Disaster Cycle

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

Session Objective

At the end of the session you will be able to understand:

• Disaster

• Disaster Management

• Disaster Management Cycle

• Disaster Management Cycle Phases

• National Disaster Management Plan

Disaster

A disaster happens when a hazard impacts on the vulnerable population and causes damage,
casualties and disruption.

Vulnerability

• Underlying Causes

Example: Limited access to resources, Illness and disabilities, age/sex, poverty, others

• Dynamic Pressure

Example: Lack of: Institution Education Training skill, Population explosion

• Unsafe Conditions

Example: Dangerous location, Dangerous building, Low income level

Hazard

• Trigger Events

Example: Earthquake Tsunamis Floods Cyclones Volcanic eruptions Drought Landslide War
Technological accident Pandemic Environmental pollution

Disaster Classification

• Slow - Famine/Drought/ HIV/ SARS

• Sudden/ Rapid - Earthquakes, flood, Fire, Pandemic

• Internal - Structural collapse/ Function collapse (financial loss and/or operational impairment)

• External Floods/ Mass casualty

Disaster Management

“The range of activities designed to maintain control over disaster and emergency situations and to
provide a framework for helping at risk persons avoid or recover from the impact of a disaster”
According to Kelly (1996)
Goals of Disaster Management:

• Reduce, or avoid, losses from hazards;

• Assure prompt assistance to victims;

• Achieve rapid and effective recovery.

Disaster Management Components

• Hazard analysis p robability of occurrence

• Vulnerability Analysis ( degree of loss

• Prevention and Mitigation

• Preparedness

• Prediction & Warning

• Response

• Recovery

Stages in Disaster Management

There are three key stages of activities in disaster management:

• Before a disaster : to reduce the potential for human, material, or environmental losses caused by
hazards and to ensure that these losses are minimized when disaster strikes

• During a disaster: to ensure that the needs and provisions of victims are met to alleviate and
minimize suffering

• After a disaster: to achieve rapid and durable recovery

Disaster Management in Hospital

• Arrangements encompassing all high risk hazards/ vulnerabilities, both natural and man made

– Fire & Flood

• Hospital Major Medical Incident Management System. (Common protocol)

• Structural Collapse

• Functional Collapse

Disaster management cycle

• The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process for and reduce the impact of
disasters, react during and immediately following a disaster, and take steps to recover after a disaster
has occurred.

• Appropriate actions at all points in the cycle lead to greater preparedness, better warnings,
reduced vulnerability or the prevention of disasters during the next iteration of the cycle.
• The complete disaster management cycle includes the shaping of policies and plans that either
modify the causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on people, property, and infrastructure.

• These do not always, or even generally, occur in isolation or in this precise order.

• Often phases of the cycle overlap and the length of each phase greatly depends on the severity of
the disaster.

Phases of Disaster Management cycle:

• The four disaster management phases illustrated Below:

– Mitigation: Minimizing the effects of disaster

– Preparedness : Planning how to respond

– Response: Efforts to minimizes the hazards created by a disaster

– Recovery: Return the community/ facility to normal

Disaster Management Cycle

Mitigation

• Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster. includes any activities that prevents an emergency,
reduces the chance of an emergency happening or lessens the damaging effects of unavoidable
emergences.

• Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education/ awareness.

Preparedness

• Preparedness Planning how to respond. It includes a variety of measures aimed at insuring the
community is prepared to reacts to any hazard that threatens the country.

• Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.

Risk Reduction: Mitigation and Preparedness

• Risk reduction strategy


– Legal and institutional framework

– Vulnerability Analysis and Risk Awareness

– Planning

– Implementation of Plan and Community Resilience

– Knowledge Creation and Dissemination

Humanitarian Action

• During a disaster, humanitarian agencies are often called upon to deal with immediate response
and recovery.

• If the necessary preparations have not been made, the humanitarian agencies will not be able to
meet the immediate needs of the people.

Response

• Response Efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster.

• It includes action taken immediately before, during and just after a disaster or major emergency.
The goal of the responder is to save lives, minimize property damage and enhance the beginning of
recovery from the incident.

• Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief .

Disaster is the ultimate test of administrative efficiency , in the sense of positive impact on the
environment, preparedness, procedural simplicity, logistics, speed and expertise.

