358 Easy Stat Probability 359

Formulas
CHAPTER 6 (1) Binomial Distribution:
P(x) =

Probability (2) Poisson Distribution:

P(x) =

(3) Normal Distribution:

Symbols z=

Symbols Meanings (4) Poisson-Binomial Approximation:

X Event
x Number of outcomes P(x) =
N Population number
n Sample number (5) Simple Mean with Binomial Probability:
μ Population mean μ = np
Sample mean (6) Standard Deviation with Binomial Probability:
Σ Summation
P Probability σ=
E Expected value (10) Variance with Binomial Probability:
or Combination σ2 = npq
z Area of normal curve
(12) Expected Value:
E log (= 2.71828182...)
λ or m Population average E = ΣPX or E(X) = ΣX.P(X)
! Factorial (13) Variance with Expected Value:
Σ Standard deviation
Var(X) = ΣX2P(X) – [E(X)]2
σ2 Variance
~ Normally distributed (14) Twice Expected Value:
E(2X) = 2E(X) or ΣX.P(X)
(15) Squared Expected Value:
E(X – 1)2 = E(X2) – 2E(X) + 1
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
= 0.9821 [Ans.]
Solutions to Year Questions Alternative Method:

Year 1981t P (x  1 apples) = 1 – P(x = 0 apple, 3 oranges) = 1 – = 0.9821 [Ans.]

Q1. A batch of transistor contains 8 percent defective. Three transistors are drawn at
random from the batch at a time each being replaced prior to the next draw. What is For with replacement:
the probability of obtaining at least one defective transistor?
Solution to Q1: Given p = 8% = 0.08 (i) P (x = 2 apples, 1 orange) = [Ans.]
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.08 = 0.92
n=3 (ii) P (x  1 apples) = P(x = 1 apple, 2 oranges) + P(x = 2 apple, 1 orange)
P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 3 apples, 0 orange)
= =

= 0.2213 [Ans.]
Alternative Method:
P (x  1) = 1 – P(x = 0) = 0.4785 [Ans.]
=1–
Solution to Q3(b): Given p =
= 0.2213 [Ans.]
Year 1982: q=1–p=1– =
Q2. No math question in this year.
n=4
Year 1983: P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)
Q3. (a) A bag contains 5 apples and 3 oranges. Three items are drawn out without = 1 – P(x = 0)
replacement. Calculate the probability of obtaining:
(i) Two apples and an orange. =
(ii) At least one apple. = 0.6836
If there is replacement calculate these probabilities.
Year 1984:
Q4. No math question in this year.
(b) Four torpedoes are fired simultaneously at a ship, each having a probability
Year 1985:
of hitting the ship is . What is the probability that the ship is hit? Q5. No math question in this year.
Solution to Q3(a): Given apples = 5, oranges = 3 Year 1986:
For without replacement: Q6. 80% of the families of a village are farm families. Ten families are selected at
random with replacement. What is the probability of getting at least eight farm
(i) P (x = 2 apples, 1 orange) = families in the sample?
Solution to Q6: Given p = 80% = 0.80
(ii) P (x  1 apples) = P(x = 1 apple, 2 oranges) + P(x = 2 apple, 1 orange) q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.80 = 0.20
+ P(x = 3 apples, 0 orange) n = 10
P (x  8) = P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10)
=
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
= No. of days 45 75 120 45 15
(i) Develop a probability distribution for daily frauds occurred in the bank branches.
(ii) What is the probability that in a given day there will be no fraud occurred?
= 0.6778 [Ans.]
(iii) What is the probability that in a given day there will be at least one fraud occurred?
Year 1987: Solution to Q11(i):
Q7. No math question in this year.
Year 1988:
Probability Distribution Table
No. of frauds No. of days fx
Q8. No math question in this year. (x) (f)
Year 1989: 0 45 0
Q9. 10% products of a lot is defective. If 5 products are selected from the lot at 1 75 75
random, what is the probability of getting 2 defective products? 2 120 240
Solution to Q9: Given p = 10% = 0.10 3 45 135
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.10 = 0.90 4 15 60
n=5 n=4 N = 300 fx = 510
P (x = 2) =

