Introduction of computer

Network
Presented by,
Soma Chatterjee
Computer network
A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent computers in order to share
information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows
users to communicate more easily.

A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A
network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and
software are used to connect computers and tools in any network.

A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Hostnames and network addresses are used
to identify them.
Advantage of Computer Networks
• File Sharing
• Resource sharing
• Increase storage capacity
• Increase cost efficiency
• Load sharing
• Facilitating Communication
Advantage of Computer Networks
File Sharing: The key benefit of a computer network is that it facilitates
its users to share the files, and to access files that are stored on a
remote computer. Users can sit at their workstation and easily access
files stored on other workstation that are connected to the same
network, provided they are authorized to do so. this saves the time
required to copy a file from one system to another by using a storage
device.
Advantage of Computer Networks
Resource sharing: computer networks facilitate the users to share the
limited and otherwise expensive recourse among a number of
computing devices. For example , in a computer lab, there may be 30
computers but only one or two printers. In order to allow every
computer to use the printer, there are two options. First , to buy an
individual printer for every computer, so that each computer has a
printer attached to it. The second and more viable option is to use the
already available printer and connect all the computers and printers in
the lab via a network, so that every computer has access to the printer.
Advantage of Computer Networks
• Increase storage capacity:
attaching a number of computers to the network enables sharing of files.
Files stored on one computer can easily be accessed by another computer. A
standalone computer may have limited storage capacity, but when several
computers are connected together , the storage memory of all these
computers can be made available for each computer.
• Increase cost efficiency:
The software packages available in the market are costly and take time for
installation. Computer networks are a feasible cost efficient solution as they
allow software to be saved on one computer which can then be shared
among other computers connected on the same network.
Advantage of Computer Networks
Load sharing:
If one computer is designed to carry out all the jobs, then it is very
likely that the computer will slow down, thereby taking hours to
complete all the jobs. Hence , a better option is to transfer the extra
jobs to another machines(connected on the same network) for
execution. This greatly improves the performance of the system.
Advantage of Computer Networks
Facilitating communication:
Using a network, users can communicate efficiently and easily through
electronics mail (e -mail) and instant messaging, thereby allowing the
exchange of important messages in a speedy manner without wasting
paper.
Disadvantage
However , on the downside , the problems associated with computer
networks are as follows:
• If the server fails, the application cannot be accessed and can lead to
data loss.
• If the server is hacked , it can lead to misuse of data.
• when the number of computers and computing devices exceed the
permissible number, the performance and efficiency of the system
can decreased considerably.
• Network management is a difficult and tedious job.
Types of Networks
These days, different types of networks are widely used, both in homes
and in businesses. These networks are categorized based on their scale
, and their design and implementation issues. In this section , we shall
discuss these network types that include local area network(LAN), wide
area network(WAN),metropolitan area network(MAN), campus area
network or corporate area network(CAN), and personal area
network(PAN).
Of these, LAN and WAN are the original categories of area networks,
and other have gradually emerged over many years as a result of
advancement in technology.
Types of Networks
1. Division based on area covered
• Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that covers an area of
around 10 kilometers. For example, a college network or an office
network.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): MAN refers to a network that
covers an entire city. For example : consider the cable television
network.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN refers to a network that connects
countries or continents. For example, the Internet allows users to
access a distributed system called www from anywhere in the globe.
LAN(Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as
twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
• Local Area Network provides higher security.
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger network.
• Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).
Metropolitan Area Network:
Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:
• MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
• It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
• It can be used in a college within a city.
• It can also be used for communication in the military.
WAN(Wide Area Network)
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or
countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical
area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.
Examples Of Wide Area Network:
• Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or
country.
• Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services
to the customers in hundreds of cities by connecting their home with
fiber.
• Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the
44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone leased line
provided by the telecom company.
 PAN(Personal Area Network)
• Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range
of 10 meters.
• Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
• Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the laptop,
mobile phones, media player and play stations.
Examples Of Personal Area Network:
• Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves
with a person. For example, a mobile network moves with a person.
Suppose a person establishes a network connection and then creates
a connection with another device to share the information.
• Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home,
so it is also known as a home network. A home network is designed
to integrate the devices such as printers, computer, television but
they are not connected to the internet.
• Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the
internet and to a corporate network using a VPN
Campus/Corporate area network
A CAN is a computer network created by interconnecting LANs within a
limited geographical area.
The network is almost entirely owned by the campus of an enterprise,
university, government, military bases etc.
The size of the area that CANs covers larger than that of LANs and smaller
than that of MANs or WANs.
These days, CANs are mostly formed using the wireless communication
mediums rather than cables and wiring because wireless communication
become more economical than the use of long wires and cables.
CANs are economical, beneficial and easy to implement in the specific
locality.
What is P2P(Peer-to-peer process) ?
• A peer to peer network is a simple network of computers. It first came into existence in the late 1970s. Here
each computer acts as a node for file sharing within the formed network. Here each node acts as a server
and thus there is no central server to the network. This allows the sharing of a huge amount of data. The
tasks are equally divided amongst the nodes. Each node connected in the network shares an equal
workload. For the network to stop working, all the nodes need to individually stop working. This is because
each node works independently.
Features of P2P network :

