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What is Computer? Definition, Characteristics and Classification
A computer is an electronic device that can store, manipulate, and process data
according to a set of instructions. Know more about the Computer and its
Classification, Characteristics, Functionality.

Posted byAparna Published On August 7th, 2024

computer
Table of Contents

What is a Computer?
In the modern world, computers have become an integral part of our daily lives,
revolutionizing the way we work, communicate, and entertain ourselves. From
desktops to laptops, tablets to smartphones, computers come in various forms, yet
many people are still unfamiliar with their inner workings and potential. In this
article, we will discuss everything about the Computer Definition, Characteristics,
Components, Functionality, and Classification.

Definition of Computer
A computer is an electronic device wherein we need to input raw data to be
processed with a set of programs to produce a desirable output. Computers have the
ability to store, process, and manipulate data. The term “computer” is derived from
the Latin word “computare,” which means “to calculate.” A computer is made to run
programs and apps by using both hardware and software. It also has a memory to
store data, programs, and what they produce. The Full Form of Computer is “Common
Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research.”

10 Different Definitions of a Computer

Electronic device: A computer in generally termed as an electronic device that
transmits data using electronic facilities and software programs
Data processor: The computer processes data using arithmetic, logical and
input/output operations
Information machine: By processing multiple algorithms and computations, a computer
gets up a meaningful definition to what we have searched
Digital device: A computer manipulates, stores, and retrieves data represented in
binary form to present it can understanding manner for humans
Universal machine: A computer is also known as a universal machine as it can solve
problems of people by understanding their program and not by any other factor
Communication tool: Computer is a universal communication tool as it provides the
facility to connect, collaborate or transfer of messages through a network and the
internet
Problem solver: Computers are designed to solve problems that can affect or slow
down daily human tasks, therefore, it is a problem solver
Multifunctional device: Multifunctionality is the power of a computer as it can
perform more than 1 task at a time and that too with utmost perfection
Information processor: Computers are fitted with processors that process raw data
into organized and meaningful outputs
Automation tool: Computers have the functionality to automate the repetitive tasks
and enhance productive by saving time
Characteristics of Computer
Computers are now an integral part of our daily lives, from managing student
records in schools to handling patient records in hospitals. They have
significantly simplified our tasks. Now, we can quickly access stored data and
solve complex problems in just seconds. Some of the characteristics of Computers
are listed below-

Saves Time: A computer saves time by completing tasks quicker and more efficiently.
For example, it can solve big complex problems within seconds which can save many
minutes of ours.
Internet: Computers connect us to the internet which can help us to know important
information from around the world, it can connect us with people from around the
world through social networking sites, etc.
Storage: The computer gives us enough storage space that can be used to store a
large amount of data including your projects, ebooks, documents, movies, pictures,
songs, etc.
Entertainment: Computers are also a big source of entertainment as you can play
games, listen to songs, watch movies, and can also use social networking sites.
Organized Data: It not only stores the data for you for also organizes the data for
you. You can create different folders for different types of data and can easily
access them when required.
Helps the physically challenged: Computers are a big boon for the physically
challenged people as Stephen Hawking, who was not able to speak used the computer
to speak. It also can be used to help blind people by installing special software
to read what is on the screen.
Features OF Computer
We have discussed a few points that will highlight the different features of
computers. These features collectively contribute to the versatility and
functionality of computers.

Processing Power: Computers can execute instructions and perform calculations

quickly.
Storage Capacity: They can store vast amounts of data, from documents to multimedia
files.
Memory (RAM): Temporary storage used for actively running programs and processes.
Input Devices: Keyboards, mouse, and other peripherals allow users to input data.
Output Data: Monitors, printers, and speakers display or produce results.
Upgradability: Components like RAM, storage, and graphics cards can be upgraded.
Portability: Laptops and tablets offer mobility compared to desktop computers.
User Interface: Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) or command-line interfaces for
interaction.
Security Features: Passwords, firewalls, and antivirus tools protect against
unauthorized access.
Power Management: Features to optimize energy consumption.
History of Computer
To understand the development of computers, and how they evolved from simple
mechanical devices to the complex electronic machines that we use today. The
knowledge can help to appreciate the challenges that computer scientists have faced
over the years and the ingenuity they have shown in overcoming them.

Studying the history of computers can help to anticipate future developments in the
field. The history of computers can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, who used
the abacus to perform simple calculations. In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal
invented the mechanical calculator, which could perform more complex calculations.
In the 19th century, Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine, which is
considered to be the first general-purpose computer. By understanding the history
of computers that have shaped the development in the past.

Classification of Computers
Computers come in various types, primarily categorized by their data handling
capacity and physical size. Based on the size, computers are 5 types namely, Micro
Computer, Mini Computer, Mainframe Computer, Super Computer and Work stations.
Whereas, based on data handling capacity, there are 3 types of computers namely
analogue computers, digital computers, and hybrid computers. All the different
types of computers perform different tasks and have been designed differently. For
your reference, we have discussed all the types of computers and you can scroll
through the page to read them all.