= 0.0729 [Ans.]
Year 1990: We know,
Q10. A batch of transistor contains 9 percent defective. Four transistors are drawn np =
at random from the batch. What is the probability of obtaining at least one defective  4p = 1.7
transistor?
Solution to Q10: Given p = 9% = 0.09  p=
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.09 = 0.91  q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.425 = 0.575
n=4
P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) (ii) P (x = 0) =
= = 0.1093 [Ans.]
(iii) P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)
= 1 – P(x = 0)
= 0.3143 [Ans.] = 1 – 0.1093
= 0.8907 [Ans.]
Alternative Method:
P (x  1) = 1 – P(x = 0) Year 1992:
= [Ans.] Sonali Bank Head Office had kept a
Q12.
Year 1991: record of the number of grievances of the
The records of Janata Bank Head Office
Q11. employees filed per week for the last 50
kept over last 300 days show the following weeks. The results are shown below:
number of frauds occurred in different No. of grievances
No. of weeks
0
2
1
18
2
25
3
4
4
1
branches scattered over the country: (i) Develop a probability distribution for the above data.
No. of 0 1 2 3 4 (ii) What is the probability that in a given week there will be at least two grievances
frauds filed by the employees?
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
(iii) What is the probability that in a given week there will be no grievance recorded?
Solution to Q12(i): Q14.The records of Pubali Bank Ltd. Head
Probability Distribution Table Office kept over last 300 days show the
No. of grievances
(x)
No. of weeks
(f)
fx following number of frauds occurred in
0 2 0 different branches scattered over the
1 18 18
2 25 50 country:
3 4 12 No. of 0 1 2 3 4
4 1 4 frauds
n=4 N = 50 fx = 84 No. of days 35 85 120 45 15
(i) Develop a probability distribution for daily frauds occurred in the bank branches.
 (ii) What is the probability that in a given day there will be no fraud occurred?
We know, (iii) What is the probability that in a given day there will be at least one fraud occurred?
np = Solution to Q14(i):
 4p = 1.68 Probability Distribution Table
 p= No. of frauds No. of days fx
(x) (f)
 q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.42 = 0.58 0 35 0
(ii) P (x  2) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) 1 85 85
= 2 120 240
3 45 135
4 15 60
= 0.5590 [Ans.] n=4 N = 300 fx = 520
(iii) P (x = 0) = 
= 0.1132 [Ans.]
We know, np =
Year 1993:  4p = 1.73
Q13. The probability that a man aged 20 years will die within the next 20 years is 0.1.
An insurance company selects 5 persons, all aged 20 years and wants from you to find:  p=
(i) The probability that no one will die within the next 20 years;
(ii) The probability that two of them will die within the next 20 years.  q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.43 = 0.57
Solution to Q13: Given p = 0.1, (ii) P (x = 0) =
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9
= 0.1056 [Ans.]
n=5
(iii) P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4)
(i) P (x = 0) = = 0.59049 [Ans.] = 1 – P(x = 0)
(ii) P (x = 2) = = 0.07290 [Ans.] = 1 – 0.1056
= 0.8944 [Ans.]
Year 1994: Year 1995:
Q15. No math question in this year.
Year 1996:
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
Q16. (a) A bag contains 6 red, 7 white and 5 green balls. Find the probability that n=6
three balls drawn at random are all red balls. (i) P (x  2) = P(x = 2) + P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5) + P(x = 6)
(b) A number is chosen at random from the numbers 1 to 15. Find the = 1 – [P(x = 0) + P(x = 0)]
probabilities that the chosen number is (i) even; (ii) odd; and (iii) multiple of 3. =1–[ ]
Solution to Q16(a): Given red balls = 6 = 1 – [0.0277 + 0.1359]
white balls = 7 = 0.8364 [Ans.]
green balls = 5
(ii) P (x = 0) = = 0.0277 [Ans.]
P (x = 3 red balls) = [Ans.] (iii) P (x = 6) = = 0.0083 [Ans.]
= 0.0729 [Ans.]
Solution to Q16(b): Given Total numbers (n) = 15
Taken at a time (r) = 1 Year 1999:
Total even numbers = 7 (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14) Q19. No math question in this year.
Total odd numbers = 8 (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15) Year 2000:
Total multiple of 3 numbers = 5 (3, 6, 9, 12, 15)
Q20. There are 20 balls in a bag. 12 are white and rest are black. Three balls are drawn
– What is the probability to get:
(i) P (x = 1 even number) = [Ans.] (i) All white, (ii) 2 black and 1 white, (iii) No white, (iv) 1 black and 2 white?
Solution to Q20: Given white balls = 12
black balls = 8
(ii) P (x = 1 odd number) = [Ans.]
(i) P (x = 3 white balls) = [Ans.]

(iii) P (x = 1 multiple of 3 number) = [Ans.]