These networks do not involve a large number of nodes, usually less

than 12. All the computers in the network store their own data but this
data is accessible by the group. Unlike client-server networks, P2P uses
resources and also provides them. This results in additional resources if
the number of nodes increases. It requires specialized software. It
allows resource sharing among the network. Since the nodes act as
servers also, there is a constant threat of attack. Almost all the OS
today support P2P networks.
Types of Networks
2. Based on types of communication
• Point To Point networks: Point-to-Point networking is a type of data
networking that establishes a direct link between two networking nodes.
A direct link between two devices, such as a computer and a printer, is
known as a point-to-point connection.
• Broadcast networks: In broadcast networks, a signal method in which
numerous parties can hear a single sender. Radio stations are an excellent
illustration of the “Broadcast Network” in everyday life. The radio station is
a sender of data/signal in this scenario, and data is only intended to travel
in one direction. Away from the radio transmission tower, to be precise.
Types of Networks
• 4. Based on type of architecture
• P2P Networks: Computers with similar capabilities and configurations are referred to as
peers.
“Peer to Peer” is the abbreviation for “peer to peer.” The “peers” in a peer-to-peer
network are computer systems that are connected to each other over the Internet.
Without the use of a central server, files can be shared directly between systems on the
network.
• Client – Server Networks: Each computer or process on the network is either a client or
a server in a client-server architecture (client/server). The client asks services from the
server, which the server provides. Servers are high-performance computers or processes
that manage disc drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network
servers)
• Hybrid Networks: The hybrid model refers to a network that uses a combination of
client-server and peer-to-peer architecture. Eg: Torrent.
• Types of Networks
• 1. Division based on the communication medium
• Wired Network: As we all know, “wired” refers to any physical medium
made up of cables. Copper wire, twisted pair, or fiber optic cables are all
options. A wired network employs wires to link devices to the Internet or
another network, such as laptops or desktop PCs.
• Wireless Network: “Wireless” means without wire, media that is made up
of electromagnetic waves (EM Waves) or infrared waves. Antennas or
sensors will be present on all wireless devices. Cellular phones, wireless
sensors, TV remotes, satellite disc receivers, and laptops with WLAN cards
are all examples of wireless devices. For data or voice communication, a
wireless network uses radio frequency waves rather than wires.
Topology
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are
interconnected to each other. There are two types of topology: physical and logical
topology.
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.

1. Bus Topology: Every computer and network device is connected to a single cable in
a bus topology network. Linear Bus topology is defined as having exactly two
terminals.
• Advantages:
• Installation is simple.
• Compared to mesh, star, and tree topologies, the bus utilizes less cabling.
• Disadvantages:
• Difficulty in reconfiguring and isolating faults.
• A bus cable malfunction or break interrupts all communication.
Topology
Topology
• 2. Ring Topology: The topology is named ring topology because one
computer is connected to another, with the final one being connected to
the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.
• Advantages:
• Data transmission is relatively straightforward because packets only move
in one direction.
• There is no requirement for a central controller to manage communication
between nodes.
• Disadvantages:
• In a Unidirectional Ring, a data packet must traverse through all nodes.
• All computers must be turned on in order for them to connect with one
another.
Topology
Topology
3. Star Topology:
Each device in a star topology has a dedicated point-to-point link to a central controller, which is commonly
referred to as the HUB. There is no direct connection between the devices. Traffic between the devices is not
allowed in this topology. As an exchange, the controller is used.

Advantages:

When attaching or disconnecting devices, there are no network interruptions.

It’s simple to set up and configure.
Identifying and isolating faults is simple.
Disadvantages:

Nodes attached to the hub, switch, or concentrator is failed if they fail.

Because of the expense of the hubs, it is more expensive than linear bus topologies.
Topology
Topology
• 4. Mesh Topology: Every device in a mesh topology has dedicated point-to-point
connectivity to every other device. The term “dedicated” refers to the fact that
the link exclusively transports data between the two devices it links. To connect n
devices, a fully connected mesh network contains n *(n-1)/2 physical channels.
• Advantages:
• Data can be sent from multiple devices at the same time. This topology can
handle a lot of traffic.
• Even if one of the connections fails, a backup is always available. As a result, data
transit is unaffected.
• Disadvantages:
• The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports that are necessary.
• It is difficult to install and reconfigure.
Topology
Topology
5. Tree Topology:
The topology of a tree is similar to that of a star. Nodes in a tree, like those in a star, are connected to a central
hub that manages network traffic. It has a root node, which is connected to all other nodes, producing a
hierarchy. Hierarchical topology is another name for it. The number of Star networks is connected via Bus in
Tree Topology.
• Advantages:
• Network expansion is both possible and simple.
• We partition the entire network into pieces (star networks) that are easier to manage and maintain.
• Other segments are unaffected if one segment is damaged.
• Disadvantages:
• Tree topology relies largely on the main bus cable because of its basic structure, and if it fails, the entire
network is handicapped.
• Maintenance becomes more challenging when more nodes and segments are added.
•
Topology
Thank you