……English Grammar Notes……

…… Compiled By: Urwah Akram 🙂

❤ English Topics
1. Parts of Speech
2. Prepositions
3. Articles
4. Synonyms & Antonyms
5. Subject-Verb Agreement
6. Tenses
7. Active Voice & Passive Voice
8. Direct & Indirect Speech
9. Conditional Sentences

♥WORD
Word is a proper combination of letters and it conveys
some idea.
E.g:
Pencil, Book, Write, Slow, But, Out, Slow, Play.

In order to create words, it's important to have a

specific arrangement of letters.

♥Phrases

A group of words that make some sense, but not the

complete sense.

Example:

In the room, on the table, in the east, at the station.

♥Clause

A group of words which forms a part of a sentence, and

contains a subject and a verb.

TYPES OF CLAUSE:-

1-Main or Independent clause.

2-Subordinate or Dependent Clause.
3-Co-ordinate Cluase.
1-Main or Independent clause.

An independent clause expresses a complete thought and

it work alone as a sentence.

Example:

Cocks Crow when the Sun rises.

Cocks crow is a combination of words that make sense.

2- Subordinate or Dependent Clause.

A dependent clause does not express a complete

thought and it can’t work alone in a sense.
Example:
Cocks crow when the Sun rises.

Here ‘when the Sun rises’ is a clause and it is not giving

any sense without “Cocks crow”.

3-Co-ordinate Clause.

Two or more independent clauses of the same rank

or order, when found in a sentence, are called as Co-
ordinate Clause.
Example:

I can’t see you in trouble and I will help you.

Here, “I can’t see you in trouble” OR “I will help you” both

are of the same order and rank…

Both clauses make sense without depending on each other.

♥Sentence

A group of words that makes a complete sense.

Example:
Allah is one.
We love Pakistan.

♥Types:-

1-Simple sentence

A simple sentence coneys a simple thought and consists of

only one clause.
E.G:
I live in Lahore.
Honesty is the best policy.

2-Compound Sentence

A compound sentence conveys more one thoughts and

consists of two or more co-ordinate clauses.

E.g:

Ali tooks tea but I preferred a juice.

3-Complex Sentence

A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one

or more subordinate clauses.

E.g:
When he saw me, he ran away.

4-Compound and Complex Sentence

A compound and complex sentence consists of two or

more independent clauses and one dependent clause.

e.g:
I do not Know why he came here, but I expect he has
 ulterior motivies.

♥kinds of sentences

1-Declarative Sentences

To make a statement or express an opinion.

 Example:
"The sun rises in the east."

2-Interrogative Sentences:

A sentence that asks a question.

Example:

Does he go to Lahore yesterday?

3- Positive Sentence

A sentence that gives a positive statement.

Example:
We will go to Karachi tomorrow.

4-Negative Sentence

A sentence that gives a negative statement.

example:

He does not follow the instructions.

5-Imperative Sentence

A sentence that depresses an order, request, or advice.

Example:

Get out of the room.

Always trust in ALLAH.
Don’t waste your time.
6-Exclamatory Sentence

A sentence that expresses a strong or sudden feeling.

Example:
Hurrah! We have won the match.

Alas! My brother has failed.

How high the wall is!

7-Optative Sentence

A sentence that expresses some wish.

Example:

May you live long!

May Pakistan prosper!

♥ Learn Parts of Speech
- Each English word can be categorized into one part of
speech. Therefore, understanding parts of speech is one of
the key steps to learning grammar. The good thing about
learning parts of speech is that you will be in a position to
describe how each word in the English language can be used.
- Here are different parts of speech.

Noun– a word that describes a place, thing or person, for

instance, “bank”.
Article – they precede nouns in a sentence. They are “a”,
“the”, “an”.
Verb – a word that describes an action, for instance, “write”.
Pronoun – a word that can take the place of a noun, for
instance, “she”.
Adjective – modifies/describes a noun/pronoun, for instance,
“black”.
Adverb – modifies a verb or an adjective, for instance,
“clearly”.
Conjunction – joins to parts of a sentence, for example “and”.
Preposition – used with noun/pronoun to create a phrase that
modifies other parts of speech, for example, “down”.
Interjection – words that illustrate an emotional state, for
instance, “ouch”(used to express pain).

♥ What Are Parts Of Speech?

- Parts of speech are word categories that are defined by
the grammatical roles they play in sentence structures. The
categories of words are organized by the grammatical
functions and meanings they produce and convey.
- In the English language, there are around ten common parts
of speech. These include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections,
determiners, and articles.

♥ Open and Closed Word Classes

- Closed word classes are parts of speech that are
consistent and do not have newer words introduced to them
over time. These include pronouns, conjunctions, determiners,
and prepositions.
- Open word classes are parts of speech that have newer
words introduced to them over time. These include nouns,
verbs, adjectives, interjections, and adverbs.
♥ The Noun (n.)
A noun is a word which gives a name to something, in some
cases you might hear them referred to as a ‘naming word.’
There are various different subcategories of nouns such as
the proper noun, the collective noun, the possessive noun and
the common noun. Each one of these serves a different
purpose, let’s look at this a little more closely.
Noun Examples:
Jeffrey, Korea, pen, New Year, dog, cat, elephant, garden,
school, work, music, town, Manila, teacher, farmer, Bob, Sean,
Michael, police officer, France, coffee, football, danger,
happiness…
Noun example sentences:
• The teacher told the children to stop chattering in class.
• John is good at French but weak at History.

💙 The Proper Noun

The proper noun is used to name a specific item, for example
the names of places or people or perhaps a movie or song
title.
• The capital of England is London.
• Sarah is beautiful.

💙 The Common Noun

A common noun is the most simple form of a noun and gives a
name to an item.
• Here is a cup.
• Do you want a cake?

💙 The Collective Noun

A collective noun is used to refer to a group of nouns, for
example people or animal groups.
• The swarm of bees were headed straight towards our
picnic.
• At church on Sunday, the choir sings loudly.

💙 The Possessive Noun

A possessive noun is used to show ownership of something,
this is done by adding an apostrophe and an s, like in the
following examples.
• This is my dog’s ball.
• That is Sarah’s friend.

♥ The Pronoun (pron.)

A pronoun is one which replaces a noun, and once again there
are various different types of pronouns within the English
language. Each one is used in a different way, let’s take a
look at some examples of this.
Examples:
I, me, we, you, he, she, yours, himself, its, my, that, this, those,
us, who, whom
Pronoun example sentences:
• Richard isn’t at work this week; he‘s gone on holiday.
• Don’t tell her the truth.
• She tried it herself.
• You can’t blame him for everything.
• The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.
💙 The Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to self, for example
myself or yourself.
• I am going to keep this last cupcake for myself.
• Peter always puts himself first.

💙 The Indefinite Pronoun

This type of pronoun is used to refer to a non specific person
or item, you might see words such as anything, few,
everyone or all.
• Can you take all of these?
• I need to speak to someone about this rash on my arm.

💙 The Possessive Pronoun

A possessive pronoun is used to show possession or
ownership of something, for example my, his, their or yours.
• Is this your bag?
• I have been looking after his daughter.
💙 The Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is used to introduce an adjective clause.
You might recognise these as words such as who, which, that
or whose.
• This is the woman who will be working with you.
• Is this the book that everyone is raving about?

♥ The Adjective (adj.)

An adjective is a word which describes a noun or pronoun,
there are thousands of adjectives within the English language.
Examples:
Beautiful, seven, cute, second, tall, blue, angry, brave, careful,
healthy, little, old, generous, red, smart, two, small, tall, some,
good, big, useful, interesting…
- Brown dog, red car, tall boy, fat cat, big garden.
Adjective example sentences:
• This is a blue car.
• The small squirrel ran up the tree.
• During the thunderstorm, we saw some heavy rain.
• My mother has short hair.
• The documentary on TV last night was very interesting.
• My son has an impressive collection of toy soldiers.
• The weather is hot and sunny today.
• My vacation was exciting.
• The leaves on that tree are green and large.

♥ The Verb (vb.)

A verb is one of the most important parts of speech and is a
word which is used to describe an action. There are three
main types of verbs which are detailed below.
Examples:
Walk, is, seem, realize, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get,
promise, invite, listen, sing, sit, laughed, walk…
Verb example sentences:
• Don’t try to run before you can walk.
• Did you slap anybody?
• Leave me alone!
💙 The Action Verb
An action verb does exactly what you might expect, it
describes an action.
• The man walked down the street.
• I laughed at his joke.

💙 The Linking Verb

A linking verb is used to show a state of being rather than a
physical action.
• Sarah feels cold.
• I am very tired.

💙 The Modal Verb

A modal verb is used to ‘help’ the main verb and can show the
speakers thoughts or attitude about what they are saying. For
example, words such as might, must, could and can are all
modal verbs.
• I might walk to the park this afternoon.
• He can eat the last slice of cake.
♥ The Adverb (adv.)
An adverb is used to modify, or further explain an adjective,
verb or another adverb. They can add more information to a
sentence making it more clear and easier for the listener to
imagine what is being described in detail. Most of the time,
adverbs will end in the letters -ly but there are some
exceptions to this rule such as the words very and never.
Examples:
Neatly, in the market, every day, tomorrow, very, badly, fully,
carefully, hardly, nearly, hungrily, never, quickly, silently, well,
really, almost…

Adverb example sentences:

• This is an extremely attractive photograph.
• I have a very large pet dog.
• My car drives quickly.
• When I am running late for work, I eat my breakfast rapidly.
• The boy is crying loudly.
• She carefully preserved all his letters.

♥ The Conjunction (conj.)

A conjunction is used as a way of joining two or more ideas
or words together. Most commonly you will see the words for,
and, not, but, or, yet and so used as a conjunction.
Examples:
And, however, still, but, or, so, after, since, before, either,
neither, because, unless…
Conjunction example sentences:
• My friend and I are going on a party.
• I will go to the shop but not before I have had something to
eat.
• This is a gift for my friend.
• I was tired yet I still went to the gym.

♥ The Preposition (prep.)

A preposition is used in English to show a relationship
between two words or phrases. You might recognise a
preposition as being words such as in, before, on, at, to,
between etc.
Examples:
In, on, at, about, apropos, according to, after, along, above,
except, from, near, of, before, since, between, upon, with, to,
after, toward…
Preposition example sentences:
• The cat is sitting on the wall.
• I am going to the salon after my dinner.
• The boy ran along the street for an hour.
• You will find the theatre in the town centre.
• I saw that news in the newspapers.

♥ The Interjection (interj.)

An interjection could also be thought of as a exclamation.
They are used to emotion, reaction or excitement and have
no grammatical link to anything else within the sentence they
appear.
Examples:
Ahem!, aha!, gosh!, aw!, great!, hey!, hi!, hooray!, oh!, yeah!,
oops!, phew!, eh!, oh!, ouch!, hi!, well!…
Interjection example sentences:
• Wow! Did you see how big that bird was?
• Oh, I forgot to tell you that I saw your father last week.
• Hooray! You passed your exam!
• Well, what did he say?
• Yeah! She’s going with us tonight!

♥ Determiners and Articles

Determiners and articles are parts of speech that are used
with nouns or noun phrases to clarify them. They are usually
placed in front of nouns (or noun phrases) and can help
specify their identity, quantity, distance (from the speaker),
or specific number (among other things).

💙 Determiners
Determiners are a part of speech that are placed in front of
nouns to clarify their reference. They include categories such
as:
• Articles – a, an, the
• Numbers – two, eight, ninety-nine
• Pronouns and possessive determiners – his, her, its, your,
my, their, our
• Difference determiners – other, the other, another
• Demonstratives – these, those, that, this
• Quantifiers – a little, a few, much, many, some, any, enough,
most
• Distributives – half, both, every, each, all, neither, either
• Pre-determiners – quite, such, rather, what.

💙 Articles
Articles are a sub-category of determiners that serve as a
type of adjective to identify nouns. They may be:
• Definitive – which indicates that the noun’s identity is
already known to the audience. The word the would be a
definitive article because it indicates a noun that is already
known to the reader/audience (“I am going to sit in the
chair.”), or
• Indefinite – indicates an unfamiliar noun, or references a
noun for the first time, or shows a noun belongs to a certain
class of objects. The words a and an are considered
indefinite articles (“I am going to sit in a chair.”, “You are an
accountant.”, or “I was born on a Thursday.”).

♥ How To Determine The Part Of Speech In A Sentence

In order to determine a part of speech in a sentence, look at
the word being used, its context, and what meanings it brings
to the sentence structure. Here are some questions you can
ask about a particular word in a sentence, in order to figure
out what part of speech it is.
• Is it a person, place, idea, name, or thing? It is a noun.
• Is the word used in place of a noun? It is a pronoun.
• Does the word convey an action, occurrence, or state of
being? It is a verb.
• Does the word modify a noun? It is an adjective.
• Does the word modify a verb, adjective, or itself? It is an
adverb.
• Is the word placed in front of a noun to form a modifying
phrase? It is a preposition.
• Does the word link a phrase or clause? It is a conjunction.
• Is the word a quick expression of emotion? It is an
interjection.
Is the word placed before a noun to clarify it? It is a
determiner or an article.

♥ Practice Mcqs For Parts of Speech

Note: Choose the answer option that identifies the Bold word
or words in the sentence.

