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EE EEEEEEEEIESES'S!SCSZ ee
UNIT- Tl @
SET THEORY z
Basic Conceple of set Mheovyy t— A sek is ang well =
defined collection of object called the elements (AD
members of He Seb. A collection of well-defined objectt
is called a seb. Each of the objeclF th He set fs called
a membey of an element of Ke seb.
:
Ex: Books, Cities, numbers, animals ete, |
Elemenlk eof a Set are Usually dencted by Lowey - case
Lelteys ishile sets ave denoted by capital Letters
EX: Natuvel Numbers N= t a |
the owels 0 =fa.e,t,o,u }
Formaltzelon of selfs t- —theve ave bio wap by
tolich fe Sets Can be clesevibed
1 Roskey Notation .- Roster Notation is a complete
les of all He elementi of the Set.
gx Be feebOeBi tet }
2. Sek- Builder Notation 2- Tt ts used he Yottey meloq
is tmngosst ble -
Ex: B= i xf 2erx240, and a Sein |
the vertical bay /) fe vead as such thet.
Symbod Meaning
€ | Belongs
wt for all
A Theve_€xis&
Scanned with CamScannerRE
Sul sek y- ‘
= cre
4 €very element fra sel A is also
element of a sek B® then A tS called Subset of g- Bk is
denoted by A SB
null sek fe a Subset of every sek and every
Note : the
supcet of iksel& -
Sek te &
te qc and ACA:
re Rafe HS wehbe 3 57h, cehsg
then CEA and CSB
propey Subset t- 1G A is a subsek of B and ‘Bis
of &
fe a mre
gubsek of A A ts called @ propery subset
then
ik is Aenoted by ace
re A is subset of & then DW ts called a
supey set of A and WE is demokd by BOA
Nok: we at ffevent sets are equal %& A=G is
ana only if AcB and BCA:
Ty pes ae sek t=
he eam
pneu) Seb tm the sek with no elements ts called
ne Le “in
empty sek (ov) Null sek - A null set fe? denate by hs
athe null sek fs % Sub Sek of Every sek um eA
set is acseb wilh
Ze counkatle sek &
Fs ae
subset of the Seb
A counkable
wee
the Same eavatnanhly as, Seme
e
of naturel Numbers >
ex: R72 a[x is a naterel member }
= R tsminfimik seb
fafa Ts a Even number bekween ty? and bo 3
A=
A ts a finthe set
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— the tin Coun kaki Lety of
3 uncountable sek ¢
asek fs closely velaled + TK cardinal Number a set
is uncountable @ it cardinal number fs larger
tkan that of the natural numbers
ye. Universal cel t- In mang ctsensstons all the alg
woe tomsidaved ‘te he! Swbsed of one particulay sek.
this sek fs called the Universal set for hak discussion:
the Universal seé is denoted by BW OP Vv
5. power sek te the Sek of all Subsets of a See ix
et ee
ic called The power sek of A- and te ts demoted bg plAd-
zen hee elawants: th then p(Ar has 2% elements.
wee ee we dete
= a fou bse dry tush 103 Auris f
‘¢ Equivalent sets t— Two sel? ave Said te be Equivalent
ee ee
ig there (S * one — one Covve spondence between He elements
of the Ewe cels - .
ex: TF iy okie eye HY pe lxiPit fs then A and a
agit equivalent sets -
“+ prsjoin® sels t- Two cots ave satd te be disjein&
wo 2
tp they have wo Clement TH Commer
ex. 4 ashe eb PF jews Me A and ‘e’
= ne= >
ave dts joint sets. Here ANB =
Union ef to heli 2 the onion of two sek ‘A’ and 'e)
is the Sek those elements ave all of the elements th
por in &" oy" in bel”. ThE Onion of sets Kons
Scanned with CamScannerts clenotd ky AUB is vead as “A Unien 'B
ex: Leb A= {23,4} B= 43,4,5,6,75
Aue = {1,2,3,6,5,6,7 3
Trley section of two sels :— the inberse chon of
hu wwtt “Ko wed “a te We: sake thee element? are
all of tke elements common ts both WK and ‘Bp the
inkey section of the sefS of A’ and ‘Bis clenoted by ANG
is yead as A intey section RB”
px: tek me {hed 4 3 8 =4a,4 5, 6,7 }
anes 13,435
piffevence of Sels I> TH A and B ave subse of
the Compliment of & th A is
the Sek of all element fh A which are not In A. one
fe ts denoted by A-®
aces fxfaen ana x god-
ao
Ex: 2 ae {ue 4.55 pee he 3.43
pews fumes cave = 18S
Complement of cek t-te pe few Universal set
ee an a e called the Comple -
sek A then BOA
mE nang he A ;
4b ts denoted by A’!
