COMPLETELY RANDOM DESIGN (CRD)

Description of the Design

-Simplest design to use.

-Design can be used when experimental units are essentially homogeneous.

-Because of the homogeneity requirement, it may be difficult to use this design for field
experiments.

-The CRD is best suited for experiments with a small number of treatments.

Randomization Procedure

-Treatments are assigned to experimental units completely at random.

-Every experimental unit has the same probability of receiving any treatment.

-Randomization is performed using a random number table, computer, program, etc.

Example of Randomization

-Given you have 4 treatments (A, B, C, and D) and 5 replicates, how many experimental
units would you have?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D D B C D C A A B D
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
C B A B C B C D A A
-Note that there is no “blocking” of experimental units into replicates.

-Every experimental unit has the same probability of receiving any treatment.
Advantages of a CRD

1. Very flexible design (i.e. number of treatments and replicates is only limited by
the available number of experimental units).

2. Statistical analysis is simple compared to other designs.

3. Loss of information due to missing data is small compared to other designs due to
the larger number of degrees of freedom for the error source of variation.

Disadvantages

1. If experimental units are not homogeneous and you fail to minimize this variation
using blocking, there may be a loss of precision.

2. Usually the least efficient design unless experimental units are homogeneous.

3. Not suited for a large number of treatments.

Linear Additive Model for the CRD

Y ij= μ + τ i + ε ij

where: Yij is the jth observation of the ith treatment,

μ is the population mean,
τ i is the treatment effect of the ith treatment, and
ε ij is the random error.

ANOVA for Any Number of Treatments with Equal Replication

Given the following data:

Treatment
Replicate A B C
1 23 42 47
2 36 26 43
3 31 47 43
4 33 34 39
Yi. 123 149 172 Y...=444
∑Y 2
ij
3,875 5,805 7,428
Step 1. Write the hypotheses to be tested.

H o : μ1 = μ 2 = μ 3
H A : μ1 = μ 2 ≠ μ 3 Ho: All three means are equal.
or
HA: At least one of the means is different from
μ1 ≠ μ 2 = μ 3 the other means.
or
μ1 ≠ μ 2 ≠ μ 3

Step 2. Calculate the Correction Factor.

Y..2 444 2
CF = = = 16,428.0
rt 4 *3

Step 3. Calculate the Total SS

TotalSS = ∑ Yij2 − CF

= (232 + 36 2 + 312 + ... + 39 2 ) − CF

= 17,108 − 16,428

= 680.0

Step 4. Calculate the Treatment SS (TRT SS)

Yi.2
TRTSS = ∑ − CF
r

⎛ 1232 149 2 172 2 ⎞

= ⎜⎜ + + ⎟⎟ − 16,428 = 16728.5 − 16428.0 = 300.5
⎝ 4 4 4 ⎠

Step 5. Calculate the Error SS

Error SS = Total SS – Treatment SS

= 680 – 300.5

= 379.5
Step 6. Complete the ANOVA table

Sources of variation Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 2 300.5 150.25 3.563NS
Error t(r-1) = 9 379.5 42.167
Total rt-1 = 11 680.0

Step 7. Look up Table F-values.

F0.05;2,9 = 4.26
F0.01;2,9 = 8.02

Step 8. Make conclusions.

-Since F-calc (3.563) < 4.26 we fail to

reject Ho: μ1 = μ 2 = μ 3 at the 95%
level of confidence.
-Since F-calc (3.563) < 8.02 we fail to
reject Ho: μ1 = μ 2 = μ 3 at the 99%
level of confidence.

0 3.563 4.26 8.02

Step 9. Calculate Coefficient of Variation (CV).

s
%CV = *100
Y

Remember that the Error MS = s2.

42.167
%CV = *100
⎛ 444 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4*3 ⎠

= (6.494 / 37 ) *100

= 17.6%
ANOVA for Any Number of Treatments with Unequal Replication

Given the following data:

Treatment
Replicate A B C D
1 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.1
2 2.2 1.9 2.4 2.2
3 1.8 1.5 2.7 2.2
4 2.3 2.5 1.9
5 1.7 2.4
Yi. 10 5.1 12 8.4 Y..=35.5
∑Y 2
ij
20.26 8.75 29.06 17.7

Step 1. Write the hypotheses to be tested.

H o : μ1 = μ 2 = μ 3 = μ 4
HA: At least one of the means is different from one of the other means.

Step 2. Calculate the Correction Factor.

Y..2 35.5 2
CF = = = 74.132
∑ ri 17
Step 3. Calculate the Total SS

TotalSS = ∑ Yij2 − CF

= (2.0 2 + 2.2 2 + 1.8 2 + ... + 1.9 2 ) − CF

= 75.77 − 74.132

= 1.638
Step 4. Calculate the Treatment SS (TRT SS)
Y2
TRTSS = ∑ i. − CF
ri

⎛ 10 2 5.12 12 2 8.4 2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ + + + ⎟ − 74.132
⎝ 5 3 5 4 ⎟⎠

= 75.110 − 74.132

= 0.978

Step 5. Calculate the Error SS

Error SS = Total SS – Treatment SS

= 1.638 – 0.978

= 0.660

Step 6. Complete the ANOVA table

Sources of variation Df SS MS F
Treatment t-1 = 3 0.978 0.326 6.392**
Error By subtraction = 13 0.660 0.051
Total Total number of observations -1 = 16 1.638

Step 7. Look up Table F-values.

F0.05;3,13 = 3.41
F0.01;3,13 = 5.74

Step 8. Make conclusions.

ƒ Since F-calc (6.392) > 3.41 we

reject Ho: μ1 = μ 2 = μ 3 = μ 4 at
the 95% level of confidence.
ƒ Since F-calc (6.392) > 5.74 we
reject Ho: μ1 = μ 2 = μ 3 = μ 4 at
the 99% level of confidence.

0 3.41 5.74 6.39

Step 9. Calculate Coefficient of Variation (CV).

s
%CV = *100
Y

Remember that the Error MS = s2.

0.051
%CV = *100
⎛ 35.5 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 17 ⎠

= (0.2259 / 2.088) *100

= 10.82%