Based on Size
There are various types of computers available in the markets which are of
different sizes. These computers are different from each other with respect to the
amount of work they can do or the amount of data they can hold. Here we have
classified the main 5 types of computers based on their size and have also provided
the details regarding the same.

Different Types of Computers Based on Its Size

Types of Computer Description
Micro Computers Microcomputers are small, affordable computers for personal use.
Examples include desktops and laptops. They handle everyday tasks like browsing,
word processing, and entertainment.
Mini-computers Minicomputers are mid-sized computers, more powerful than
personal computers but smaller than mainframes. They handle complex tasks for
businesses and institutions, offering moderate processing capabilities.
Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are powerful computers used by large
organizations for critical applications and data processing.
Super Computer Supercomputers are high-performance machines used for complex
calculations, simulations, and scientific research.
Work stations Workstations are advanced computers used for graphics,
engineering, and scientific applications.
1. Micro Computer:
Micro Computers are mainly single-user computers and have comparatively lesser
storage and speed than other computers. The first microcomputer was built with 8-
bit microprocessor chips as these computers use microprocessors as CPU. Laptops,
smartphones, desktop computers, etc. are all examples of microcomputers. These
computers are made for everyday tasks like browsing the web and using programs like
Microsoft Office MS Word etc..

2. Mini Computer:
Midrange computers or Mini-computers are multi-user computers designed in a way so
as to entertain multiple users simultaneously. Small businesses and firms use these
computers for their specific purposes. For example- a company or organization may
use mini computers to look after the employee directory which may handle the
payment history of its employees and any schools may use them to keep records of
the students or for admission purposes.

3. Mainframe Computer:
Mainframe Computers are also not designed for single users, rather it is a multi-
user computer that can handle thousands of users all at once. Large industries and
government organizations utilize these computers to facilitate their business
operations by storing substantial volumes of data. Banks and insurance companies
use these computers to store the data of their customers, their policies, etc.

4. Super Computer:
Super Computer is the fastest type of computer amongst all and is also the most
expensive. They can store a large number of data and can perform the most complex
tasks within seconds. They can also execute millions of instructions per second.
These computers are designed specifically to handle specific tasks such as weather
forecasting, space research, and more. Supercomputers are also used by NASA for
their Satellite launching.

5. Work Stations:
Workstations are single-user computers and have more powerful microprocessors than
a microcomputer. When it comes to speed and storage capacity, it comes between a
personal computer and a mini-computer. The most common uses of a workstation are
desktop publishing, engineering designs, etc.

Based on Data Handling Capacity

Computers can be divided into 3 types based on their data handling capacity namely,
analog, digital, and hybrid computers. These are different from each other with
respect to the type of work they can do and the amount of data they can handle. We
have discussed these types of computers in detail below.

Different Types of Computers Based on Data Handling Capacity

Types of Computer Description
Analog Computers Analog computers use continuous physical quantities to represent
data and perform calculations. They operate with signals like voltage and are
distinct from digital computers.
Digital Computers Digital computers process information using discrete elements
(bits) represented as 0s and 1s. They perform calculations through logical
operations, enabling versatile tasks and precise results.
Hybrid Computers Hybrid computers combine features of both analog and digital
computers. They use analog for continuous data and digital for precise
calculations, offering versatility across various applications.
Analog Computer:
The main function of Analog Computers is to process analog data. The data that
changes frequently and does not have discrete values are called data and the analog
computers are used at places where we have approximate values e.g., speed,
temperature, pressure, etc. These computers can pick data from the devices without
converting it into machine language. Some common examples of analog computers are
speedometers, thermometers, etc.

Digital Computer:
Digital Computers are designed in a way so that they can perform calculations and
logical operations at high speed. These computers input raw data and with the help
of the programs stored in their memory, it gives the final output. Digital
computers can only understand binary language i.e., 0 and 1 hence, the raw data to
be given as input is converted into 0 and 1 and then it is processed. Examples are
laptops, desktops, smartphones, etc.

Hybrid Computer:
Hybrid, as the name suggests is a mixture of both analog and digital computers.
Hybrid computers are as fast as analog computers and also have accuracy like that
of digital computers. These computers can process both continuous and discrete data
as they accept analog signals and then convert them into digital signals before
processing. Some common uses of Hybrid computers are in airplanes, hospitals, etc.

Components of a Computer
A computer mainly has two components i.e. hardware and software wherein the
components of the computers having a physical structure such as wires, transistors,
circuits, and hard disk make up the hardware whereas the programs and data make up
the software. Some other important components of a Computer are discussed below.