1. He will visit his grandparents for two weeks this

summer.
a. adverb
b. conjunction
c. noun
d. pronoun

2. Silently read your book.

a. adjective
b. adverb
c. preposition
d. verb

3. Hey! Put that down!

a. adjective
b. adverb
c. interjection
d. noun

4. Liam brought his notebook to class.

a. adverb

b. conjunction

c. noun

d. pronoun

5. Your test scores were almost perfect.

a. adjective
b. adverb

c. noun

d. pronoun

6. Please join us for the birthday party this

afternoon.

a. conjunction

b. interjection

c. pronoun

d. verb

7. French onion soup is on the lunch menu.

a. adjective

b. adverb

c. conjunction

d. noun

8. The coach jumped for joy.

a. adjective

b. conjunction
c. preposition

d. verb

9. Classes will resume in the fall.

a. noun

b. preposition

c. pronoun

d. verb

10. I understand the directions.

a. interjection

b. noun

c. preposition

d. verb

11. Fathers and sons enjoy taking long fishing trips

to the lake.

a. adverb

b. conjunction

c. noun
d. preposition

12. The postman will deliver it to your house.

a. conjunction

b. interjection

c. pronoun

d. verb

13. She wore a beautiful dress to the party.

a. adjective

b. adverb

c. interjection

d. noun

14. Wow! That was scary.

a. interjection

b. noun

c. preposition

d. verb
15. The music concert was loud and entertaining.

a. adjective

b. adverb

c. noun

d. pronoun

16. Place the books against the wall.

a. interjection
b. noun
c. preposition
d. verb

17. I will not be able to attend the game for I have not
completed my homework.
a. adjective
b. adverb
c. conjunction
d. noun
18.Visiting Italy was an exciting trip for my family.
a. interjection
b. noun
c. preposition
d. verb

19. Would you like chocolate or vanilla?

a. conjunction
b. noun
c. pronoun
d. preposition

20. Nathan is finishing his chores early so he can enjoy the

rest of the day.
a. conjunction
b. interjection
c. pronoun
d. verb
21. Honesty is a desirable characteristic trait.
a. conjunction
b. noun
c. pronoun
d. preposition

22. Samantha forgot to bring her homework to

school.
a. adjective
b. interjection
c. noun
d. pronoun

23. The storm uprooted the eight-foot tree.

a. adjective
b. conjunction
c. preposition
d. pronoun
24. Many students are excited about the class trip.
a. noun
b. preposition
c. pronoun
d. verb

25. Sophia sang the solo perfectly.

a. adverb
b. conjunction
c. noun
d. pronoun

26. I must clean my room before going to the park.

a. noun
b. preposition
c. pronoun
d. verb
27. Refreshing water is always a treat on a hot day.
a. interjection
b. noun
c. adjective
d. verb

28. Everyone was happy to see the young man

return home safely.
a. conjunction
b. noun
c. pronoun
d. preposition

29. The stars are shining bright tonight.

a. adjective
b. adverb
c. conjunction
d. nou
30. Ouch! You are hurting me.
a. conjunction
b. interjection
c. pronoun
d. verb

♥ ANSWER KEY (PARTS OF SPEECH TEST)

1. d. pronoun
2. b. adverb
3. c. interjection
4. c. noun
5. b. adverb
6. c. pronoun
7. a. adjective
8. d. verb
9. b. preposition
10. d. verb
11. b. conjunction
12. c. pronoun
13. a. adjective
14. a. interjection
15. c. noun
16. c. preposition
17. c. conjunction
18. b. noun
19. a. conjunction
20. a. conjunction
21. b. noun
22. d. pronoun
23. a. adjective
24. d. verb
25. a. adverb
26. a. noun
27. c. adjective
28. c. pronoun
29. d. noun
30. b. interjection

♥ Prepositions: A Complete Grammar Guide (with Preposition

Examples)
What is a preposition? Here we’re going to explain what a
preposition is, how to use it, and many useful preposition
examples in English. When you are studying English grammar,
you have likely come across the idea of the preposition, but
what is this and how does it function within a sentence? In
this lecture, we are going to be looking in a little more depth
at what a preposition is, how they are used, and the rules
surrounding them. We are also going to be looking at some
examples in order to gain a greater understanding of their
function.

♥ What is a Preposition?
💙 Preposition Definition
In the most simple terms, a preposition is a word that can link
verbs, nouns, and pronouns together. In many cases, it might
suggest location or any other type of relationship which
occurs between the various words within a sentence.
- Many words can be classed as a preposition but that does
not mean that they are one all the time. For example, let’s
take the word ‘after’ as an example. On its own it is not a
preposition, take a look at the following sentence.
He didn’t meet her until after.
In this case, the word after serves as an adverb, however by
changing its location in the sentence and linking it to a noun, it
then becomes a preposition. Take a look at this sentence:
We will meet after lunch.
The word after now has a relationship to the noun lunch,
which turns it into a preposition.

💙 The Importance of Prepositions

In the English language, prepositions are words that connect
nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence.
- A preposition is used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to
show place (prepositions of place), time (prepositions of time),
direction (prepositions of movement),… in a sentence.
Preposition examples: After, along, above, except, from, near,
of, before, since, between, upon, with, to, after, toward, in, on,
at, about, apropos, according to,…

♥ Preposition Examples

• In the morning

• In (the) summer

• In a moment

• On Thursday

• On the first day

• On time

• At 12 o’clock

• At present

• In Manhattan

• In a building

• On a wall

• At the corner
• Below the surface

• In front of the city hall

• During the conference

• Before dawn

• Within seven days

• Into her eyes

• Across the road

• Along the beach

• Down the hill

♥ Types of Prepositions

There are five different types of prepositions in English grammar.

1. Prepositions of time (ago, before, since…)

2. Prepositions of place (under, behind, between…)

3. Prepositions of movement/ Direction (up, down, over…)

4. Prepositions for agent, instruments, devices, machines…(by, with,

on…)

5. Prepositional phrases (in time, on time, in love...)

♥ Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a
preposition.

• Under construction

A new railroad is under construction.

• For real

After two trial runs we did it for real.

• At the same time

All speak at the same time.

• By the time

By the time I got there, he’d gone.

• By the way

By the way, how is John?

• On paper

Could you put your ideas down on paper?

• With regret

Do not waste time with regret.

• At a discount

Employees can buy books at a discount.

• Without a hitch

Everything had gone without a hitch.

• Under treatment

He is under treatment for malaria.

• By force

He took the purse from her by force.

• On board

He tried to jump back on board.

• At risk

He was putting himself at risk.

• By nature

He was by nature a philosophical person.

• In vain

Her efforts were in vain.

• On trial

He’s on trial for his life.

• In debt

I am in debt to the bank for my car loan.

• With regard to

I am writing with regard to your recent order.

• With respect

I ask for her hand with all respect.

• For life

I believe marriage is for life.

• Out of place

I felt out of place among foreigners.

• For ages

I haven’t seen you for ages.

• By mistake

I’ve paid this bill twice by mistake.

• Out of stock

I’m afraid we’re temporarily out of stock.

• Within limits

I’m willing to help, within limits.

• Under repair
Is the bridge still under repair?

• Without precedent

It is without precedent in history.

• In theory

It sounds fine in theory, but will it work?

• At least

It will cost at least $200.

• To the full

I’ve always believed in living life to the full.

• Out of school

Never tell tales out of school.

• By now

Perhaps they are already there by now.

• For a while

Please sit down for a while.

• With abandon

She danced with abandon.

• In detail

She described the accident in detail.

• For sale

She has put her house up for sale.

• By far

She is the best by far.

• At the age of

She went blind at the age of ten.

• On leave

She’s on leave until the end of the month.

• In case

Took an umbrella, just in case.

• In full

The apple trees are in full bearing.

• On the move

The army is on the move.

• In terms of

The book is well organized in terms of plot.

• Out of order

The boy put the telephone out of order.

• To date

The car is a beauty and quite up to date.

• On fire
The car was now on fire.

• Out of control

The fire is burning out of control.

• Under review

The matter is still under review.

• On sale

The new model goes on sale next month.

• On show

The paintings are on show until April.

• Within walking

The shops are within walking distance.

• Under stress

The silver was deformed under stress.

• At peace

The two countries were at peace.

• Out of fashion

Their music will never go out of fashion.

• Under the stairs

There’s a broom cupboard under the stairs.

• For hire

They have boats for hire.

• Out of hand

Unemployment is getting out of hand.

• Within reach

We live within reach of the station.

• For nothing

We went all that way for nothing.

• With a view of

We’d like a room with a view of the sea.

• In doubt

When in doubt, call the doctor.

• Without respect

Without respect, love cannot go far.

• At once
You have to call her at once.

♥ Prepositions of Time
A preposition of time is a preposition that allows you to discuss a
specific time period.

- List of Prepositions of Time with preposition examples.

• During
We stayed at a student hostel during the conference.

• For

I’m just going to bed for two hours or so.

• Until/Till

We wait till/until half past six for you.

• Since

Forty years have passed away since they met.

• From…to

Her visit will extend from Monday to Thursday.

• Ago

He left the house over an hour ago.

• Before

She’s always up before dawn.

• By

He had promised to be back by five o’clock.

♥ Prepositions of Place
A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where
something or someone is located.

- List of Prepositions of Place with preposition examples.

• On

On a table

• Under

We slept under the open sky.

• Next to

The hotel is situated next to the lively bustling port.

• Between

There is a gulf between the two cities.

• Among
I enjoy being among my friends.

• In front of

They massed in front of the city hall.

♥ Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions of movement or direction are used to show movement
from one place to another. These preposition words are most often
used with verbs of motion and are found after the verb.

- List of Prepositions of Movement with preposition examples.

• Down

It’s easier to run down the hill than go up.

• Up

She doesn’t like riding her bike up these hills.

• Into

Don’t put new wine into old bottles.

• Toward

She was carrying a suitcase and walking towards.

• Over

The hotel is over the bridge.

• Onto

I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.

• Around

Her hair whipped around her face in the wind.

• Along

We went for a walk along the beach at twilight.

♥ Adjective & Preposition Examples

- Example sentences of preposition words with adjectives in English.

• I don’t feel comfortable in high heels.

• He’s very experienced in looking after animals.

• He is interested in molecular biology.

• They were successful in winning the contract.

• Some among us were talented in hunting.

• I was amazed by what she told me.

• We were all impressed by her enthusiasm.

• The book was inspired by a real person.

• The teacher was surprised by the student’s questions.

• Are you acquainted with your classmate?

• You are blessed with many talents.

• The kids are busy with their homework.

• Her job is something concerned with computers.

• Are you familiar with the computer software they use?

• He’s fed up with his job. He wants to quit.

• Are you happy with that arrangement?

• Be careful with the glasses.

• She’s never satisfied with what she’s got.

• He’s been accused of robbery.

• Are you afraid of the dark?

• I’m not ashamed of what I did.

• Were you aware of the risks at the time?

• What are you frightened of?

• You are in danger of being robbed.

• She’s jealous of my success.

• He was proud of himself for not giving up.

• I’m sick of the way you’ve treated me.

• It was unkind of you to take his toy away.

• I’d be absolutely delighted to come.

• I feel very proud to be a part of the team.

• It’s good to see you again.

• It’s nice to know you.

• She had grown accustomed to his long absences.

• I’ve never seen two people so attached to each other.

• He was disappointed to see she wasn’t at the party.

• John was very keen to help.

• She’s married to John.

• I’m not qualified to give advice on such matters.

• I was sad to hear that they’d split up.

• I was thankful to see they’d all arrived safely.

• She is eager for her parents’ approval.

• You’ll be late for your flight if you don’t hurry up.

• What makes you think that you are qualified for this job?

• It is difficult for me to hear you.

• She is so grateful for your help.

• The army are said to be ready for action.

• This program is not suitable for children.

• I’m sorry for arriving so late to dinner.

• She’s famous for her watercolor paintings.

• He’s angry at his friend for cheating on the test.

• I’m awful at names.

• Jack is really bad at keeping his promises.

• They are excellent at planning fun parties.

• She is good at solving problems.

• The teacher was surprised at the student’s question.

• Dustin is terrible at texting.

• He could be very careless about his future.

• He was quite certain about his attacker’s identity.

• I’m a bit concerned about your health.

• I’m not crazy about Chinese food.

• She felt very depressed about the future.

• The boss was furious about the past quarter’s losses.

• He’s very sensitive about his weight.

• Is she serious about wanting to sell the house?

• I’m very sorry about losing your book.

• Are you sure about that?

• He’s not worried about his upcoming examinations.

♥ Noun & Preposition Examples

- Examples of preposition words with nouns in English.

• There is a steep fall in profits this year.

• She has lost her belief in God.

• We apologize for the delay in answering your letter.

• We measured the difference in temperature.

• I had no difficulty in making myself understood.

• The novel is based on his experiences in the war.

• Do your parents take an interest in your friends?

• There is the rapid growth in violent crime.

• The club encourages participation in sporting activities.

• There was no change in the patient’s condition overnight.

• I’d like to do a course in computer programming.

• I need some lessons in how to set up a website.

• He had a lot of success in his career.

• He took a photograph of the mountains.

• He has the advantage of speaking English fluently.

• We went to see an exhibition of Viking jewellery.

• His fear of flying made travel difficult.

• He was the first to see the possibilities of the plan.

• She is the cause of all his problems.

• It is a perfect example of a medieval castle.

