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Lecture 02

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12 views31 pages

Lecture 02

Uploaded by

safayat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital signal Processing

by
A. Anand Kumar

1
Elementary Discrete-Time Signals

The elementary signals which are used as a basic building blocks for
the construction of complex signals and also used to model a large
number of physical signals, which occur in nature. These elementary
signals are also called standard signals.

The standard discrete-time signals are as follows:


 Unit step sequence
 Unit ramp sequence
 Unit parabolic sequence
 Unit impulse sequence
 Sinusoidal sequence
 Real exponential sequence
 Complex exponential sequence

2
Unit Step Sequence

The step sequence is an important signal used for analysis of many discrete-
time systems which exists only for positive time and is zero for negative time.
If a step function has unity magnitude, then it is called unit step function.
The discrete-time unit step sequence u(n) is defined as:

The shifted version of the discrete-time unit step sequence u(n– k) is defined
as:

It is zero if the arugment (n– k) < 0 and equal to 1 if the argument (n– k) ≥ 0.

3
Unit Step Sequence

The graphical representation of u(n) and u(n– k) is shown in Figure


1.3[(a) and (b)]

4
Unit Ramp Sequence

5
Unit Ramp Sequence

6
Unit Parabolic Sequence

7
Unit Parabolic Sequence

8
Unit Impulse Function or Unit Sample Sequence

9
Relation between the unit sample sequence and the unit step
sequence

10
Sinusoidal Sequence

11
Real Exponential Sequence

12
Complex Exponential Sequence

13
Basic Operations on Sequences

The basic operations on sequences are as


follows:
Time shifting
 Time reversal
 Time scaling
 Amplitude scaling
 Signal addition
 Signal multiplication

The first three operations correspond to transformation in independent variable


n of a signal. The last three operations correspond to transformation on
amplitude of a signal.

14
Time Shifting

The time Shifting of a signal may result in time delay or time advance.
The time shifting operation of a discrete time signal x(n) can be
represented by

y(n)=x(n-k)

15
Time reversal

The time reversal also called time folding of a discrete-time signal x(n) can be
obtained by folding the sequence about n= 0. The time reversed signal is the
reflection of the original signal. It is obtained by replacing the independent
variable n by –n.

Figure 1.11(a) shows an arbitrary discrete-time signal x(n), and its time
reversed version x(–n) is shown in Figure 1.11(b).

Figure 1.11[(c) and (d)] shows the delayed and advanced versions of reversed
signal x(–n).

16
Time reversal

17
Amplitude Scaling

18
Time Scaling

Time Scaling may be time expansion or time compression, that can be


expressed as

y(n)=x(an)
where a>1, it is time compression and a<1, it is time expansion

19
Time Scaling

20
Time Scaling

21
Signal Addition

22
Signal Multiplication

23
Classification of discrete time signals

The signals can be classified based on their nature and characteristics in the time
domain. They are broadly classified as: (i) continuous-time signals and (ii)
discrete-time signals

Both continuous-time and discrete-time signals are further classified as follows:


Deterministic and random signals
 Periodic and non-periodic signals
 Energy and power signals
 Causal and non-causal signals
 Even and odd signals

24
Deterministic and random signals

25
Periodic and non-periodic signals

26
Energy and Power Signals

27
Energy and Power Signals

28
Causal and non-causal signals

Example: 1.10, Example: 1.8

29
Even and odd signals

30
Even and odd signals

31

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