Different Components of a Computer

Components of Computer Description
CPU The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer, executing
instructions and performing calculations to run software and process data for
overall system functionality.
Computer Memory Computer memory stores data for the computer to use. RAM (Random
Access Memory) is for temporary storage, and storage devices like hard drives store
data permanently.
Arithmetic Logic Unit The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in a computer performs
mathematical and logical operations, like addition and comparison, enabling the CPU
to execute tasks and make decisions.
Input Devices of Computer Common computer input devices include keyboards for
trying, mice for pointing and clicking, touchscreens for direct interaction, and
microphones for voice input.
Output Devices of Computer Common computer output devices include monitors for
displaying information, printers for producing hard copies, speakers for audio
output, and projectors for larger visual displays.
Motherboard The motherboard is a computer’s main circuit board, connecting and
facilitating communication between components like CPU, RAM, and Peripherals. It
provides the foundation for the system to foundation for the system to function.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer, the CPU is responsible for
executing instructions and performing calculations. It interprets and carries out
the commands from software and hardware components.

Computer Memory
Computers have different types of memory for temporary and permanent data storage.
Random Access Memory (RAM) provides fast but volatile storage, while the hard drive
or Solid-State Drive (SSD) offers non-volatile, long-term storage for programs and
files.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a key component of a computer’s central processor
unit. The ALU is part of a central processing unit (CPU) and performs all
arithmetic and logic operations that must be performed on instruction words. The
ALU is split into two parts in some microprocessor architectures: the AU and the
LU.

Input Devices of Computer

Input Devices of the Computer enable users to interact with the computer. These are
tools used to provide information and commands to the computer. Examples include
keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones. They allow us to input
commands, data, and instructions for the computer to process. Keyboards and mouse
allow users to input text, navigate interfaces, and interact with software.
Tochpads offer similar functions on laptops and touch-enabled devices. Microphones
capture audio input, enabling voice commands, voice recordings, and communication
in applications like voice chat and video conferencing.

Output Devices of Computer

Output Devices of Computers display or transmit processed information to users.
These are tools that display or produce information from the computer. Common
examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones. They present the
results of computations, provide visual feedback, or produce audio output. Monitors
show visual data like tests and images, while printers create physical copies of
documents. Speakers and headphones produce sound output, allowing us to hear audio
from videos, music, or other multimedia on our computer.

Motherboard
The motherboard acts as the central hub connecting all the computer’s components.
It houses the CPU, memory modules, expansion slots, and connectors, facilitating
communication and data transfer between different parts of the system.

Functionality of a Computer
Computers possess remarkable versatility and can perform a multitude of tasks. Some
basic Functionalities and uses of a Computer are discussed below.

Data Processing: Computers excel at processing vast amounts of data quickly and
accurately. They can manipulate numbers, perform complex calculations, analyze
patterns, and generate reports.
Information Storage: With their vast storage capacities, computers can store
massive amounts of information, from personal files to entire databases. They
enable quick retrieval and organization of data for efficient access and analysis.
Communication: Computers facilitate seamless communication through various means,
such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media. They enable
global connectivity and information sharing on an unprecedented scale.
Multimedia and Entertainment: Computers serve as multimedia powerhouses, allowing
users to watch movies, listen to music, view images, play games, and edit videos.
They provide immersive experiences and entertainment options for users of all ages
Finally, a computer is a remarkable electronic device that processes data, performs
calculations, and executes tasks based on programmed instructions. It comprises
various components working together to facilitate the input, processing, and output
of information. From their ability to process data at incredible speeds to their
role in communication, entertainment, and information storage, computers have
revolutionized every aspect of our lives. The Computer was invented by Charles
Babbage. So he is known as the father of computers.

Some Interesting Facts About Computer

Below we have discussed a few interesting Facts about computers:

The first computer programmer was Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace, who wrote the first
algorithm for Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine in the 1840s.
The word “Bug” in the context of computer glickes originated in 1947 when a moth
caused a malfunction in the Harvard Mark II computer.
The world’s first computer mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1964 and was
made of wood.
The term “Byte” was coined by Dr. Werner Buchholz in 1956 while working on IBM’s
Stretch computer.
The first electronic computer, ENIAC, weighed around 30 tons and used more than
17,000 vacuum tubes.
The Apollo 11 guidance computer, which landed humans on the moon in 1969, had less
processing power than a modern smartphone.
Generation of Computer (1st to 5th)- Read Now

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FAQs
Q1. What is computer?
Ans. A computer is an electronic device wherein we need to input raw data to be
processed with a set of programs to produce a desirable output. Computers also have
the capacity to store, process and manipulate the data.

Q2. What are Super Computers?

Q3. How many types of Computers are there?
Q4. What are Hybrid Computers?
Q5. What is the full form of COMPUTER?
What are the 4 types of computer?
What is the Computer Operating System?
About the Author
Aparna Tomar
Aparna Tomar
Author
As Associate Manager- Content Writer, I take on leadership within our content
creation team, overseeing the development of error-free educational content. My
primary responsibility is to produce and analyse high-quality content educating and
informing the aspirants about upcoming government exams published on our website. I
have more than 6 years experience in content writing wherein 4.5 years of
experience in ed-tech content writing.

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