• I’m not happy with this way of working.

• Mark gave me a check for $100.

• There is no known cure for this type of snake bite.

• I have a fondness for expensive chocolate.

• There is a real need for discipline in this class.

• Is there enough room for us in the car?

• I have no particular reason for doubting him.

• At least give her credit for trying.

♥ Verb & Preposition Examples

- Examples of preposition words with verbs in English.

• He asked about her family.

• The boys argued about which bus to take.

• He always cares about me.

• Anna decided about her goals.

• Sarah dreams about becoming a ballet dancer.

• Don’t forget about the party you promised.

• You will laugh about this later on.

• What did you think about the idea?

• Don’t worry about me. I’ll be all right.

• We always agree on the best course of action.

• I don’t feel I can comment on their decision.

• I congratulate you on your new job!

• You can count on me anytime.

• We depend on our customers’ suggestions.

• Can you elaborate on the process?

• I insist on Peter’s studying every day for two hours.

• Advertisements often play on people’s fears.

• Can we rely on this old car to get us there?

• She is working on a new novel.

• He admitted to being late three times.

• I answer to Mrs. Smith.

• She had to apologize to the whole family.

• Let me appeal to you for your help in this matter.

• She asked to see Professor Fenton.

• Chris attended to the grocery shopping.

• She committed herself to finding a new job.

• I’m going to complain to the manager about this.

• The boy confessed to stealing the apple.

• Please contribute to the fund for the needy.

• Can you explain Andrew to me?

• Something awful happened to your car.

• Allow me to introduce myself to you.

• Have you been invited to their party?

• I prefer roast potatoes to French fries.

• He reacted poorly to the news.

• I travel to work by train.

• That accounts for his success.

• I really admire you for your courage.

• I want to apologize for my mistakes.

• He doesn’t care for playing golf.

• I can’t excuse myself for not doing it.

• He works for an engineering company.

• He always agrees with my opinion

• Susan associates chocolate with childhood.

• The officer charged Mr. Smith with blackmail.

• He complies with each and every order.

• I’m afraid I confused you with someone else.

• I can’t deal with so much overtime.

• Can I borrow a hammer from you?

• You can choose from a wide range of vehicles.

• The swimmer emerged from the lake.

• Don’t expect sympathy from me!

• The cover protects the machine from dust.

• He will suffer from studying too little.

• The entire group arrived in force.

• She seemed totally absorbed in her book.

• John believes in oat bran.

• Please don’t involve me in this mess.

• John succeeded in getting a new job.

• I specialize in tropical medicine.

♥ Prepositions of Time IN, ON, AT

💙 IN
• In + Years

• In + Seasons

• In + Decades

• In + Centuries

• In + Weeks

• In + Periods of time

• In + Holidays

💙 ON
• On + Days

• On + Dates

• On + Holidays with “day”

• On + Specific days

• On + Time

• On + Day + Part of day

💙 AT
• At + Hours

• At + Parts of the day

• At + Holidays without “day”

• At + Time

♥ Prepositions of Place IN, ON, AT

💙 IN
• In + Countries

• In + Cities

• In + Neighborhood

• In + Enclosed Space

💙 ON
• On + Means of transport

• On + Communications
• On + Surfaces

💙 AT
• At + Exact Addresses or Intersections

• At + Specific Locations/ Points

♥ Prepositions of Time and Place (IN, ON, AT)

For describing time and place, the prepositions in, on, and at go from
general to specific

♥ Common Errors with Prepositions

Learn common errors in the use of prepositions in English with
preposition examples.

Incorrect: Sophia invests her money on the stock market.

Correct: Sophia invests her money in the stock market.

Incorrect: He is a student of Oxford University.

Correct: He is a student at Oxford University.

Incorrect: I saw that news on the newspapers.

Correct: I saw that news in the newspapers.

Incorrect: Open page 45 of your books.

Correct: Open your books to page 45.

Incorrect: The cat is sleeping in the sofa.

Correct: The cat is sleeping on the sofa.

Incorrect: My birthday is on October.

Correct: My birthday is in October.

Incorrect: John has been absent from Friday?

Correct: John has been absent since Friday ?

Incorrect: Sophia’s married with a doctor.

Correct: Sophia’s married to a doctor.

Incorrect: Divide it between the children in class.

Correct: Divide it among the children in class.

Incorrect: It has been snowing from Monday.

Correct: It has been snowing since Monday.

Incorrect: The key of happiness is having dreams.

Correct: The key to happiness is having dreams.

Incorrect: What do you see when looking the mirror?

Correct: What do you see when looking in the mirror?

Incorrect: She met with old friends on her holiday.

Correct: She met old friends on her holiday.

Incorrect: He insisted to carry his own bag.

Correct: He insisted on carrying his own bag.

Incorrect: Lunch consisted from sandwiches and fruit.

Correct: Lunch consisted of sandwiches and fruit.

Incorrect: It depends from you.

Correct: It depends on you.

1. Nafeesa is afraid_____ spiders.

A). from

B). in

C). about

D). of

Correct: D

2. I am worried_____ the exam.

A). in

B). about

C). on

D). of

Correct: B

3. He looks upset, I think he took the criticism_____ heart.

A). to

B). about
C). in

D). of

Correct: A

4. I am envious_____ them.

A). of

B). about

C). in

D). on

Correct: A

5. He confided_____ me.

A). about

B). in

C). on

D). of

Correct: B

6. They decided_____ the grey sofa.

A). about
B). on

C). in

D). of

Correct: B

7. She suffers_____ a heart disease.

A). about

B). in

C). from

D). on

Correct: C

8. The teacher set some homework_____ the end of the lesson.

A). about

B). in

C). of

D). at

Correct: D

9. I am good_____ tennis.
A). about

B). in

C). at

D). of

Correct: C

10. We arrived_____ the station an hour late.

A). about

B). in

C). at

D). of

Correct: C

11. He is interested_____ history.

A). about

B). of

C). in

D). on

Correct: C
12. Please do not interfere_____ my personal affairs.

A). about

B). in

C). of

D). on

Correct: B

13. Green pepper is very rich_____ vitamin C.

A). of

B). about

C). on

D). in

Correct: D

14. He was embarrassed because everybody was laughing ___ him.

A). on

B). in

C). at

D). about

Correct: C
15. She cares_____ the environment.

A). on

B). in

C). of

D). about

Correct: D

16. It was kind_____ you to help.

A). of

B). in

C). about

D). on

Correct: A

17. Unfortunately, we had to cancel it owing_____ the bad weather.

A). in

B). to

C). of

D). about
Correct: B

18. What did you make_____ the lecture?

A). in

B). on

C). about

D). of

Correct: D

19. He was accused_____ theft.

A). on

B). about

C). in

D). of

Correct: D

20. As_____ me, I will be happy to lend a hand.

A). in

B). for

C). about
D). of

Correct: B

21. It differs_____ their last suggestion.

A). about

B). in

C). of

D). from

Correct: D

22. I am ___ favour the idea. I think it will work well.

A). on

B). in

C). of

D). about

Correct: B

23. What is the cause_____ the problem?

A). of
B). on

C). about

D). in

Correct: A

24. I would like to thank you_____ behalf of all of us.

A). on

B). in

C). about

D). of

Correct: A

25. He is jealous_____ her success.

A). about

B). of

C). in

D). on

Correct: B

26. Everything is_____ control there is no need to worry.

A). about

B). under

C). in

D). of

Correct: B

27. He is married_____ Maria.

A). about

B). to

C). of

D). in

Correct: B

28. He does not care_____ losing his job.

A). about

B). in

C). of

D). on

Correct: A
29. I never listen_____ the radio.

A). to

B). of

C). about

D). in

Correct: A

30. Do not take any notice_____ him.

A). about

B). on

C). of

D). in

Correct: C

❤ Articles in Grammar: Useful Rules, List & Examples

We are going to do this by taking a look at some examples of articles
in use within a sentence, this way we will be able to gain a greater
understanding of its function.

❤ What Is An Article?
- In English grammar, there are two different types of article, the
definite article and the indefinite article. In the most simple terms an
article is a way of letting the listener or speaker know that a noun is
either unspecific or specific. The words which are used as articles
are the, an and a.

- Let’s take a look at some examples to clarify the meaning

of an article.
During the long journey, the family played car games.
- You can see that when we use the article ‘the’ that we are showing
that we are talking about a specific day and also a specific family.
However, if we change the article, we can show that we are not
talking about a specific journey or family. Take a look at the example
now:

During a long journey, a family can play car games.

Simply by changing the article, we have made the sentence a more
general statement and not about a specific thing or person.

💙 Quick note:
- Articles are small but important words in the English language.

- Articles are considered adjectives because they modify or help

describe nouns.

- Articles always come before or precede the nouns they describe.

- There are only three articles in English: a, an and the.

- There are two types of articles indefinite ‘a’ and ‘an‘ or definite
‘the’. You also need to know when not to use an article.

- In many languages, articles are a special part of speech which

cannot be easily combined with other parts of speech.

❤ Different Types Of Article

As we mentioned, in English there are two different types of article,
the definite article and the indefinite article. They are each used for
their own purpose and we are now going to take a look at these in a
little more depth.

💙 Definite Article
- The best way to remember what a definite article is, is to
remember that the word ‘the’ is the definite article. As we have
briefly seen in our earlier examples, the word the can be used to
demonstrate that the speaker is referring to something specific and
not talking in a general sense.

- When using a definite article, it can be combined with either a plural,

a singular or an uncountable noun. We are now going to take a look at
some examples of the definite article being used within a sentence.

• Please show me the photo.

• Can I see the blue dress, I do not like the red one.

• Are we going to watch the football game?

• I need the long wire, it is the only wire which will reach the plug
socket.

💙 Indefinite Article
- When we are talking about the indefinite article, we are referring to
the words ‘a’ and ‘an’ and depending on which word they are
referring to, will depend on which one you use.

• If the noun begins with a vowel, you should use ‘an.’

• If the nouns begins with a consonant, you should use ‘a.’

- We use the indefinite article as a way of demonstrating that we are

not referring to a specific item or person but rather talking a more
general sense. Let’s take a look at some examples of the indefinite
article being used within a sentence.

• I need to read a book, do you have a good one?

• I am going to watch a movie, I am not sure which one.

• There is an animal in the garden.

• Sally has an invention she is working on.

❤ How to Use Articles in English Grammar? (A An The)

- There are a variety of rules when it comes to using either a definite
or an indefinite (did you notice the use of ‘a’ and ‘an’ in this
sentence?) Let’s now take a look at the rules surrounding this
grammatical element in order that we use it correctly.

• Rule #1
• Rule #2
• Rule #3
• Rule #4
• Rule #5

❤ Rule #1
- We mentioned that depending on whether the noun
begins with a consonant or a vowel will depend on
which form of the indefinite article you will use,
however like many times in the English language, there
are some exceptions to this rule. The best example of
this is with the word ‘honour’ which begins with a
consonant, however this letter is not pronounced so
you would not use the word ‘a’ in this instance, you
would say:
• It is an honour to meet the Queen.
- The same rule applies when a word begins with a
vowel which is pronounced as though it were a
consonant. An example of this would be:
• He is an United Nations representative.

❤ Rule #2
- If you are using a noun which has been modified by an
adjective, then the article should come before the
adjective and should correspond to the adjective
rather than the noun. For example, the noun ‘igloo’
would usually take the article ‘an’ however if you
wanted to describe it as being large, you would create
a sentence as follows:
• The Inuit people traditionally lived in a large igloo.
- Another example of this would be if you were going to
refer to the noun ‘book’ which would usually take the
article ‘a however if you wanted to describe the book
as being amazing, then you would create a sentence as
follows:
• Last week I read an amazing book.

❤ Rule #3
- When you are using an uncountable noun (this is a
noun which cannot be counted or is infinite or intangible.
Some examples of these might be sand, wine, soda, air,
information etc) you should never use the indefinite
article. The reason for this is that this form of article is
only used for singular nouns. You may, however use
words such as some when talking about these
uncountable nouns. Let’s take a look at some examples.
- If you were to say the following sentence, it would not
make any sense.
• Please give the dog a water.
- Because the noun is uncountable, the use of the
indefinite article does not sound correct, however if
you were to use the definite article, this would not
make sense either as you would be asking for a
specific thing, consider the following sentence:
• Please give the dog the water.
- Unless there is a specific bowl of water waiting to be
given to the dog, this sentence would not be correct. If
you wish to refer to an uncountable noun in this way,
the correct sentence would be as follows:
• Please give the dog some water.

❤Rule #4
- If you are using an article with a possessive pronoun,
the rules change once again. In actual fact, the use of
these two together does not make much sense. Look
at the following sentence:
• Have you got the my coat?
- This is not correct as you cannot use an article with a
possessive pronoun, therefore the article should be
omitted.

❤ Indefinite Articles | A and An

💙 Indefinite Article Definition
- The words A and An are called indefinite articles. We
can use them with singular nouns to talk about any
single person or thing.
- Deciding which indefinite article to place in front of a
word depends upon the initial sound of the word, not
the first letter of the word.
When to use ‘a’
‘A’ is used before words beginning with a consonant
sound.
• E.g. A usual, a student, a doctor, a hotel.
When to use “an”
- The article ‘an’ should be placed before words that
begin with a vowel sound.
- The initial sound should be a, e, i, o, or u.
• E.g. An hour, an elephant, an actor, an ice-cream.

