML + ∠MLK =100° +80° = 180°
Hence, NM || LK
As quadrilateral KLMN has a pair of parallel lines, therefore, it is a trapezium.

11
 Q11.

In the given quadrilateral ABCD,

AB ∥ DC and BC is the transversal (given)
⇒ ∠B + ∠C = 180° (In parallel lines, interior angles on the same side of the
transversal are supplementary)

120° + ∠C = 180°
∠C = 180° - 120°
∴ ∠C = 60°
Q12.

In the given quadrilateral,

SP ∥ RQ and PQ is the transversal (given)
∴ ∠P + ∠Q = 180° (Angles on the same side of transversal are supplementary)
∠P + 130° = 180°
∠P = 180°- 130°
∠P = 50°
Similarly,
SP ∥ RQ and SR is the transversal (given)
∴ ∠R + ∠S = 180° (Angles on the same side of transversal are supplementary)
90° + ∠S = 180° (∠R = 90° )
∠S = 180° - 90°
∠S = 90°
Yes. There is one more method to find the measure of m∠P.
m∠R and m∠Q are given. After finding m∠S, the angle sum property of a quadrilateral can be
applied to find m∠P.

So, m∠P + m∠Q + m∠R + m∠S = 360°

m∠P + 130o + 90° + 90°= 360°
m∠P + 310o = 360°
m∠P = 360° - 310o
m∠P = 50°
Exercise – 3.4

Q1 – Q4 Attempt yourself
Q5. Property: Polygons that have no portion of their diagonals in their exterior are called convex
polygons.
In a rectangle, there are two diagonals, both lying in the interior of the rectangle. Hence, it is a convex
quadrilateral.
12
Q6.

Draw lines AD and DC such that AD ∥ BC a n d AB ∥ DC

⇒ ABCD is a parallelogram
∴ AD = BC, AB = DC
∠ABC = 90o (Given)
∠ABC = ∠BAC = ∠BCD =∠ADC = 90o (in parallelogram , opposite angles are of equal
measure and adjacent angles are supplementary)
So, ABCD is a rectangle as opposite sides are equal and parallel to each other and each of the interior
angles is equal to 90o.
We know, in a rectangle, diagonals are of equal length and also bisect each other.
Hence, AO = OC = BO = OD
Thus, O is equidistant from A, B, and C.

Solve the following problems yourself.

Q1. (i). A polygon has eleven sides. Find the angle sums of its angles.
(ii). Find the measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon of 12 sides.
(iii). Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon of 12 sides.
Q2. Fill in the blanks.
i. The sum of exterior angles of a triangle is = _______________.
ii. A regular polygon has all of its _____________ and ____________ equal.
iii. Sum of the interior angles of a pentagon = __________________.
iv. The minimum interior angles possible for a regular polygon are _____________.
v. The maximum exterior angle possible for a regular polygon is _____________.
vi. The diagonals of a rhombus are _____________ to each other.
vii. A square is also a _____________________, a ___________________,
a _______________, a ________________.

13
 Practical Geometry (Construction)

As we know that the shape and size of a polygon are defined by its elements. The elements that make up a polygon
are its sides, enclosed angles and diagonals. A triangle is the simplest polygon. It does not have any diagonal. So, the
elements that define a triangle are its three sides and three angles. It is possible to draw a triangle if the size of any
three independent elements are given.

In case of a quadrilateral the elements are its four sides, two diagonals and its four angles. Thus, a quadrilateral has
ten elements. It is possible to draw a convex quadrilateral if any five independent elements are given. To draw a
non- convex quadrilateral, six independent elements are required.

In what follows, we shall learn to construct a convex quadrilateral in the following simple cases:

 When the lengths of four sides and one diagonal are given.
 When the lengths of three sides and the two diagonals are given.
 When the lengths of four sides and one diagonal are given.
 When the lengths of three sides and two included angles are given.
 When three angles and two included sides are given.

Construction of quadrilateral when the lengths of four sides and a diagonal are given.

In order to draw the quadrilateral when four sides and one diagonal are given, we first draw a rough sketch of the
quadrilateral and write its dimensions along the sides and then we divide it into two conveniently constructible
triangles.

Exercise – 4.1

Q1. (i). Firstly, a rough sketch of this quadrilateral can be drawn as follows.