ment of & and
pea ee gxfagad- i
ex: lee pond party GiB. Fo y wees
Pe en wTevrtrssey $< Bo Heese
3,5, 71708 corse
phe BO BF fu
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which
Tr clusion - Exclusion principle s— The inctaston-
Exclusion pytnezple fe a Countin technique
P gq 4
generalizes the familtar methed of obtaining the
number ef element in the Union of Ewo Singh seta -
Sym bok cally expressed as
nOaus) = nad tn (Bs) — nCAns)-
theve nays number of element th A
n@®) = namber of elemenk th B
A’ and (8
nC AUB) = nos of elements both
ndanB) = no: of elementi fn Rand & WitE Common.
seh A,B,C We have
Fer any Keni te
nCaAuBYc) = NA+ NA +N —nCane) —nCanc)
_n Cenc) + nCansnc)
4 the no of malkematics students at a college
Ex: Fin
one of He Languages Telugu, Winds
kating at lewk
and English atven the following date
6s Study Telrsue ao Study Telugu ancl Hind?
Gs Study Winds 2s Study Telugu and Ensttsh
Yr study “English, 1s study Hindi ahd Engish -
& Study all three Lan quages-
seki Given w(t) = 65, ncays 45, neo = +E
nora) = 20, n(aneye2zs, NCHNE)=I5,
nitn tne) = 8
dnclusten — Exclusten principle
By
(Ce) _n(tnn) =n(rne) —n(nne)
nO tuhVe) = nity a nGaan
an (Tanne)
= GS4bSH URW 2O- IE AB
= 10d 4°
Scanned with CamScannerCartesian produck 3
aw Oe
deveck pre cluck of cela
and & the Set of all ord
bes
by ARB:
ex: bee Aas 2ed fp Bef, sp Ren
R.
*
he
st
AX B= fae? GS), @)
BXA = JG GW 4.2
AxB = BxXA
Laws of sek Weory 37
pemination laws: AU LM
- cardesian proctuct ba
s Leb us Consider two sely A
ey pal (a,b) there a€A and
is called the procduck of A ond B and i denote
iS) 6.4) G9}
G12) 13), 13) F
lads: AUPE A and ANMAA
= ond and-4
Telem potent laws 1 pRpUA=A ond ANKaA
Com plementatisn Lat :
Commutative Laws 1:
cain a
AUB = BUA ond ang: BNA
Associative Laws: pau(BUC) =(AUBIUC
fe
Disty? bulive laua:
n(ancd=(Cans) ac
an(auc) = @ng) yu (ANC)
au(anc) =@us)atauc)
\
Demovgan's bewst caua)'= alng
cans)! = alo!
absorption Laws: Au(ang) =A and An(AUB)=A
Complement laws:
'
aual= and ANA = G.
Scanned with CamScannerEx! pAeve hab aun ne = (Aum) MALE) . @®
Let ‘a! fe an avbidvarg tlemenk of autenc)
Proofs
ees aw € AU(B AC) & EA (or) KE (ANY
ey ER (x€B and XEC)
> (KER oy xEB) and (xEA ry XEC )
= xe AUR) and xe(AU oD
ger xe@ ve) Naud)
enee au (nt) = @uB) n(auc),
Ex. pheve thak (ane) = ad
‘
Prof: Lek *%e (ANB)
eo * é ane
we ~( XEA ond KERB)
iy ei Cx] 108)
key ACKER) oF ~(xes)
\ 1
= xd A oF x¢Bb eyieh oy LEB
is xedue \ baci
Hane CAMB) = AUB.