❤ Definite Article | The

💙 Definite Article Definition
- The Definite Article ‘THE‘ generally specifies and
identifies. It answers the question: ‘Which one?’ Is
specifies a person, place, or thing already mentioned.
- The definite article ‘the’ means this, that. It answers
the question which one?. It can be used with both
singular and plural nouns. A noun is first introduced with
the indefinite article and the definite article is used to
refer to it again.

❤ When Not to Use an English Article

1. We usually use no article to talk about things in
general.
2. We do not use an article when talking about sports
and games.
3. Do not use article before the names of countries
unless the name suggests that the country is made up
of smaller units or constituent parts.
Use the – the UK (United Kingdom), the USA (United
States of America), the Irish Republic… (Kingdom, state,
republic and union are nouns, so they need an article.)
4. Do not use article before the name of language.
5. Do not use article before the names of railway
stations when they are also place names.
6. Do not use article before the names of meals if they
refer to the meals generally, as a part of the daily
routine.
7. Do not use article before noun + number.

❤ Practice Questions (Articles)

(1) Give me _ apple. Which article will be suitable to fill
this blank?

(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(2) Mr. Roy lives in _ village. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(3) _ Sun shines brightly. Which article will be suitable

to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(4) _ Ganga is _ holy river. Which articles will be

suitable to fill these blanks? –
(a) A, An
(b) An, The
(c) The, A
(d) None of the above
(5) _ moon moves around _ earth. Which articles will
be suitable to fill these blanks?
(a) The, the
(b) An, the
(c) The, a
(d) None of the above

(6) His aim in life is to be _ doctor. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(7) He is _ tallest boy in our class. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(8) _ eagle can fly high in _ sky. Which articles will be

suitable to fill these blanks?
(a) A, the
(b) An, the
(c) The, an
(d) None of the above

(9) I shall send you _ letter soon. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(10) She wants to be _ engineer. Which article will be
suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(11) She is preparing _ speech for tomorrow. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(12) You should use _ umbrella. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(13) Please, call _ police. Which article will be suitable

to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(14) Rahul’s father is _ carpenter. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(15) Mr. Chatterjee wants to be _ MLA. Which article
will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(16) He is _ good painter. Which article will be suitable

to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(17)I saw _ elephant near the river. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(18) _ sketch is awesome. Which article will be suitable

to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(19) Rohit is _ excellent dancer. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(20) _ movie is so thrilling.Which article will be suitable
to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(21) _ is the definite article. Which will be suitable to fill

this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(22) Next week I will visit _ zoo with my family. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(23) The hen lays _ egg per day. Which article will be
suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(24) My brother studies in _ university. Which article

will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(25) I meditate for _ hour daily. Which article will be
suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(26) Football is _ most popular sport in the world. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(27) We should read _ Bhagavad Gita. Which article will

be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(28) He is making _ clay pot. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(29) Draupadi Murmu is _ President of India. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(30) There is___ wooden table in my room. Which
article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(31) She is _ beautiful woman. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(32) Yesterday I saw _ owl outside the window. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(33) My father will buy___ guitar for me. Which article

will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(34) _ man was looking for his daughter. Which article

will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(35) The kid is eating _ orange. Which article will be
suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(36) Sanskrit is _ oldest language. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(37) I can see___ aeroplane standing on the runaway.

Which article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(38) _ school starts at 11 AM. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(39) I love _ blue colour most. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(40) He didn’t uttered _ single word. Which article will
be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(41) It is _ easy math problem. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(42) Can we go to _ park near my school? Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(43) He is _ editor of that newspaper. Which article will

be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(44) I have found _ image of my childhood days. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(45) _ World War II took place between 1939 and 1945.
Which article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(46) Cow is _ useful animal. Which article will be

suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(47) Please change _ torn hundred rupees note. Which

article will be suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(48) Will _ dog bite?Which article will be suitable to fill

this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

(49) I am _ English teacher.Which article will be suitable

to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above
(50) _ barking dog seldom bites. Which article will be
suitable to fill this blank?
(a) A
(b) An
(c) The
(d) None of the above

❤ Answers key (Articles)

1-b. 2-a. 3-c. 4-c. 5-a. 6-a. 7-c. 8-b. 9-a. 10-b. 11-a. 12-b. 13-c.
14-a. 15-b. 16-a. 17-b. 18-c. 19-b. 20-c. 21-c. 22-a. 23-b. 24-a.
25-b. 26-c. 27-c. 28-a. 29-c. 30-a. 31-a. 32-b. 33-a. 34-c. 35-b.
36-c. 37-b. 38-c. 39-c. 40-a. 41-b. 42-c. 43-c. 44-b. 45-c. 46-a.
47-c. 48-c. 49-b. 50-a.

♥ What Is Subject Verb Agreement?

In English, subject verb agreement is a grammatical rule,
which states that the subject and the verb must agree in a
sentence.
- By using the correct subject verb agreement, you will be
able to make much more understandable and grammatically
correct sentences which will make your English sound more
fluent.
- When speaking or writing in English it is vital that you follow
the rules of subject verb agreement. In simple terms, this is
making sure that the subject agrees with the verb for
example ‘You are’ and not ‘you am.

♥ RULE #1 Subject-Verb Agreement (Basic Rule)

The subject and verb must agree in number. A singular
subject takes a singular verb, whereas a plural subject takes
a plural verb.

Subject verb agreement examples:

• A good medicine tastes bitter.
• He goes to work by bus.
• They visit us every other week.

♥ RULE #2 Subject-Verb Agreement

The subject is separated from the verb by “with”, “as well
as”, “together with”, “along with”. These words and phrases
are not part of the subject. The verb agrees with the subject.
Example
• The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.

♥ RULE #3 Subject-Verb Agreement

Two subjects joined by “and” are plural.
• Mary and Joan are quite different.

Exceptions:
• Bacon and eggs is my favourite dish.
In this sentence, bacon and eggs is a compound noun.

♥ RULE #4 Subject-Verb Agreement

Two subjects joined by “or/not”, “either…or/neither…nor”,
“not only…but also” take the verb that agrees with the
subject closest to it.
Subject verb agreement examples:
• Neither my mother nor my father goes to university.
• Either my father or my brothers are coming.
• Not only you but also I am planning to go.

♥ RULE #5 Subject-Verb Agreement

With collective nouns, the verb might be singular or plural (UK),
depending on meaning.
Subject-verb agreement examples:
• The audience was clearly enchanted by her performance.
• The audience are strangely subdued, clapping politely after
each song.

♥ RULE #6 Subject-Verb Agreement

In sentences beginning with “here” or “there“, the true
subject follows the verb.
• There is a bush near the school playground.
• Here are the keys.

♥ RULE #7 Subject-Verb Agreement

The verb is singular if the subject is a singular indefinite
pronoun such as each, either, neither, one, no one, every one,
someone, anyone, nobody, somebody, anybody, everybody,
one, no.
• Nobody gets rich from writing nowadays.
• Either of the plans is equally dangerous.

- The verb is plural if the subject is a plural indefinite pronoun

such as several, few, both, many.
• Several villages have been isolated by the heavy snowfall.

- And, some indefinite pronouns (some, any, all, most) may be

either singular or plural, depending upon their use in a
sentence: with uncountable, use singular; with countable, use
plural.
• Some of the books are out of place. Please put them in the
right order. (Books are countable.)
• Some of the music was weird. (Music is uncountable.)

♥ RULE #8 Subject Verb Agreement

Use a singular verb for expressions of measurement, time.
money and weight when the amount is considered one unit.
• Fifty dollars seems a reasonable price.
• Three miles is too far to walk.
BUT:
• Five dollars were scattered on the ground.

♥ RULE #9 Subject Verb Agreement

Plural form subjects with a singular meaning take a singular
verb (such as mumps, home economics, social studies
economics, measles, calisthenics, statistics, civics,
physics,gymnastics, phonics, news, acrobatics, aesthetics,
thesis, mathematics, …).

• Gymnastics is his favourite sport.

• Mathematics is the science of pure quantity.

♥ RULE #10 Subject Verb Agreement

Titles of single entities (books, organizations, countries, etc.)
are always singular.
• Harry Potter is an interesting novel.
❤ Subject Verb agreement Practice Questions
Q1. The teacher __________ completed this chapter.
A. have
B. has
C. is
D. are

Q2. Ram and Shyam ________ business partners.

A. have
B. has
C. are
D. had

Q3. She _________ her office by 9 a.m. daily.

A. reach
B. reaches
C. reached
D. reaching
Q4. Rahul and his friends _________ also invited to the
party.
A. is
B. was
C. had
D. were

Q5. Neither you nor your sister should _________ to them.

A. talk
B. talks
C. talked
D. talking

Q6. Twenty years _______ the minimum age to fill this form.
A. are
B. is
C. has
D. have
Q7. A bouquet of flowers _________ required for the
event.
A. are
B. have
C. has
D. is

Q8. A pair of socks _________ been missing from my

wardrobe.
A. have
B. has
C. were
D. is

Q9. Much __________ been said in the news reports.

A. were
B. have
C. has
D. was

Q10. The information provided to you _________ wrong.

A. were
B. was
C. are
D. have been

Q11. The company __________ of its stakeholders.

A. think
B. thought
C. thinks
D. thinking

Q12. Either of the two dresses shall __________ good.

A. looking
B. look
C. looks
D. looked

Q13. Each and every member ________ to vote.

A. has
B. have
C. having
D. are

Q14. A large number of soldiers _________ died for the

country.
A. has
B. is
C. are
D. have

Q15. Half of the class _________ empty.

A. were
B. was
C. has
D. have

Q16. Physics __________ difficult to understand.

A. were
B. are
C. is
D. have been

Q17. The quality of food here _________ gone down.

A. have
B. has
C. is
D. are

Q18. My mother, along with others, _________ worried.

A. were
B. are
C. have
D. was

Q19. She _________ not take a lot of stress.

A. need
B. needs
C. needing
D. has need

Q20. None of the candidates _________ responded.

A. were
B. have
C. has
D. is

Q21. He __________ cooking in his leisure time.

A. enjoy
B. enjoying
C. enjoys
D. enjoyed

Q22. The book ‘Management Principles’ ___________ quite

insightful.
A. are
B. is
C. have
D. has

Q23. Two dollars ________ a small amount.

A. are
B. has
C. have
D. is

Q24. A lot of startups __________ started in the past few

years.
A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has

Q25. Politics _________ been one of the debatable topics.

A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has

Q26. Neither Rishi nor Rhea _________ helpful.

A. were
B. was
C. are
D. have been
Q27. A series of seminars _________ conducted.
A. was
B. were
C. are
D. have

Q28. All means of communication __________ shut down.

A. was
B. has
C. have
D. is

Q29. My glasses __________ nowhere to be found.

A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has
Q30. That woman ____________vegetables.
A. sell
B. selling
C. sells
D. have sold

Q31. It __________ these papers that I have been looking

for.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. had

Q32. The United States of America _________ going to

conduct elections soon.
A. are
B. is
C. have
D. has
Q33. South Africa __________ all out before we knew it!
A. was
B. has
C. have
D. were

Q34. There _________ plenty of space for guests at the

venue.
A. was
B. were
C. are
D. have been

Q35. Either you or I should _________ the lead.

A. takes
B. take
C. taking
D. took
Q36. The jury _________ been unable to decide yet.
A. were
B. are
C. is
D. has

Q37. A lot of students _________ to clear this exam.

A. failing
B. fails
C. fail
D. has failed

Q38. My applications __________ not been approved.

A. were
B. have
C. are
D. has
Q39. The crowd __________ dispersed by the police.
A. was
B. were
C. are
D. have

Q40. The ruler and the minister __________ killed.

A. was
B. have been
C. has been
D. is

Q41. The government will _________ the order soon.

A. passed
B. passes
C. pass
C. has passed
Q42. The poor _________ suffered a lot due to the
pandemic.
A. have
B. are
C. is
D. has

Q43. The teacher and the students ________ arrived.

A. has
B. have
C. will
D. are

Q44. The event ________ earlier than it is schedule.

A. begin
B. begins
D. began
D. begun
Q45. Many people ________ registered for the course.
A. have
B. has
C. having
D. is

Q46. Two-thirds of the pantry ________ full.

A. are
B. were
C. have
D. is

Q47. The timing ________ inappropriate.

A. were
B. was
C. has
D. have been
Q48. The package ________ to be carried carefully.
A. is
B. are
C. have
D. were

Q49. Joshua, with his members, ________ really well.

A. sing
B. singing
C. have sung
D. sings

Q50. We should definitely ________ that lake.

A. visit
B. visits
C. visiting
D. visited
Answer Key (Subject Verb Agreement)
1 B
2 C
3 B
4 D
5 A
6 B
7 D
8 B
9 C
10 B
11 C
12 B
13 A
14 D
15 B
16 C
17 B
18 D
19 A
20 B
21 C
22 B
23 D
24 C
25 D
26 B
27 B
28 C
29 B
30 C
31 B
32 B
33 D
34 A
35 B
36 D
37 C
38 B
39 A
40 B
41 C
42 A
43 B
44 B
45 A
46 D
47 B
48 A
49 D
50 A
❤ Verb Tenses: How to Use the 12 English Tenses
Correctly??
- We are going to be looking at the various verb tenses in
English and how the grammar surrounding each of them
functions, allowing you to be more diverse in your speaking. If
you want to reference time in speech and writing (especially
in English) you will have to use different verb forms. The use
of different verb forms to express different actions at
different points in time is broadly considered to be the use of
grammatical tenses or verb tenses. But what exactly are
verb tenses and how do you use them?