Steps of Construction:

I. Draw a line segment BC =5.5 cm.

II. With B as centre and radius = 4.5 cm draw an arc.
III. With C as centre and radius = 7 cm draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at A.
IV. Join AB and AC to get ∆ABC.
V. Now with A as centre and radius = 6cm, draw an arc.
VI. With C as centre and radius= 4cm, draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at D.
VII. Join AD and CD.
Hence, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
14
 (ii). Attempt yourself

(iii). We know that opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length and also these are parallel
to each other.
So, ME = OR = 6cm and MO = ER = 4.5cm

A rough sketch of this parallelogram can be drawn as follows.

Steps of Construction:

I. Draw a line segment OR = 6 cm.

II. With O as centre and radius = 7.5 cm draw an arc.
III. With R as centre and radius = 4.5 cm draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at E.
IV. Join OE and RE to get ∆EOR.
V. Now with E as centre and radius = 6cm, draw an arc.
VI. With O as centre and radius= 4.5cm, draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at M.
VII. Join OM and EM.
Hence, MORE is the required parallelogram.
(iv). Attempt yourself

15
 Exercise: 4.2

Construction of quadrilaterals when two diagonals and three sides are given.

Q1. (i). A rough sketch of this quadrilateral can be drawn as follows.

Steps of constructions:

I. Draw a line segment TL = 2.5 cm.

II. With T as centre and radius = 4 cm draw an arc.
III. With L as centre and radius = 4 cm draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at I.
IV. Join IT and IL to get ∆ITL.
V. With L as centre and radius = 4.5 cm draw an arc.
VI. With I as centre and radius = 3 cm draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at F.
VII. Join Fl and FT. Also join FL.
Hence, LIFT is the required quadrilateral. (ii).
Attempt yourself
(iii).We know that the diagonals of a rhombus always bisect each other at 90º. Let us
assume that these are intersecting each other at point O in this rhombus.
Hence BO = OD = 2.8 cm
A rough sketch of this rhombus can be drawn as follows.

16
 X

E O D

E O D

X
Y

E D
O

Steps of Construction:
Y
I. Draw a line segment ED = 6.5 cm.
II. Draw XY the perpendicular bisector of ED. Let XY bisects ED at O.
III. With O as centre and radius = 2.8 cm (half of diagonal BN = 5.6cm), draw two arcs on either
sides of ED, intersecting XY at B and N.
IV. Join BE, EN, ND and BD.
Hence, BEND is the required rhombus.
17
 Exercise – 4.3

Construction of quadrilaterals when two adjacent sides and three angles are given.

Q1. (i) A rough sketch of this quadrilateral can be drawn as follows.

Steps of Construction:
I. Draw a line segment MO = 6 cm.
II. At O, construct an angle of 105o with the help of a compass and cut OR = 4.5 cm.
III. At R, construct an angle of 105o with the help of a compass
IV. At M, draw an angle of 60º with the help of a compass. Let this ray meet the previously drawn
ray from R at point E.
Hence, MORE is the required quadrilateral.

(ii) Attempt yourself

(iii). We know, opposite sides of a parallelogram are of equal length.

So, HE = RA = 5 cm and EA = RH = 6 cm.
Firstly, a rough sketch of this quadrilateral is as follows.
18
Steps of Construction:
I. Draw a line segment HE = 5 cm.
II. At E, draw an angle of 85º with the help of a protractor. As vertex A is 6 cm away from vertex E, cut
a line segment EA of 6 cm from this ray.
III. With A as centre and radius = 5 cm, draw an arc.
IV. With H as centre and radius = 6 cm, draw another arc intersecting the previous arc at R.
V. Join AR and HR.
Hence, HEAR is the required parallelogram.
(iv). Attempt yourself

Exercise – 4.4

Construction of quadrilaterals when three sides and two included angles are given.
Q1. (i). A rough sketch of this quadrilateral can be drawn as follows.

19
Steps of Construction:
I. Draw a line segment DE = 4 cm.
II. At E, draw an angle of 60º at point E. As vertex A is 5 cm away from vertex E, cut a line segment
EA of 5 cm from this ray.
III. At A, draw an an gl e of 90 º. As vertex R is 4.5 cm away from vertex A, cut a line segment RA
of 4.5 cm from this ray.
IV. Join D to R.
Hence, DEAR is the required quadrilateral.
(ii). Attempt yourself
Exercise – 4.4

Q1. We know, all the sides of a square are of the same length and also all the interior angles of a square
are of 90º measure. Therefore, the given square READ can be drawn as follows.
(i) A rough sketch of this square READ can be drawn as follows.