(AanB) Vand by using men bey
Ex: prove Trak an(Buc) =
ship table
peceale le [eve | anioue jane [ane |@nsyuiana |
ede
oy
Scanned with CamScannerRelakions t- Any sek of ovdey paiys defines «
neers ae
binary yelation. ancl it Ts avbi kyary association of
Clements wilhin a Sek oy With elementz ef amelhry Seb.
mathematically tek A and & are ang Ewe
sek oA ye dation Sram A HB is a Subseb of AXG
pz jaws ond B=has
Ex: =
axB =e {@.4) ein
Any subset of AX® js called relation _ ie (aa) €AXG
(o,a) #8 a velotion
Note: 1+ (abd ER tren We Say “a ts velated 4 L” ana ie
can be Hriltin ob “arb” (ev) R(a,»)
2. @mer ER tren we say "9 ts not velated Bb" and i
ean be uritten aS “a KE"
ovdeved pay t= TF ak & and bEB ten He ovdered pair
et a
is He Set {es fabs} of the pair fay} ond
Con si Skiing
fe singiebon feb sapire tarda, shy) Gi
dn Yee ovdey pot (a,b), the element ‘a’ is called the first
tot ts called Phe Second element.
element and “bh
stab) and (4 jh) ave tie ordeved pairs Hen
Cae 2 (LED HF one ed Bae,
fe rca, b>) and (6,9) ave Ewo oi ffement ovdered pairs
(a,b) = Chi”
a. The bile objects
fh an ordered pairs do nok have
uw (@,4) fs a Well- defined ovdeyed
by pe dastincl-
aly .
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Ex: bel Asdry2} , Badge h | c= [3,43 then
find AK BKC
sok: ners, Set es
“ mee (1 8D
<: xe SO}
ul a 6 3 O19)
=3 GS ola
4 > (read
V2
aoxce LEY
2<—— 3 =3 ag KS 3
7 <4 2 Gass
z a Ts 2914)
Ss, - Gay
Cad
Domain ond Range
ea
“the demain ©
of the
of
elements
the Range
pomath CR)
a. Range (®)
cen oF aaj ii23s ‘
and Renee
Sai Given A=
Re AX B=
Given Relation Raf)
pomain R=
R =
Ranse
fa velation
of valabions <-
R fs He Sek of oll Ctyst
ordered pair which
‘@ is the
Seb of Se
belongs Te Rand
dond elament
z= Jacn/ cep fey some beB ft
2 ql veB/ oan iy Some ae} -
Be fake 5
be Jae WO) 21h), 3,095
| ind damiats
Gof
TF
§i,2.3f pBeforbec §
hae db? Oe) 12,92.) G10 BV Gib»
The Seb Of
yrs s
The ser of
fare, bS
Qo,
8,9 §
fivsk elements fn R
Second
elements fh R
Scanned with CamScannerpropey Hes of Binary Relations 1
I. Universal yelation t= A velation Reon a Ske A is
Univeycal ff A= AXA™
12434 tien AXA =f Gv a & Gre
ex: If A
@1), G1) GB Bw} fs the Universal velation on A
2. void veletion t— A velatien Rona Set A is void
vyelation 16 RE tke null sek.
ex. oe Bais 4 Sh then R=jarb> lef fs a null seb
ae ram yelalien t= A Yelatten Ron ase A Is
Bden tly yelation 7F RYO arfacag ond ie fe dencted
by Tat Be: TE Aah 2d} then Rf (1d @2) GB) F
ye Inverse velation t— TF 'R’ is any velalton frem a
sete the inverse of Rg ts demoted Py at
g JG] yea, xen, ayer 5
ex: 24 wah2i3,5h , B= 36, 8,10} then Ra}Q.0) (2,8), Gro)
(2,6) Gio
Nos =} G.r) Bir) (lor) (e3),Clo,sy f
&. Reflexive velation t- A velation on a seb A ic
Foy Every AeA & TE @,arER, WxEa
ye flextve TE aka
re Raed y then R=f0 2) Gud 2.2, sf
EX:
"ge fs called weflextve velatton. olkeywite Tk te
called Seve Flexive . ext Re {Gd 29, @3) GW Ff.