There are inherent important lessons to be learnt with regard to administrative reforms by way of
policy interventions to ensure:

• Better institutional preparedness

• Sense of self help and ‘communitarianism’ (connection between the individual and the
community.)

Recovery

• Recovery Returning the community to normal.

• It is the activity that returns infrastructural systems to minimum operating standards and guides
long term efforts designed to return life to normal or improved levels after a disaster. This is a very
daunting phases of Emergency Management because it requires personal and community
motivation.

• Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

• Recovery is also sometimes used to describe the activities that encompass the three overlapping
phases of emergency relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction
• The recovery phase involves implementation of actions to promote sustainable redevelopment
(reconstruction, rehabilitation) following a disaster.

• It covers long term measures like, rebuilding of houses, assets, infrastructure, school building,
hospital buildings, and other public buildings. It is a process undertaken by a disaster affected
community to fully restore itself to pre disaster level

Recent trends in Disaster Management Cycle

• Risk based Planning and Resourcing

• Focused social media use

• Building and Rebuilding for Sustainability

• Education

• Comprehensive Disaster Management

Disaster Mitigation in Hospitals

• Improved design of new healthcare facilities

• Retrofitting of old healthcare facilities

• National policy & guidelines

• Hospital Disaster Preparedness Plan

• Testing the plan

• Revising & updating the plan

• Vulnerability Analysis

Process of disaster preparedness planning


The planning process is the production of written plan, But it is the process that is critical

• Step 1: Authority to develop Leadership

• Step 2: Establish planning committee

• Step 3: Conduct hazard risk assessment

• Step 4: Set planning objective

• Step 5 : Determine responsibilities

• Step 6: Analyze resources

• Step 7: Develop systems and procedures

• Step 8: Write the plan

• Step 9: Train personnel

• Step 10: Mock drill Test plans, personnel and procedures

• Step 11: Review and amend the plan

• Step 12: Planning is dynamic/ continuous

Key elements of emergency response in Hospitals

• Activation

• Communication

• Evacuation

• Mass Medical Care

• Search and Rescue

• Emergency Medical care

• Emergency Transportation Ambulance

• Local, Regional, and International Assistance

Disaster Management Cycle in India

National Disaster Management Plan

• National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP).

This is the first ever National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) prepared in the country and was
released on June 1 st , 2016

• The NDMP has been aligned broadly with the goals and priorities set out in the Sendai Framework
for Disaster Risk Reduction.
• The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) provides a framework and direction to the
government agencies for all phases of disaster management cycle.

• The NDMP is a dynamic document in the sense that it will be periodically improved keeping up
with the emerging global best practices and knowledge bases in disaster management.

• The approach used in this national plan incorporates the four priorities enunciated in the Sendai
Framework into the planning framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) under the five Thematic
Areas for Actions:

– Understanding Risk

– Inter Agency Coordination

– Investing in DRR Structural Measures

– Investing in DRR Non Structural Measures

– Capacity Development

• The Response part of the Plan has identified eighteen broad activities which have been arranged
into a matrix to be served as a ready reckoned:

– Early Warning, Maps, Satellite inputs, Information Dissemination,

– Evacuation of People and Animals

– Search and Rescue of People and Animals

– Medical Care

– Drinking Water/ Dewatering Pumps/ Sanitation Facilities/ Public Health

– Food & Essential Supplies

– Communication

– Housing and Temporary Shelters

– Power

– Fuel

– Transportation

– Relief Logistics and Supply Chain Management

– Disposal of Animal Carcasses

– Fodder for livestock in scarcity hit areas

– Rehabilitation and Ensuring Safety of Livestock and other Animals, Veterinary Care

– Data Collection and Management

– Relief Employment
– Media Relations

• State government is primarily responsible for disaster

• In situation where the resources of the state are inadequate to cope it can get assistance from the
central government

National Disaster Management Plan NDMP

• NDMP provides a framework covering all aspects of the disaster management cycle.

• It covers:

– Disaster risk reduction

– Mitigation

– Preparedness

– Response

– Recovery and

– Better reconstruction

Highlights of NDMP

• It is a comprehensive framework encompassing multiple hazards.

• Its an integrated approach that ensures the involvement of government and other numerous
relevant organisation

• Legal mandate: NDMP for whole of India


Scope of NDMP

• Prevention of disasters

• Integration of mitigation measures

• Preparedness and capacity building

• Setting roles and responsibilities

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