❤ What Are Verb Tenses?

- In language, verb tenses are a grammatical category that
expresses references to time. In English, verb tenses are
used to express actions in the past, present, and future.
- These categories (past, present, future) can be further
divided into four smaller categories each, notably the simple,
continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous tenses.
- These four categories (simple, continuous, perfect, and
perfect continuous tenses) apply to different referenced
times and states of action. The details of these 12
categories will be explained in the following Lecture, but the
main idea is that these tenses express ongoing, finished,
progressive, or future actions.

❤ Why Learn English Grammatical Tenses?

- A verb is a relevant part of a predicate that lets you know
what the subject is doing. These action words create the
movement. There are short-sentence responses that contain
no verb at all. But in formal writing, verbs are essential parts
to construct a sentence with a full meaning.
- In any language, verbs will be different depending on the
tense in which they are being used and the English language
is no exception to this rule. It is important to know the
different verb tenses as this will allow you to speak about a
larger variety of situations especially if you want to talk about
something that has already happened or will happen in the
future.

- Verb Tenses are all used to express action that has taken
place in the past, present, and future. Identifying the correct
tense of the verb is just as important in achieving effective
communication. Verb tenses determine when the action
happens, whether it is in the past, present, or future. These
three are the main tenses, and each is further divided into
four aspects: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect
progressive
- This Lecture will examine verb tenses and will feature
common mistakes, regional uses, examples, and Practice
Questions on verb tenses and their forms.

❤ Verb Tense Examples

Here are some examples of verb tenses using the verb “to
travel“.
💙- Simple Present
I travel to the city.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ ﺷﮩﺮ ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮﺗﺎ ﮨﻮں۔‬

- Simple Past
I traveled to Boston yesterday.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ ﻧﮯ ﮐﻞ ﺑﻮﺳﭩﻦ ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﯿﺎ۔‬

- Simple Future
I will travel to Las Vegas next year.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ اﮔﻠﮯ ﺳﺎل ﻻس وﯾﮕﺎس ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮوں ﮔﺎ۔‬

💙- Present Continuous
I am traveling to New York right now.
‫ﻣﯿﮟ اﺑﮭﯽ ﻧﯿﻮﯾﺎرک ﺟﺎ رﮨﺎ ﮨﻮں۔‬
- Past Continuous
I was traveling to San Diego last Monday.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ ﮔﺰﺷﺘﮧ ﭘﯿﺮ ﮐﻮ ﺳﺎن ڈﯾﺎﮔﻮ ﺟﺎ رﮨﺎ ﺗﮭﺎ۔‬

- Future Continuous
I will be traveling to Beijing next month.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ اﮔﻠﮯ ﻣﺎہ ﺑﯿﺠﻨﮓ ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮوں ﮔﺎ۔‬

💙- Present Perfect
I have traveled to many cities.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ ﻧﮯ ﮐﺌﯽ ﺷﮩﺮوں ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﯿﺎ ﮨﮯ۔‬

- Past Perfect
I had traveled to many countries by the time I went to college.

‫ﺟﺐ ﻣﯿﮟ ﮐﺎﻟﺞ ﮔﯿﺎ ﺗﻮ ﻣﯿﮟ ﺑﮩﺖ ﺳﮯ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﮏ ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮ ﭼﮑﺎ ﺗﮭﺎ۔‬
- Future Perfect
I will have traveled five thousand miles by the end of next
year.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ اﮔﻠﮯ ﺳﺎل ﮐﮯ آﺧﺮ ﺗﮏ ﭘﺎﻧﭻ ﮨﺰار ﻣﯿﻞ ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮ ﭼﮑﺎ ﮨﻮں ﮔﺎ۔‬
💙- Present Perfect Continuous
I have been traveling ever since I joined the company.

‫ﺟﺐ ﺳﮯ ﻣﯿﮟ ﻧﮯ ﮐﻤﭙﻨﯽ ﻣﯿﮟ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﯿﺖ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﮐﯽ ﮨﮯ ﺗﺐ ﺳﮯ ﻣﯿﮟ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮ‬

‫رﮨﺎ ﮨﻮں۔‬
- Past Perfect Continuous
I had been traveling for years before I found a place to live.

‫ﻣﺠﮭﮯ رﮨﻨﮯ ﮐﯽ ﺟﮕﮧ ﻣﻠﻨﮯ ﺳﮯ ﭘﮩﻠﮯ ﻣﯿﮟ ﺑﺮﺳﻮں ﺳﮯ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮ رﮨﺎ ﺗﮭﺎ۔‬
- Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been traveling for five days by the time I reach
Cairo.

‫ﻣﯿﮟ ﻗﺎﮨﺮہ ﭘﮩﻨﭽﻨﮯ ﺗﮏ ﭘﺎﻧﭻ دن ﮐﺎ ﺳﻔﺮ ﮐﺮ ﭼﮑﺎ ﮨﻮ ﮔﺎ۔‬

❤ The 12 English Tenses

- A verb only has two primary forms: the past tense and the
present tense. The other tenses are constructed by adding
words called auxiliary verbs, such as is, are, has, had, have,
will, and many others. They are also known as helping verbs.
This section shall discuss each of the verb tenses, including
how they are used correctly.

♥ Simple Tense
- This category of verb tense is probably the first and easiest
to learn. Simple tense, as its name suggests, is the most
basic among all other verb tenses. Simple tenses are usually,
but not necessarily, accompanied by time adverbs that
indicate when the action happens, happened, or will happen.

💙 Simple Present
- The simple present tense is often used to show repetitive
or habitual actions and general truths. It is also used to tell an
activity that is happening now and in introducing quotations.
Like the simple past, it also doesn’t need auxiliary verbs to
function. It may or may not be associated with adverbs of
time to emphasize that the situation is currently or
repetitively happening.
Examples:
• I run towards school every day.
• I play the piano.
• He loves her now.
💙 Simple Future
- The simple future indicates an action that is bound to
happen. It usually employs the words will and shall to
emphasize that it is still going to happen in the future.
Examples:
• I will run towards our school tomorrow.
• I shall play the piano for the upcoming recital.
• He will love her someday.

♥ Progressive Tense
- This form is also referred to as the continuous tense. It
describes continuing or ongoing actions. The progressive
tense is easy to identify since it uses the present participle
form of the verbs, which are those ending in “-ing” and are
employed as main action words.
💙 Past Progressive
- This tells an action that lasted a specific time duration in the
past. It can be used to express progressing events that were
interrupted or ones that were happening at the same time. It’s
as if you recalled something you were doing. It usually
employs helping verbs in past forms, such as was and were,
before the present participle form of the main verb.
Examples:
• I was watching a movie when the power went out.
• You were talking while sleeping.
💙 Present Progressive
- The present progressive conveys events that are
happening now or in progress. Here, the helping verbs that
are added include the words is, am, and are.
Examples:
• I am watching a movie right now.
• He is still sleeping.
💙 Future Progressive
- The future progressive indicates events that will be
happening sometime in the future. It uses will be and shall be
before the main verb.
Examples:
• I shall be watching a movie later.
• He will be sleeping late tonight.

♥ Perfect Tense
- This form is the most confusing among all verb tenses. So
you won’t be perplexed, note that perfect tenses always
express completed actions. To readily determine that the
verb is in this tense, look at how it is constructed. Perfect
tenses often employ auxiliary verbs, such as has, have, and
had, which are then added by a verb in its past participle form.
💙 Past Perfect
- Past perfect tense describes an event that has already
been completed before another event in the past. To form
this verb tense, use the word had and then add it with the
past participle form of a verb.
Examples:
• They had traveled to many countries before they got
married.
• The man had saved the dog by the time the rescuers came.
💙 Present Perfect
- There are three points to remember when dealing with the
present perfect tense: first, the action has already been
completed, like the other perfect tenses; second, it may refer
to an activity that was done in an indefinite time in the past;
and lastly, it could also refer to an event that started in the
past and is being continued in the present. The present
perfect tense is constructed by using has/have + the past
participle of the main verb.
Examples:
• I have seen this place before.
• She has played the piano since she was eight.
💙 Future Perfect
- This verb tense is not commonly used, so it may not sound
correct at first. Here, you have to say an event that is going
to get completed before another event. It’s like predicting
that something will be finished before another thing happens.
Therefore, you must accompany it with a deadline. If not, then
you should instead use the simple future tense. The future
perfect tense goes in this formula: will have + the main verb
in past participle form.
Examples:
• The performance will have ended by the time you finish
your food.
• I will have completed this project three days from now.

♥ Perfect Progressive Tense

- In general, perfect progressive verb tenses express the
duration or how long an action is being done. Therefore it
usually includes the adverbs for and since.
💙 Past Perfect Progressive
- In this verb tense, the action started in the past and
continued up until another time in the past. It follows the
formula: had been + present participle form of the verb.
Examples:
- The guy had been feeling sick for three years before he got
treated.
- The retired officer had been serving the community for
thirty years.
💙 Present Perfect Progressive
- In a present perfect progressive tense, the event started in
the past but still continues at the present time. It follows the
same formula as the past perfect progressive, only that you
use has or have instead of had.
Examples:
• The guy has been feeling sick lately.
• Recently, the officer has been serving the community well.
💙 Future Perfect Progressive
- In the future perfect progressive tense, actions continue
and get completed at a point in the future. The activity may
have started in the past, present, or in the future. But it is
also expected to continue in the future. It goes in the form:
will have been + present participle of the verb.
Examples:
• The guy will have been feeling sick for three years by the
time he undergoes the operation.
• In December, the officer will have been serving the
community for thirty years.

❤ Present Simple
- Express habits or general truth
Example:
• I’m nineteen years old.

- Describe a future event on a designated date as part of a

plan or arrangement
Examples:
• The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.

❤ Present Continuous
- Describe action going on at the time of speaking
Example:
• They are swimming in the pool.

- Express temporary action which may not be happening at

the time of speaking
Example:
• John’s driving his father’s car while his own car is in the
workshop.

- Express past action which is not defined by a time of

occurrence
Example:
• Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.

- Express an action which started in the past and has

continued up until now
Example:
• She has worked in the bank for five years.

❤ Present Perfect
- Express past action which is not defined by a time of
occurrence
Example:
• Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.

- Express an action which started in the past and has

continued up until now
Example:
• She has worked in the bank for five years.

❤ Present Perfect Continuous

- Express an action which started at some point in the past
and may not be complete
Example:
• He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
❤ Past Simple
- Describe a past habit – or an action already completed
Example:
• I went to Egypt in 1988.

- Can be used with or without adverbs of time

Example:
• He drank his whiskey almost bottoms up.

❤ Past Continuous
- Express uncompleted action of the past (with or without
time reference)
Example:
• Everyone was shouting.

- Describe persistent habits of the past (with always,

continuously, forever, etc.)
Example:
• They were always quarrelling.

❤ Past Perfect
- Describe a completed action of the past that happened
before another event took place
Example:
• After he had finished work, he went straight home.

❤ Past Perfect Continuous

- Describe an action in the past that began before a certain
point in the past and continued up until that time
Example:
• She had been working at that company for three years
when it went out of business.

❤ Future Simple
- The Simple Future tense indicates that an action is in the
future relative to the speaker or writer.

- Express an action, condition, or circumstance which hasn’t

taken place yet
Example:
• I will eat Japanese Food tomorrow.

❤ Future Continuous
- Express what will be going on at some time in the future
Example:
• You‘ll be missing the sunshine once you’re back in England.

❤ Future Perfect
- Express an action that will be complete before another
event takes place
Example:
• By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
❤ Future Perfect Continuous
- Describe an action that will have happened for some time
and will not be complete yet at a certain point in the future
Example:
• I will have been watching TV for 3 hours when you arrive.

❤ Passive Voice: How to Use the Active vs Passive Voice

Properly??
Passive voice vs active voice is one of the most complained
about things in the English language. People are often told
that they are being too ‘passive’, or that their work shouldn’t
be in the ‘active voice‘, but nobody really knows what they did
differently between the two pieces. I’ll explain what it is, the
main differences between active and passive voice, and
when exactly you should and shouldn’t use the passive voice.

❤ What Is Passive Voice?

The passive voice, put simply, is when something that is done
by the subject of the sentence is done by the object instead.
Let’s break that down a little more though.
- A subject of a sentence is typically the noun that does the
verb. In the passive voice though, the object does the verb
instead. The object in a sentence is usually the thing that
receives the action. But in the passive voice, it is doing the
‘doing’ not having something done to it. Confused? Perhaps
looking at the differences between active and passive voices
will help. We’ll also use examples to make it a little clearer.
- When writing in the passive voice, the subject no longer
does an action but rather becomes acted upon. For example,
the sentence ‘John threw the ball’ would become ‘The ball
was thrown by John.’ In many cases, English professionals
frown upon the use of the passive voice but it certainly does
have its uses.