a
Scanned with CamScannerWe
velabion i-
te (ba) ER eshen ever (ab) ER
6+ symme kvic a ralateos’ 9 a 20k HE
is called symune bie
Bho all ayb@ A>
Anti syrame Evie veletion:- Rt an ante squmebri
4.
th theye existe ib) and (ba) €R then a=b-
ge. Transitive velalion t- A velation R on = sek A is
wajlive Fe aREAES a Rb and bRe then aRC-
dvansitive i€ whenever
& G,b) tbe) © B then (a,c) €R-
me ae RE Wetinny oF R=Say O13) (24) ,(3,0 03,3)
(4,3) $0 Then find if velation is yeflexive syn
metyic and transitive.
Sof: me fons Wis? (242,217,972) F
RUS@PR S47 SF
i Re flexrve
(BO G13), G3), G12) 44) F
eR AGN)
v trig to neuf G2? 1G. f
are 8) eat? B89), C49 GOT
G3) Qy4)
Ruf 3,040]
iy TWanst kive in
aa ws Cast), nd.) 32, 439,00) F
Re ‘ we ' apes owner
exe 26 Be ‘iakehl 3 and R= (WN) 0122 213), (3.29 429
~ (Hid) Y then tyes Wl dtrecked JVaph-
ca g =f pyre CHVC8 2,00 |
“ 9 Gt 8
uO)
Scanned with CamScannerMahix ve pre sentation of velations +—
ee NN
Lek A and & ave both finite Sebs and ‘Risa
welakion from At B- then R may be vepresented af a
dnadvix called the velation matric of R- Tt is densked
by Mrpo
finite sel Containing ‘wi and “n’ elements respectively
Mp = [mas TV nen is defined by
mi ~{e i€ (ay, ba) EK
it Gi, by ER
ex: Wee aast23,4 J and R=[Giy/ xo4 3 Find Ma:
sd. Given Bahn 2,34 F
R= f Gn (4.3) G2? BIG Ca) F
The corresponding veleHen matrix for the R are seven
1
. 2 2
‘foo oe ©
Me =
® 1000
3} 110 0
af tr to
hey.
exr th tee fend. 4) aetiwed by R= 0,1) (2) G3)
aed C403), C412) 410, G29, G09 F Rind the matrix
and aAtrecled ove ph of velation R-
set, The matrix of yelation R fs a 4X4 mMabixn as
tia t
if. coo orvected avaph is
Mr®l ore Q Q
| 1 1 o W @)
\
2| 0
\
{
4 a4
Ll
Scanned with CamScannerEquivalence yelations
A ts called
symme bee
Let
A> then
ae
i
ay Sarame We
ay Transt
ex:
(2,3) 032) ye
wy
iil
re
. . y
t— A velabion R fh a seb @
an €quivelence velakion f€ ik fs veflextve
and bransibive.
a,b,c ave aybibvarg elements of Some Seb
. by denoles ‘a’ fs Equivalent
Re Flexive : ate
tek Re
qiven
Re flexive
bive
fork anb then bam
xh dud. aay Poe Gea Bate
uae) wal g =f, Git Crd iH) 212d
io 3 preve thal ‘R’ fS an Equivalence.
a afr CH) CHntd G8) Cr) (213) (3,2) (3.3) f
fe Pag ag a AER
1) 12) 3?.
‘gts ve Flexive ye cu $
xER
ARK >
Symmeryic 1m Fev ong agg EB ae Ga) G8 ies
awa 2 and
« pea
ym & R . d 2 ue avr?
ney > yr = (R fs Sgmmetvic
aRran su kive t= Poy any K,Gi2ZEA
waa
G.q) and (ay
xRY and
Hence
Me ~velation
2 ER tren GD ER
Rt XQ ‘el is transitive.