20
Steps of Construction:
I. Draw a line segment RE = 5.1 cm.
II. At point R and E draw an angle of 90º.
III. As vertex A and D are 5.1 cm away from vertex E and R respectively, cut line segments EA and RD,
each of 5.1 cm from these rays.
IV. Join A to D.
Hence READ is the required square.

Q2 & Q3 Attempt yourself

Q4. In order to draw a quadrilateral uniquely, we require five measurements.

Here to draw the parallelogram OKAY, we are given the measurement of two opposite
sides (i.e. measurement of four sides is given as the opposite sides of the parallelogram
are equal in length). 5th measurement which may be an included angle between two sides
or one of the diagonals, is not given. So this parallelogram OKAY cannot be constructed
uniquely.
{Note: Also do the miscellaneous exercise 4}

Page 21 of 23
 Probability
The word probability is commonly used in our day to day conversation and we generally use this word even
without going into the details of its actual meaning. In our day to day life we come across the statements like:
 Probably it may rain today.
 He may possibly join politics.
 Australia cricket team has good chances of winning world cup.

In such statements, we generally use the terms: possible, probable, chance, likely etc. All these terms convey
the same sense that the event is not certain to take place or, in other words, there is uncertainty about the
occurrence (or happening) of the event in question.
Theoretical approach to probability
In the theory of probability we deal with events which are outcomes of an experiment. The word experiment
means an operation which can produce some well defined outcome(s). There are two types of experiments:
(i) Deterministic
(ii) Random or probabilistic

Deterministic experiments are those experiments which when repeated under identical conditions produce the
same result or outcome. When experiments in science and engineering are repeated identical conditions, we
obtain almost the same result every time.
Random or probabilistic: If an experiment, when repeated under identical conditions, do not produce the
same outcome every time but the outcome in a trial is one of the several possible outcomes, then it is known as
a random or probabilistic experiment. For example, in tossing of a coin one is not sure if a head or tail will be
obtained, so it is a random experiment.
Elementary event: An outcome of a random experiment is called an elementary event. Consider the random
experiment of tossing of a coin. The possible outcomes of this experiment are head (H) or tail (T).
Thus, if we define
E1 = getting head on the upper face of the coin.
E2 = getting tail on the upper face of the coin.
Then, E1 and E2 are elementary events associated with the experiments of tossing of a coin.
Compound event: an event associated to a random experiment is a compound event if it is obtained by
combining two or more elementary events associated to the random experiment. In a single throw of a die, the
event “ getting an even number” is a compound event as it is obtained by combining three elementary events,
namely, 2 , 4, 6.
Theoretical Probability: If there are n elementary events associated with a random experiment and m of them
are favourable to an event A , then the probability of happening or occurrence of event A is denoted by P (A)
and is defined as the ratio m/n.
Thus, P (A) = m/n

Note: probability of occurrence of an event A + probability of non-occurrence of an event A = 1

Or, P(A) + P(not A) = 1

Exercise – 5.3
Q1. (a) On spinning the given wheel, the possible outcomes are A, B, C, D.
(b) By tossing two coins together, the possible outcomes are HT, TH, HH, TT where H and T represents Head
and Tail of the coins respectively.
Q2. Do it yourself

Q3. (i) The pointer can stop at one of the following regions. A, A, B, C, D
Out of these 5 cases, it is possible only in 1 case that the pointer will stop at region D.

Therefore, probability that the pointer will stop at region D =

(ii) There are 52 cards in a deck of cards and there are 4 ace cards in 1 deck of cards.
Probability of getting an ace card = =

(iii) There are a total of 7 apples, out of which, 4 are red and 3 are green.

Probability of getting a red apple =

Q4.(i) There are 10 slips in the box. However, 6 is written only on 1 slip.
Probability of getting a number 6 =

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(ii) The numbers less than 6 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Probability of getting a number less than 6 = =

(iii) The numbers greater than 6 are 7, 8, 9, 10.

Probability of getting a number greater than 6 = =
(iv) There are 9 numbers which are single digit numbers. They are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9
Probability of getting a number greater than 6 =
Q5 Do it yourself

Q6. (i) (a) Out of 6 possible outcomes, a prime number can be obtained in three cases.
Therefore, probability of getting a prime number = =
(b) Out of 6 possible outcomes, a prime number may not be obtained in three cases.
Therefore, probability of getting not a prime number = =
(ii) (a) Out of 6 possible outcomes, a number greater than 5 can be obtained in only 1 case.
Therefore, probability of getting a number greater than 5 =
(b) Out of 6 possible outcomes, a number not greater than 5 can be obtained in 5 cases.
Therefore, probability of getting a number not greater than 5 =

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