Examples of the passive voice

• The snake might have killed him. (Active) –> He might have
been killed by the snake. (Passive)
• My father had Tom wash his car. (Active) –> My father had
his car washed by Tom. (Passive)

❤ When to Use the Passive Voice

The passive is used:
(1) When the agent (= the person who does the action) is
unknown, unimportant, or obvious from the context.
Examples:
• Jane was shot. (We don’t know who shot her.)
• This house was built in 1815. (unimportant agent).

(2) To make more polite or formal statements.

Examples:
• The trees haven’t been watered. (more polite)
• You haven’t watered the trees. (less polite)

(3) When the action is more important than the agent, as in

processes, instructions, events, reports, headlines, news
items, and advertisements.
Example:
• 60 people were killed in shootings across Chicago between
Friday and Monday morning.
(4) To put emphasis on the agent.
Example:
• The new bar will be opened by Sean.

Passive Voice Misuse

- The most common misuse of passive voice is in sentences
where the subject ought to be doing the verb, because the
sentence loses its impact if it is written in the passive voice.
If you are trying to recount a story in a novel about a
character’s downfall “He defeated me” in the active voice,
sounds much better than “I was defeated by him”, because
the passive voice just lessens the impact of an emotional
sentence. Because there is often confusion involved around
the passive voice, you should also never use it when clarity is
important in a piece.
- Hopefully, the above guide will support you through making
changes from passive to active voice where necessary, and
present you with some ideas about when it should and
shouldn’t be used in speech and writing.
❤ Passive Voice vs. Active Voice | Rules & Examples
- Passive vs active voice for different tenses in English,
please note that:
V1: Base Form of Verb
V2: Past Simple
V3: Past Participle

❤ Present Tense
💙 Active vs Passive Voice for Present Simple Tense
Active voice: S + V1
Passive voice: S + am/ is/ are + V3
Example:
• I make a cake. (Active)
• A cake is made by me. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for Present Continuous Tense

Active voice: S + am/is/are + V-ing
The passive: S + am/ is/ are + being + V3
Example:
• They are planting some trees. (Active)
• Some trees are being planted. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for Present Perfect Tense

Active voice: S + have/ has + V3
Passive voice: S + have/ has + been + V3
Example:
• Someone has eaten my muffin. (Active)
• My muffin has been eaten. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Present Perfect

Continuous
Active voice: S + have/ has + been + V-ing
The Passive: S + have/ has + been + being + V3
Example:
• Lisa has not been practicing English. (Active)
• English has not been being practiced by Lisa. (Passive)
❤ Past Tense
💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Past Simple
Active voice: S + V2
Passive voice: S + was/ were + V3
Example:
• I visited my uncle last week. (Active)
• My uncle was visited by me last week. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Past Continuous

Active voice: S + was/ were + V-ing
Passive voice: S + was/ were + being + V3
Example:
• Sam was delivering the letters to the department. (Active)
• The letters were being delivered to the department by Sam.
(Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for the Past Perfect

Active voice: S + had + V3
The Passive: S + had been + V3
Example:
• He had read the book before Nick came. (Active)
• The book had been read before Nick came. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for the Past Perfect Continuous

Active voice: S + had + been + V-ing
Passive voice: S + had + been + being + V3
Example:
• I had been typing the essay for 3 hours before you came
yesterday. (Active)
• The essay had been being typed for 3 hours before you
came yesterday. (Passive)

❤ Future Tense
💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Future with WILL
Active voice: S + will/ shall + V1
Passive voice: S + will be + V3
Example:
• My parents will take us to the park. (Active)
• We will be taken to the park by our parents. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Future with BE GOING

TO
Active voice: S + am/ is/ are + going to + V1
Passive voice: S + am/ is/ are going to be + V3
Example:
• I am going to read the book. (Active)
• The book is going to be read by me. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for the Future Continuous with

WILL
Active Voice: S + will/ shall + be + V-ing
The Passive: S + will/ shall + be + being + V3
Example:
• She will be taking care of her children at this time tomorrow.
(Active)
• Her children will be being taken care of at this time
tomorrow. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Future Continuous with

BE GOING TO
Active voice: S + am/ is/ are + going to + be + V-ing.
Passive voice: S + am/ is/ are + going to + be + being + V3.
Example:
• Linda is going to be preparing dinner. (Active)
• Dinner is going to be being prepared by Linda. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for the Future Perfect with WILL

Active voice: S + will + have + V3
Passive voice: S + will have been + V3
Example:
• I will have finished my report by the end of this month.
(Active)
• My report will have been finished by the end of this month..
(Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for the Future Perfect with BE

GOING TO
Active voice: S + am/ is/ are + going to + have + V3
The Passive: S + am/ is/ are + going to + have + been + V3
Example:
• I am going to have finished my report by the end of this
month. (Active)
• My report is going to have been finished by the end of this
month. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Future Perfect

Continuous with WILL
Active voice: S + will + have + been + V-ing
The Passive: S + will + have + been + being + V3
Example:
• I will have been teaching English for 5 years by next week.
(Active)
• English will have been being taught by me for 5 years by
next week. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for the Future Perfect

Continuous with BE GOING TO
Active voice: S + am/ is/ are + going to + have + been + V-
ing.
The Passive: S + am/ is/ are + going to + have + been +
being + V3.
Example:
• He is going to have been watching TV. (Active)
• TV is going to have been being watched by him. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for the Causative Form

Active voice:
• S + have/ has somebody + V1 + something
• S + get(s) somebody + to + V1 + something
Passive voice:
• S+ have/ has/ get(s) something + V3 + (by + someone).
Example:
• My father had Tom wash his car. (Active)
• My father had his car washed by Tom. (Passive)

💙 Active and Passive Voice for Modal Verbs (Present)

Active voice: S + modal verb + V1
The Passive: S + modal verb+ be + V3
Example:
• You can solve the problem. (Active)
• The problem can be solved. (Passive)

💙 Active vs Passive Voice for Modal Verbs (Present

Perfect)
Active voice: S + modal verb + have + V3
The Passive: S + modal verb + have + been + V3
Example:
• The snake might have killed him. (Active)
• He might have been killed by the snake. (Passive)
❤ Practice Questions (Active and Passive Voice)
1) Did the children break the window of the classroom?
2) The boy with the blue shirt stole the book you had given
me.
3) My grandfather had painted the portrait of my
grandmother.
4) I will never forget my trip to Ziarat.
5) Was she beating you?
6) My mother is baking a cake in the kitchen.
7) They will rebuild the entire block.
8) He had written a thesis paper.
9) Did Sara draw this circle?
10) John gives a bar of chocolate to Ali.
11) The boss showed the new computer to Naina.
12) Has she completed her duty?
13) Get out of the classroom.
14) Let him do his type your assignment.
15) Clean your room before the guests arrive.
16) Do not smoke in the building.
17) Shut the classroom door.
18) Please help her with her assignment.
19) She has edited the document you had sent.
20) She learns all the lessons very quickly.
21) The young police officer knocked out the thief.
22) The police arrested the suspect.
23) My mother cleans the kitchen.
24) The chairperson of our department asked the students
to watch the orientation video.
25) The police found the evidence with the help of the
witness.

❤ Answers key (Active and Passive voice)

1) Was the window of the classroom broken by children?
2) The book you had given me was stolen by the boy with
the blue shirt.
3) The portrait of my grandmother had been painted by my
grandfather.
4) My trip to Ziarat will never be forgotten by me.
5) My trip to Ziarat will never be forgotten by me.
6) A cake is being baked by my mother.
7) Will the entire block be rebuilt by them?
8) A thesis paper had been written by him.
9) Was this circle drawn by Sara?
10) Ali is given a chocolate bar by John.
11) The new computer was shown to Naina by the boss.
12) Has her duty been completed by her?
13) You are ordered to get out of the classroom.
14) Let your assignment be typed by him.
15) Let your room be cleaned before the guests arrive.
16) You are requested not to smoke in the building.
17) Let the classroom door be shut.
18) You are requested to help her with her assignment.
19) The document you had sent has been edited by her.
20) All the lessons are learned very quickly by her.
21) The thief was knocked out by the young police.
22) The suspect was arrested by the police.
23) The kitchen is cleaned by my mother.
24) The students were asked to watch the orientation video
by the chairperson of our department.
25) The evidence was found by the police with the help of
the witness.

❤ Practice Questions (Active and Passive Voice Part 02)

26) The old man donated his entire wealth to the orphans.
27) My uncle writes screenplays.
28) The man had to carry the sofa upstairs all by himself.
29) Mr. Green translated the ancient book.
30) The teacher will quiz us on the given topic next Monday.
31) You will have to do this exercise.
32) Unknown people built the mansion in the late 18s.
33) The truck has hit the blue car.
34) He is trying to solve the problem.
35) Shakespeare has influenced many writers.
36) Your carelessness caused the fire in the building.
37) The architect designed the building.
38) We have to finish the report before the deadline.
39) I will have invited you to the party if you were in town.
40) I will tell you a secret.
41) The dog had bitten the man.
42) I was cleaning the dishes when you came into the kitchen.
43) The young graduate almost made a remarkable
discovery.
44) She won the first prize in the competition.
45) We will pay them by the end of this week.
46) They are making a new movie.
47) I will introduce you to her today.
48) The students in the assembly are singing the national
anthem.
49) I make the bed every morning.
50) Will you write the essay?
❤ Answer Key (Active and Passive Voice Part 02)
26) His entire wealth was donated to the orphans by the old
man.
27) Screenplays are written by my uncle.
28) The sofa had to be carried upstairs by the man all by
himself.
29) The ancient book was translated by Mr. Green.
30) We will be quizzed on the given topic by the teacher
next Monday.
31) This exercise will have to be done by you.
32) The mansion was built in the late 18s by known people.
33) The blue car has been hit by the truck.
34) The problem is trying to be solved by him.
35) Many writers have been influenced by Shakespeare.
36) The fire was caused by your carelessness in the building.
37) The building was designed by the architect.
38) The report has to be finished before the deadline.
39) You would have been invited to the party if you were in
town.
40) You would be told a secret.
41) The man had been bitten by the dog.
42) The dishes were being cleaned when you came into the
kitchen.
43) A remarkable discovery was almost made by the young
graduate.
44) The first prize was won by her in the competition.
45) They will be paid by the end of this week.
46) A new movie is being made by them.
47) You will be introduced to her today.
48) The national anthem is being sung by the students in the
assembly.
49) The bed is made every morning by me.
50) Will the essay be written by you?

❤ Direct and Indirect Speech (Grammar Rules and Great

Examples)
- Every day, people relay messages from one person to
another. Whether it is to prove a point, describe an event, or
disclose an opinion, we use the freedom of speech to share
information. There are generally two ways of reporting a
spoken idea: direct and indirect speech. This lecture shall
explain and compare these two types of speech. Some
examples are also provided to give you a more in-depth
understanding.

❤ Direct Speech
- In a direct speech, the actual words of the speaker are
quoted explicitly. It is often used to relay something being said
in the present tense. It can also be used to recall the exact
words of the speaker when retelling a previous conversation.
You can recognize a direct speech instantly because it has a
text enclosed in a set of quotation marks. That text or idea is
known as the reported speech.
Examples:
• He says, “I want to adopt a dog.”
• Julia asks, “What do you want to have for dinner?”
• Penny answers, “I would like to have some soup.”
• “I have a new job,” Kyle says to us.
• “I will be working as a virtual assistant,” he added.
As you can see, direct speech can be presented in different
tenses: past, present, or future. It depends on when the
actual words were spoken and when the reporter is retelling
them. Also, reporting verbs (say, ask, answer, etc.) are not
necessarily placed before the quoted text. You can also
place them after it.
- This type of speech is often used in writing novels or telling
a story. This is because it gives the text a more actual and
realistic effect.

❤ Indirect Speech
Indirect speech is usually used to relay what was being said
by the speaker without directly quoting the original words. In
this case, the tense of the sentence is typically changed.
Reporting verbs, such as say, tell, ask, and others, are used
as an introduction. The words of the original speaker will not
be enclosed inside the quotation marks. Instead, the word
“that” is used to connect the reporting verb to the reported
text.
Examples:
• He says that he wants to adopt a dog.
• Julia asks Penny what she wants for dinner.
• Penny answers that she would like to have some soup.
• Kyle told us that he got a new job.
• He added that he will be working as a virtual assistant.
The above sentences are actually converted from the
previous examples of direct speech. Aside from eliminating
the quotation marks, correct pronouns are also used.
Additionally, the reporting verbs are now all found before the
reported speech. The reporting verb is then followed with
“that.”

❤ Converting Direct to Indirect Speech

- Now, let us specify the rules in converting direct speech to
indirect speech. Here are the steps on how to do so:
1. Eliminate the quotation marks that enclose the relayed text.
2. Retain the tense of the reporting verb and add the word
“that” after it.
3. Change the tense of the verb in the reported speech, if
needed.
4. Change the pronouns accordingly.

❤ 1. Eliminate the quotation marks that enclose the relayed

text.
- The quotation marks are the primary indication of a direct
speech. Therefore, it is crucial to take them out if you are
forming an indirect one.

❤ 2. Retain the tense of the reporting verb and add the

word “that” after it.
You have to retain the tense of the reporting verb to allow
consistency of reports. Instead of placing a comma to
separate the reporting clause from the reported one, the
word “that” is added. However, if the reported speech is a
yes-no question, you use “if” instead of “that.” If the question
starts with who, what, when, where, etc., no additional words
are needed. Instead, you have to rearrange the sentence into
a declarative form.
Example:
Direct Speech: She says, “I want to go to Paris.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she wants to go to Paris.
Direct Speech: She asks, “Do you want to go to Paris?”
Indirect Speech: She asks me if I want to go to Paris.
Direct Speech: “Ms. Thompson, where are you going?” I
asked.
Indirect Speech: I asked Ms. Thompson where she was going.