Hoh We Ate
RS an Cquivalence Relation.
a U4) 99)
f (ay3), i292 G2?
(3,29 (413) 33
etc..-
Scanned with CamScanneree ee ee
congruence Relakbion :—
an
Congrwence velation
exam ple
is
of equivalence yelation . Lee ‘a and “b
ave ang tie integers and “y’ be a Fixed positive
integer then ‘a and ‘by’ aye Satd te be Congruent
treelulo “y? i Mathematically
ik
“<’ devices
a= b (mod y)
(a-b) -
Ex: $3 213 Cmoas)
since 3-13 = 10 is Ayyt sible by S
gx:
prove That the relation
CongYuence wedule wm" covey
fe Sek of postbtve integers fs an
Sol:
Lee x, GY EN 1%
Equivelence velation
gy (mod m)
ts divisible
Thand oly TE 4
by ‘wm’ -
jy be x04? en
then
xn =0-m OF
Wy tek *E
xex( mod m) for all xen
4 Cmodm) > then x-g fs divisible by ‘mv
te
> —(%-4) = G7 XS alse Atvi st ble by “!
& g=Ex (med m)
the yelation = is
ity Let
Sym metvic
x=y (modm) and
st (nod m)
te (x-q) and (Y-2)y ave aivisible by ‘mm!
Mors (xaypaly-2) is atvisible by Sw!
tHe t& atvt sible by ‘wy
> x= 2 Cmod m)
Hence
athe relation
Equivalence
is transitive
mB relation
Scanned with CamScannerek 'R denole a velation on the set order paire®)
Ex; ob
of posi tive integers Such that (19) RG) igh vegu
shes tkat & 1S an equivalence relation
sol; Let X14, 4 and ¥ be positive integers
Given (ig) RW) ey EVE YH
since xY 4% is true for all posi tive, integers
a Og) BR G0g)
athe veation R is ye f lexi ve-
Quy A mvs yt
a yarrv 2 uy ave
> MHwrRerg)
iy Lek CG)
athe yelation ‘R'is sgmme ty ic -
ily ve erg and 'n are positive integers
Lek (eg) RV? and (iv) ROD
a eee and one
3 avun= yoy™ ay xunegm by canelling OW
2 x4) Rm? >
othe velation RS transitive.
athe velation 'R fs equtvalence yelatton .
Hence
ex. Nfs the Set of Natwral numbers the velation ‘rR’ 7S
o b> R ©,4) atde= btc- prove thal
actined wy Car
R fs en equivalence velation.
sol:
Let a,b, ¢ amd ‘dA be natuyel num keys -
@iven (aro) RC) wey aed a bt
v (aby R (ah) 4 ath =eto
Ris ye flextve
Scanned with CamScannerty cay RED FB atd = PFS
> byes ard
dta 3 (A) Rash)
=) ¢tb =
‘pi ie symmetyrie
WW) Gyby R Cid? and ©,d) & (mind
ay ards bre and cans at
ca at dt Orn = p+¢t+arm
(arb) atin)
ay Aatne bem A
‘eh fs transitive
mene “RS SH equivalence velation -
Compatibi ke & yelation t- A Relation plinn is Said
tj be & Compaki bile § yelation Fe Te fs ve Flexive and
seymmerric- so all equivalence velaHens are compat —
tele tg velations and Th is Some mes denoted by ag.
of velations t= bee ‘pi be @ elation fom
Compost Lien
‘s) be & yelation Frem Y & zZ -Tthen avelation
xy and
ee called a Composite yelabien of RK
ana ‘S whee ROS = 4 (x29) «ex 2% hen wer
“ey wilh (xg) © R and wes 3
ex: Lek wah? Gi 2) F and §S =¢ 2), Gis), Gi)
13d 3 Find Ros and SOR:
cle Give RE Sain GWG y
~ ge Orr @srk 30 (eS
Ros -Fus G2) ,@) j
sok = fr?) Hae (ub clenvlg Res + Sok.
Scanned with CamScanner