(ii) P (x = 2 black balls, 1 white ball) = [Ans.]
Year 1997:
Q17. 10% products of a lot is defective. If 5 products are selected from the lot are
random, what is the probability of getting 2 defective products? (iii) P (x = 0 white ball, 3 black balls) = [Ans.]
Solution to Q17: Given p = 10% = 0.10
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.10 = 0.90
n=5 (iv) P (x = 1 black ball, 2 white balls) = [Ans.]
 P (x = 2) =
= 0.0729 [Ans.] Year 2001:
Q21. (a) No math question in this year.
Year 1998:
Q18. It is known that 45% of the defective parts produced by a certain operation can Year 2002:
be made satisfactory by rework: Q22. (a) There are 5 red and 4 white balls in a box. 4 balls are successively drawn
(i) What is the probability that in a batch of 6 such parts at least two can be from the box. What is the probability that 4 balls would be white or red if
satisfactorily reworked? (i) drawing the first ball is replaced before drawing the second ball, and (ii) drawing
(ii) What is the probability that none of them can be reworked? the first ball is not replaced before drawing the second ball?
(iii) What is the probability that all of them can be reworked? (b) There were two parts – Part A and Part B in a machine. A failed 40% of
Solution to Q18: Given p = 45% = 0.45 times and B failed 50% of times in the past. A and B work independently. Assume
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.45 = 0.55
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
that A and B enable to keep the machine running. Find out the probability that the = = 0.1875
machine will operate.
[Ans.]
Solution to Q22(a): Given red balls = 5
(iii) P (x = 0) = = 0.03125 [Ans.]
white balls = 4
(i) For with replacement: Year 2004:
P (x = 4 white or 4 red) = P (x = 4 white balls) + P (x = 4 red balls) Q24. (a) A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. The successive drawings of 3 balls
are made such that (i) balls are replaced before the second trial; (ii) balls are not
= + replaced before the second trial. Find the probability that the first drawing will give
3 white and second 3 red balls.
(b) A telephone operator receives 3 telephone calls on average per minute from
10 a.m. to 12 a.m. Find the probability that in a certain minute of the given time
interval of a day, the operator receives (i) no call; (ii) at least two calls; (iii) at best
two calls; (iv) two or three calls.
= 0.1343 [Ans.] Solution to Q24(a): Given red balls = 8
(ii) For without replacement: white balls = 5
P (x = 4 white or 4 red) = P (x = 4 white balls) + P (x = 4 red balls) (i) For with replacement:

= + P (x = 3 white and 3 red) = = 0.0068 [Ans.]

(ii) For without replacement:

P (x = 3 white and 3 red) = = 0.0163 [Ans.]

= 0.0476 [Ans.] Solution to Q24(b): Given mean = m = 3

Solution to Q22(b): Given P(A) = 1 – 0.40 = 0.60
P(B) = 1 – 0.50 = 0.50 [Ans.]
For two independent events A and B, we know
P(A  B) = P(A)  P(B)
= 0.60  0.50 (ii) = 0.8008
= 0.30 [Ans.]
[Ans.]
Year 2003:
Q23. If a coin is tossed five times, what would be the probabilities of: (iii)
(i) having at least 3 heads;
(ii) at best one head; = 0.4232 [Ans.]
(iii) no head.
Solution to Q23: Given p = 1/2 = 0.50 (ii) = 0.4481 [Ans.]
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.50 = 0.50
n=5
Year 2005:
(i) P (x  3) = P(x = 3) + P(x = 4) + P(x = 5)
= Q25. No math question in this year.
Year 2006:
= 0.5000 [Ans.]
(ii) P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 0)
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
(ii) P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 0)
Q26. (a) Given that P(A) = , P(B) = , P(AB) = , find P(A/B) and P(B/A). Are
=
A and B independent? = 0.1875 [Ans.]
(b) Two bags contained 12 white, 7 red, 11 black and 7 white, 10 red, 13 black
balls respectively. One ball is drawn at random from each bag. What is the
probability that -
(i) both balls are of white colour.
(ii) both balls are of the same colour.
Year 2008:
Solution to Q26(a): Given that P(A) = , P(B) = , P(AB) = Q28. A bag contains 6 red and 4 white balls. Three balls are drawn at random, what
is the probability that -
(i) All of them are red.
Here, P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB) = + – = (ii) None of them is red.
(iii) Two of them are red and one is white.
(i) P(A/B) = [Ans.] Solution to Q28:

(i) P (x = 3 red) = = 0.1667 [Ans.]

(ii) P(B/A) = [Ans.]

Solution to Q26(b):
(ii) P (x = 3 red) = = 0.0333 [Ans.]
(i) P (x = 1 white, 1 white) = = 0.0933 [Ans.]

(iii) P (x = 2 red and 1 white) = = 0.50 [Ans.]

(ii) P (x = 2 white or 2 red or 2 black) =

The End
+

= 0.0933 + 0.0778 + 0.1589 = 0.33 [Ans.]