❤ 3. Change the tense of the verb in the reported speech, if

needed.
If the reporting verb is in the past tense, you should change
the tense of the verb inside the reported speech into its past
tense. This is not necessary if the reporting verb is in the
present or future tense.
Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, “I am watching a new TV series.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he was watching a new TV
series.
Direct Speech: He says, “I am watching a new TV series.”
Indirect Speech: He says that he is watching a new TV series.

- Of course, you have to consider the correlation between

the report and the idea on the quoted text. Sometimes, a
change in tense is not needed even if the reporting verb is in
the past tense.
Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, “I will be watching a new TV series.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he will be watching a new TV
series.
Direct Speech: He said, “I watch TV series every night.”
Indirect Speech: He said that he watches TV series every
night.
For the first example, the quoted text is still about to happen.
So, you don’t need to change the tense of the sentence
inside the quotation. For the second example, watching TV
series is implied as a habitual action. Therefore, you still have
to retain the present tense of the verb.

❤ 4. Change the pronouns accordingly.

- You should also change the pronoun based on who the
speaker, doer, and receiver of the action is.
Example:
Direct Speech: Wendy says, “Ron, you should take care of
yourself.”
Indirect Speech: Wendy told Ron that he should take care of
himself.
- Appropriate changing of pronouns is done to avoid
misunderstanding the whole text. If pronouns are not changed,
it might confuse the reader or the listener as to who is saying
or doing the action.
- The change in pronouns gives rise to changes in the plurality
of the verb used. That being said, you have to consider and
follow correct subject-verb agreement at all times.

❤ Verb Tenses Changes Direct and Indirect Speech

💙 Present Simple Tense into Past Simple Tense
For example:
Direct speech: She always wears a coat.
Reported speech: He said (that) she always wore a coat.

💙 Present Continuous Tense into Past Continuous Tense

For example:
Direct speech: I‘m looking for my keys.
Reported speech: She said that she was looking for her keys.

💙 Present Perfect Tense into Past Perfect Tense

For example:
Direct speech: She has written three letters for her friend.
Reported speech: He said she had written three letters for
her friend.

❤ Verb Tenses Changes Direct and Indirect

Speech Part 02

💙 Past Simple Tense into Past Perfect Tense

Example:
Direct speech: My friend gave me a bar of chocolate.
Reported speech: He said that his friend had given him a bar
of chocolate.

💙 Past Continuous Tense into Past Perfect Continuous

Tense
Example:
Direct speech: We were living in London.
Reported speech: They said that they had been living in
London.
💙 Past Perfect Tense (The tense remains unchanged)
Example:
Direct speech: The bread had gone stale.
Reported speech: She said the bread had gone stale.

❤ Verb Tenses Changes Direct and Indirect

Part 03

💙 Future Simple Tense (e.g. will) into “would“

For example:
Direct speech: I will finish my report in two days.
Reported speech: He said that he would finish his report in
two days.

💙 Future Progressive Tense (e.g. will be) into “would be“

For example:
Direct speech: I will be making tea.
Reported speech: He said (that) he would be making tea.

💙 Future Perfect Tense (e.g. will have) into “would have“

Example:
Direct speech: I will have called a doctor.
Reported speech: He said (that) she would have called a
doctor.

💙 Future Perfect Tense (e.g. will have been) into “would

have been“
For example:
Direct speech: All the money will have been spent.
Reported speech: He said (that) all the money would have
been spent.

❤ Other Verb Form Changes in Reported

Speech (Direct and Indirect Speech)

💙 Can into Could

Example:
Direct speech: I can speak English.
Reported speech: She said she could speak English.

💙 Could (The verb remains unchanged)

Example:
Direct speech: He could play in the match.
Reported speech: They said he could play in the match.

💙 Have to into Had to

Example:
Direct speech: I have to submit this assignment by 3 pm
tomorrow.
Reported speech: She said she had to submit this assignment
by 3 pm tomorrow.

💙 Must into Must/Had to

Example:
Direct speech: I must go to the bank and get some money.
Reported speech: She said she must/had to go to the bank
and get some money.

💙 May into Might

Example:
Direct speech: I may invite them to dinner.
Reported speech: She said that she might invite them to the
dinner.

💙 Might (The verb remains unchanged)

Example:
Direct speech: He might get a flight tomorrow.
Reported speech: She said he might get a flight the next day.

💙 Should (The verb remains unchanged)

Example:
Direct speech: I should start a job.
Reported speech: She said that she should start a job.
❤ Practice Questions Direct and Indirect speech Set 01
💙 Rule
- The following MCQs are the same pattern MCQs which
obeys the same rule. The rule is, If the reporting verb is in
present or future (i.e say, says or will say) then don’t change
the tense that you can find within the quotation marks.
Example:
Direct: I will say, "He loves his mom."
Indirect: I will say that he loves his mom.

1. He says, "Shahid plays on the piano."

A). He said that Shahid play on the piano.
B).He says that Shahid plays on the piano.
C). He says that Shahid played by piano.
D). None of these

2. She will say, " He did not come up to my expectations."

A). She will say that he did not come up to her expectations.
B). She will say that he does not come up to her expectations.
C). She would say that he did not came up to her
expectations.
D). She will says that he did not come up to my expectations.

3. She says, "I will be more experienced then."

A). She said that she would be more experienced then.
B). She says that she will be more experienced then.
C). She said that she will be more experienced then.
D). She says that she would be more experienced then.

4. He says, "They will tease you".

A). He said to me that he would be tease me.
B).He said to me that they will tease me.
C). He says to me that they would tease me.
D). He said to me that they would tease you.

5. She says to Moona, "I will teach you and Ayan."

A). She said Moona that she will teach him and Ayan.
B). She told Moona that she would teach you and Ayan.
C). She tells Moona that she teach you and Ayan.
D). She tells Moona that she will teach her and Ayan.

6. We will say to Hina, "You have brought her paintings to

show us and your Mom."
A). We will tell Hina that she has brought her paintings to
show us and her Mom.
B). We will tells Hina that she had brought her paintings to
show us and your Mom.
C). We will say Hina that she brought her paintings to show us
and her Mom.
D). We would tell Hina that she has brought her paintings to
show us and your Mom.

7. They will say, "We are happy."

A).They say that they are happy.
B). They will say that they are happy.
C). They would say that they are happy.
D). none of these

8. He will say to me, "You played well."

A). He will say me that you played well.
B). He would tell me that you played well.
C). He will tell me that I played well.
D). He tell me that I played well.

9. She says, "These boys are playing cricket now."

A). She says these boys are playing cricket now.
B). She tell these boys are playing cricket now.
C). She say these boys were playing cricket now.
D). She tells these boys are playing cricket now.

10. She says, "I shall never come to you again."

A). She says to me that she will never come to me again.
B). She says that she will never come to me again.
C). She says to me that she never come to you again.
D). She said to me that she will never come to you again.

11. He says, "I am glad to be here this night."

A). He tell that he is glad to be there that night.
B). He says to me he is glad to be there that night.
C). He said that he is glad to be there that night.
D). He says that he is glad to be there that night.

12. The History teacher says, "Magellan was the first

navigator to come around the world."
A). The History teacher said that Magellan was the first
navigator to come around the world.
B). The History teacher tells that Magellan were the first
navigator to come around the world.
C). The History teacher says that Magellan was the first
navigator to come around the world.
D). The History teacher says that Magellan is the first
navigator to come around the world.

13. I say, "I want to sleep."

A). I say that I want to sleep.
B). I says that I want to sleep.
C). I tell that I want to sleep.
D). I tell him that I want to sleep.

14. He says to them, "You have completed your job."

A). He tells them that they have completed their job.
B). He say them that they have completed their job.
C). He tell them that you have completed their job.
D). He tells them that you have completed their job.

15. She says, "She is in tenth class."

A). She say that she is in 10th class.
B). She says that she is in tenth class.
C). She said that she is in tenth class.
D). She tell that she is in tenth class.

16. You say, "I shall visit London."

A). You said that you will visit London.
B). You say that I will visit London.
C). You say that you will visit London.
D). You tell that you will visit London.

17. He will say, "My brother will help her."

A). He tells that his brother will help her.
B).He will say that his brother will help her.
C).He say that his brother will help her.
D). He will say that his brother help her.

18. You say, "I went to Paris yesterday."

A). You said that you went to Paris the previous day.
B). You tell that you went to Paris the previous day.
C).You say that you went to Paris the previous day.
D). You say that you go to Paris yesterday.

19. She says, "I eat mango a day."

A). She says that she eat mango a day.
B). She tells that she eats mango a day.
C). She says that she eats mango a day.
D). She said that she eat mango a day.

20. Everybody says. "They have spoken the truth."

A). Everybody tells that they have spoken the truth.
B).Everybody says that they have spoken the truth.
C). Everybody said that they have spoken the truth.
D). Everybody says that they had spoken the truth.

❤ Answer key (Direct and Indirect speech Set 01)

💙 Rule
- The following MCQs are the same pattern MCQs which
obeys the same rule. The rule is, If the reporting verb is in
present or future (i.e say, says or will say) then don’t change
the tense that you can find within the quotation marks.
Example:
Direct: I will say, "He loves his mom."
Indirect: I will say that he loves his mom.

1. He says, "Shahid plays on the piano."

A). He said that Shahid play on the piano.
B).He says that Shahid plays on the piano.
C). He says that Shahid played by piano.
D). None of these
Correct: B

2. She will say, " He did not come up to my expectations."

A). She will say that he did not come up to her expectations.
B). She will say that he does not come up to her expectations.
C). She would say that he did not came up to her
expectations.
D). She will says that he did not come up to my expectations.
Correct: A
3. She says, "I will be more experienced then."
A). She said that she would be more experienced then.
B). She says that she will be more experienced then.
C). She said that she will be more experienced then.
D). She says that she would be more experienced then.
Correct: B

4. He says, "They will tease you".

A). He said to me that he would be tease me.
B).He said to me that they will tease me.
C). He says to me that they would tease me.
D). He said to me that they would tease you.
Correct: C

5. She says to Moona, "I will teach you and Ayan."

A). She said Moona that she will teach him and Ayan.
B). She told Moona that she would teach you and Ayan.
C). She tells Moona that she teach you and Ayan.
D). She tells Moona that she will teach her and Ayan.
Correct: D

6. We will say to Hina, "You have brought her paintings to

show us and your Mom."
A). We will tell Hina that she has brought her paintings to
show us and her Mom.
B). We will tells Hina that she had brought her paintings to
show us and your Mom.
C). We will say Hina that she brought her paintings to show us
and her Mom.
D). We would tell Hina that she has brought her paintings to
show us and your Mom.
Correct: A

7. They will say, "We are happy."

A).They say that they are happy.
B). They will say that they are happy.
C). They would say that they are happy.
D). none of these
Correct: B

8. He will say to me, "You played well."

A). He will say me that you played well.
B). He would tell me that you played well.
C). He will tell me that I played well.
D). He tell me that I played well.
Correct: C

9. She says, "These boys are playing cricket now."

A). She says these boys are playing cricket now.
B). She tell these boys are playing cricket now.
C). She say these boys were playing cricket now.
D). She tells these boys are playing cricket now.
Correct: A

10. She says, "I shall never come to you again."

A). She says to me that she will never come to me again.
B). She says that she will never come to me again.
C). She says to me that she never come to you again.
D). She said to me that she will never come to you again.
Correct: A
11. He says, "I am glad to be here this night."
A). He tell that he is glad to be there that night.
B). He says to me he is glad to be there that night.
C). He said that he is glad to be there that night.
D). He says that he is glad to be there that night.
Correct: D

12. The History teacher says, "Magellan was the first

navigator to come around the world."
A). The History teacher said that Magellan was the first
navigator to come around the world.
B). The History teacher tells that Magellan were the first
navigator to come around the world.
C). The History teacher says that Magellan was the first
navigator to come around the world.
D). The History teacher says that Magellan is the first
navigator to come around the world.
Correct: C

13. I say, "I want to sleep."

A). I say that I want to sleep.
B). I says that I want to sleep.
C). I tell that I want to sleep.
D). I tell him that I want to sleep.
Correct: B

14. He says to them, "You have completed your job."

A). He tells them that they have completed their job.
B). He say them that they have completed their job.
C). He tell them that you have completed their job.
D). He tells them that you have completed their job.
Correct: A

15. She says, "She is in tenth class."

A). She say that she is in 10th class.
B). She says that she is in tenth class.
C). She said that she is in tenth class.
D). She tell that she is in tenth class.
Correct: B

16. You say, "I shall visit London."

A). You said that you will visit London.
B). You say that I will visit London.
C). You say that you will visit London.
D). You tell that you will visit London.
Correct: C

17. He will say, "My brother will help her."

A). He tells that his brother will help her.
B).He will say that his brother will help her.
C).He say that his brother will help her.
D). He will say that his brother help her.
Correct: B

18. You say, "I went to Paris yesterday."

A). You said that you went to Paris the previous day.
B). You tell that you went to Paris the previous day.
C).You say that you went to Paris the previous day.
D). You say that you go to Paris yesterday.
Correct: C

19. She says, "I eat mango a day."

A). She says that she eat mango a day.
B). She tells that she eats mango a day.
C). She says that she eats mango a day.
D). She said that she eat mango a day.
Correct: C

20. Everybody says. "They have spoken the truth."

A). Everybody tells that they have spoken the truth.
B).Everybody says that they have spoken the truth.
C). Everybody said that they have spoken the truth.
D). Everybody says that they had spoken the truth.
Correct: B

❤ Conditionals: 04 Types of Conditional Sentences in

Grammar
- Conditional Sentences! Conditionals are sentences which
are also known as ‘if clauses.’ These types of sentences can
be seen throughout the English language and it is an important
concept for anyone learning the language to understand.
- There are various different types of conditionals and each
of them has its own rules and reasons for use. In this lecture,
we are going to be looking at the various different types of of
conditionals and giving you all the information you will need to
use each of them.

❤ Types of Conditionals in English

- Conditionals are sentences with two clauses, an “if” clause
and a main clause, that are closely related. - Generally,
conditional sentences are often divided into different types.
1. Zero Conditional
2. First Conditional
3. Second Conditional
4. Third Conditional

❤ Zero Conditional (Present Real Conditional)

- In general, “zero conditional” refers to conditional sentences
that express a factual implication, rather than describing a
hypothetical situation or potential future circumstance. The
grammar term is used particularly when both clauses are in
the present tense, however such sentences can be
formulated with a variety of tenses/moods, as appropriate to
the situation.
- How to use: We use the zero conditional to talk about things
that are always true, like a scientific fact.
Examples:
• If you mix blue and red, you get purple.
• If it rains, the grass gets wet.
• If I go to bed early, I always get up very early.
• If you want to come, call me before 5:00.
• If I make a silly mistake, I laugh.

❤ First Conditional (Present or Future Real Conditional)

- “First conditional” refers to a pattern used in predictive
conditional sentences, i.e. those that concern consequences
of a probable future event. In the basic first conditional
pattern, the condition is expressed using the present tense. In
some common fixed expressions or in old-fashioned or
excessively formal, the present subjunctive is occasionally
found. The consequence using the future construction with
“will” (or “shall”).
-How to use: We use the first conditional when we talk about
possibilities in the present or in the future.
Examples:
• If need be, we’ll rent a car.
• If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
• Elaine will buy the drinks, if somebody helps her carry the
bottles.

❤ Second Conditional (Present Unreal Conditional)

- It should be noted that the “second conditional” refers to a
pattern used to describe hypothetical, typically counterfactual
situations with a present or future time frame (for past time
frames the third conditional is used). And, in the normal form
of the second conditional, the condition clause is in the past
tense (although it does not have past meaning. The
consequence is expressed using the conditional construction
with the auxiliary “would”.
- How to use: The second conditional is used to talk about
Imaginary situations in the present or future.
Examples:
• If he had more time, he would learn karate.
• She could win the prize if she practiced hard.

❤ Third Conditional (Past Unreal Conditional)

- Generally, “third conditional” is a pattern used to refer to
hypothetical situations in a past time frame, generally
counterfactual (or at least presented as counterfactual).
Here the condition clause is in the past perfect, and the
consequence is expressed using the conditional perfect.
- How to use: We use the third conditional when we talk about
Imagine situations in the past.
Example:
• If she had studied hard last week, she could have passed
the
exam.
• I would have written you a postcard if I had had your
address.

❤ How to Use Unless in English

- Unless means if not. We use unless in conditional sentences
instead of if not.
- Unless is similar in meaning to if not and can be used instead
of if not in certain types of conditional sentences. Like if,
unless is followed by a present tense, a past tense, or a past
perfect tense.
- We cannot use unless in questions.
- We don’t use will or would in the clause after unless.

❤ How to Use Wish in English

- When we want to express a wish/desire in English for a
situation to be different to what it actually is then it is very
common to use the verb “to wish”.
- How to Use Wish in English.
1. Wish + Past Simple
2. Wish + Past Continuous
3. Wish + Past Perfect
4. Wish + Would
5. Wish + To Infinitive

❤ Practice Questions (Conditionals)

1. We __ more on outgoings and souvenirs if we __ a
cheaper hotel.
A) will be spending / chose
B) were to spend / might choose
C) are spending / would have chosen
D) have spent / have chosen
E) could have spent / had chosen

2. If you __ me for suggestions before you left, I __

you some nice restaurants around here.
A) are asking / can recommend
B) could have asked / were to recommend
C) asked / had been recommending
D) had asked / would have recommended
E) would ask / have been recommending

[5:31 pm, 12/08/2023] Sir Hammad Ali: 3. I wish everybody __

the same language all over the
world. Then we __ so hard to learn English now.
A) would speak / won’t study
B) speaks / weren’t studying
C) could speak / aren’t studying
D) has been spoken / don’t study
E) spoke / wouldn’t be studying

4. I’m sure we __ on better terms with the manager if

she __ us so disrespectfully all the time.
A) would be / didn’t treat
B) have been / weren’t treating
C) were / hadn’t been treating
D) will have been / isn’t treating
E) can be / hadn’t treated

5. If the classroom __ with an overhead projector, it

__ lessons more interesting.
A) had equipped / could have made
B) were equipped / would make
C) had been equipped / will have made
D) won’t be equipped / might make
E) equipped / should make

6. If the TEM motorway __, the traffic in Istanbul ___

to a standstill.
A) wasn’t building / should have come
B) isn’t going to be built / would have come
C) hadn’t been built / would have come
D) won’t be built / has come
E) doesn’t build / would come

7. Jim is having difficulty doing his maths assignments,

and he wishes he __ to the instructions of his teacher more
carefully.
A) was listening
B) should listen
C) would listen
D) had listened
E) has been listening

8. If anyone __ with a five thousand lira note, please

hold it up to the light to check if it __ a forgery.
A) pays / is
B) is paid / wasn’t
C) has paid / can’t be
D) paid / wouldn’t be
E) will pay / won’t be

9. We keep a spare set of car keys in case we __ the

originals.
A) have lost
B) will lose
C) should lose
D) lost
E) are losing

10. Many people believe that football stadiums __ safer

places for families to go if strict measures __ to
solve the problem of football hooliganism.
A) had been / would be taken
B) were to be / are taken
C) have been / could have been taken
D) should be / will be taken
E) would be / were taken
11. If nature reserves __ to protect the turtles,
undoubtedly they __ rarer today.
A) weren’t establishing / could have been
B) hadn’t been established / would be
C) aren’t established / have been
D) won’t be established / might be
E) haven’t been established / are

12. Why are you buying so many books all the time? If
you __ a library, you __ money by borrowing
them.
A) were joining / saved
B) joined / would be able to save
C) have joined / could have saved
D) could join / have saved
E) had joined / were able to save
13. You __ your manager if you think that you __ by
that supplier.
A) have informed / have been overcharging
B) would rather inform / overcharged
C) had better inform / are being overcharged
D) will be informing / were overcharging
E) are informing / were overcharged

14. Because of the swearing it contains, this film __ on

national television if it had been released twenty
years ago.
A) wasn’t shown
B) couldn’t be showing
C) hadn’t been shown
D) wouldn’t have been shown
E) didn’t use to show

15. I wish I __ with you longer, but unfortunately, I have

a lecture at four o’clock.
A) could stay
B) would stay
C) will stay
D) can stay
E) have stayed

16. I do wish Mr Swan __ so aggressive in discussions.

Every time we have a meeting, he tries to pick an
argument with someone.
A) isn’t
B) couldn’t be
C) might not be
D) weren’t
E) hasn’t been

17. I wish international communications like the ‘internet’

__ more frequently to aid environmental and health
projects instead of for promoting big business.
A) are used
B) have been used
C) were used
D) will be using
E) could have used

18. If we __ baby sitters, we __ out more often, but

we prefer to leave our children in the care of our
parents, whom we don’t want to bother too often.
A) have trusted / had gone
B) trust / would have gone
C) can trust / might have gone
D) had trusted / will go
E) trusted / could go

19. If Florence Nightingale __ alive today, I’m sure she

__ impressed with the current standard of nursing
care in the majority of the world.
A) were / would be
B) was / could have been
C) is / will be
D) has been / might be
E) could be / was

20. Measures to combat global warming __ if all countries __

on a solution together.
A) will fail / don’t work
B) will be failing / didn’t work
C) must fail / hadn’t worked
D) would be failing / haven’t worked
E) had failed / couldn’t worked

21. The weather was beautiful as I left home, so I didn’t

think of bringing my umbrella. I wish I __ the
weather forecast, so I __ that it was going to rain.
A) was watching / should know
B) could watch / had known
C) had watched / would have known
D) watched / knew
E) watch / will have known

22. I wish you __ to repair the boiler yourself. You have

made the problem worse actually.
A) hadn’t attempted
B) couldn’t attempt
C) won’t attempt
D) haven’t attempted
E) didn’t attempt

23. I wish we __ enough money to buy a camper van.

Then we __ to go on holiday more often.
A) have / can afford
B) had / could afford
C) would have / might afford
D) were having / should afford
E) can have / were to afford

24. I’ve been sitting here all morning wishing my son __

to tell me that he has arrived in Germany safely.
A) will have telephoned
B) has telephoned
C) telephones
D) telephoned
E) would telephone

25. I think John wishes he __ in the Lake District, but

unfortunately, there are very few employment
opportunities there.
A) is staying
B) has stayed
C) ought to stay
D) could stay
E) had been staying

26. I __ Susan at her new office sometime next week if I

can find some free time.
A) should have visited
B) would like to visit
C) have visited
D) could have visited
E) must be visiting

27. Despite the problems he had with the manager, he

__ to stay with them if he __ that they were giving
all employees a fifty per cent pay rise.
A) could decide / would have known
B) has decided / will know
C) might have decided / had known
D) had decided / could have known
E) will decide / has known
28. Were it not such a distance from the road, this __
an ideal location for a picnic.
A) is
B) has bee
C) has been
D) would be
E) should be

29. Initially I was opposed to the idea, but after I had

seen the research, I __ that the project was a good
one.
A) must have agreed
B) would have agreed
C) will have to agree
D) ought to agree
E) had to agree
30. We __ very busy in the office recently; otherwise, I
__ to see your baby earlier.
A) were / was coming
B) have been / would have come
C) will be / might come
D) had been / will have come
E) are / would be coming

31. Marcus ___ over to help you with the project over
the weekend, but he will be taking his mother to
hospital for some tests.
A) is coming
B) will come
C) has come
D) would come
E) may come
32. She __, but luckily, a lifeguard spotted her and
rescued her.
A) has drowned
B) ought to drown
C) might drown
D) could have drowned
E) will have drowned

33. Kelly is very nervous about his examinations. Especially as

he knows that his parents __ very disappointed if he __
them.
A) are / is failing
B) are going to be / had failed
C) have been / will fail
D) were / would fail
E) will be / fails

34. He ____ them to promote him to manager; after all,

he isn’t even a qualified engineer.
A) shouldn’t be expected
B) needn’t have expected
C) can’t have expected
D) wouldn’t be expected
E) weren’t expecting

35. I don’t believe the white of Pamukkale will be spoilt

__ the number of new hotels is restricted.
A) as long as
B) as if
C) in case
D) unless
E) even if

36. __ they offer him a partnership will the young

architect stay with this firm.
A) Even if
B) Unless
C) Only if
D) In case
E) Providing

37. We should be able to hire a car on the island, ______

you remember to take your driving licence.
A) or else
B) unless
C) as if
D) in case
E) provided

38. You shouldn’t open the oven while a sponge cake is

baking; ______, it will sink in the middle.
A) in case
B) otherwise
C) providing
D) even if
E) as though

39. You might get better results __ you take your

photographs with an automatic camera.
A) even if
B) whether
C) if
D) as if
E) in case

40. We wouldn’t finish our assignment __ we stayed up

all night.
A) as if
B) as long as
C) even if
D) in case
E) provided
41. __ you are interested in taking lessons, I can give
you their telephone number.
A) As if
B) Only if
C) Even ifEven if
D) If
E) As long as

42. So many people were killed in the fire ______ the

stadium didn’t have enough emergency exits.
A) if
B) so long as
C) in case
D) unless
E) because

43. I’m afraid we won’t be able to come to your baby’s

christening ______ we can find a baby-sitter. Our
regular babysitter is on holiday.
A) unless
B) as if
C) even if
D) in case
E) only if

44. She described her new house ______ it were a

palace.
A) even if
B) in case
C) as if
D) because
E) whether

45. She hasn’t had much time to socialise __ she took a

part-time job besides her school studies.
A) when
B) since
C) even if
D) if
E) unless

❤ Answer Key (Conditionals):

1: E
2: D
3: E
4: A
5: B
6: C
7: D
8: A
9: C
10: E
11: B
12: B
13: C
14: D
15: A
16: D
17: C
18: E
19: A
20: A
21: C
22: A
23: B
24: E
25: D
26: B
27: C
28: D
29: E
30: B
31: D
32: D
33: E
34: C
35: A
36: C
37: E
38: B
39: C
40: C
41: D
42: E
43: A
44: C
45: B

“Balance is not something you find..

it's something you create….”

...ENGLISH GRAMMAR NOTES…

COMPILED BY: URWAH AKRAM