Year 2007:
Q27. Five men in a company of 25 are graduates. If 3 men are selected out of 25 at
random, what is the probability that they are all graduates? What is the probability
that at least one graduate?
Solution to Q27: Given p = 5/25 = 0.20
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.20 = 0.80
n=3
(i) P (x = 3) = = 0.008 [Ans.]
(i) P (x  1) = P(x = 1) + P(x = 2) + P(x = 3)
=

= 0.3840 + 0.0960 + 0.008 = 0.488 [Ans.]

358 Easy Stat Probability 359
(3) Sample standard deviation with population sample size:
=

(4) Standard deviation of proportion:

=

CHAPTER 7 Solutions to Year Questions

Year 1998:
1. From a population of 560 employees of a firm, a sample of 60 individuals is
taken and their average length of services is found to be 6.5 years with a standard

Sampling Distribution
deviation of 1.79 years:
(i) Find the standard error of the mean.
(ii) Construct 95% confidence interval for the mean length of service.
Solution to Q1: Given N = 560, n = 60,  = 6.5,  = 1.79
Symbols (i) [Ans.]
Symbols Meanings
n Small sample size (ii) 95% CI =   = 6.5  = 6.5  1.96(0.2186) [Ans.]
N Population sample size
μ Population mean Year 1999:
Sample mean 2. There are 5 representative at the City Motors Ltd. at Dhaka. Below are listed the
σ Population standard deviation representatives and the number of cars they sold last month:
Sample standard deviation
Representative A B C D E
Cars sold 5 15 10 25 20
Finite population multiplier
(a) How many different samples of size two are possible?
(b) List all possible samples of size two and compute the mean of each sample.
(c) Compare the mean of the sample means with that of the population mean.
Formulas Solution to Q2: (i) Given Total Representative = N
Sample size = r
 Number of sample size = [Ans.]
(1) Standard Normal Area:
Z= (ii) List of All Possible Sample
(2) Sample standard deviation:
Size and Their Means
Sample No. Sample Groups Sample Values Sample Means ( )
= 1 (A, B) (5, 15) (5 + 15)  2 = 10
2 (A, C) (5, 10) (5 + 10)  2 = 7.5
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
3 (A, D) (5, 25) (5 + 25)  2 = 15 Required: (i) What is the probability that the life of tyres is less than 21500 miles?
4 (A, E) (5, 20) (5 + 20)  2 = 12.5 (ii) What is the probability that the life of tyres is as high as 23500 miles?
5 (B, C) (15, 10) (15 + 10)  2 = Solution to Q4: Given  = 22560,  = 2153, n = 36
12.5 P (x < 21500) = ?
6 (B, D) (15, 25) (15 + 25)  2 = 20
7 (B, E) (15, 20) (15 + 20)  2 = z=
17.5
8 (C, D) (10, 25) (10 + 25)  2 =
17.5
9 (C, E) (10, 20) (10 + 20)  2 = 15
10 (D, E) (25, 20) (25 + 20)  2 =
22.5
n = 10 150 fig: Normal Curve
The area at z1 = – 2.95 is 0.4984
(iii) The mean of the sample means ( ) =  Required area = 0.5 – 0.4984 = 0.0016 (Ans.)
(ii) P (x = 23500) = ?
The population mean ( )=

Since = , both means are equal, so the sampling distribution is correct. z=
Year 2000:
3. The mean length of life of a certain cutting tool is 41.5 hours with a standard
deviation of 2.5 hours. What is the probability that a simple random sample of size
50 drawn from this population will have a mean between 40.5 hours and 42 hours?
Solution to Q3: Given  = 41.5,  = 2.5, n = 50
P (40.5  x  42) = ?
fig: Normal Curve
 z1 = , z2 = The area at z = 2.62 is 0.4956
 Required area = 0.4956 (Ans.)
Year 2002
Q5. No math question in this year.
Year 2003
Q6. No math question in this year.
Year 2004
fig: Normal Curve
Q7. Car Stereo of manufacturer A have mean life time 1400 hours with a standard
The area at z1 = – 2.83 is 0.4977 and z1 = 1.41 is 0.4207 deviation of 200 hours, while those of manufacturer B have mean life time 1200
 Required area = 0.4977 + 0.4207 = 0.9184 (Ans.) hours with a standard deviation of 100 hours. If a random sample of 125 stereos of
each manufacturer are tested, what is the probability that the manufacturer A stereos
Year 2001: will have a mean life time which is at least (i) 160 hours more than the manufacturer
4. A company produces motor tyre. Average life of a tyre is 22560 miles and B stereos and (ii) 250 hours more than the manufacturer B stereos?
standard deviation is 2153 miles. Distribution of tyres is not like normal curve. A
team of taxi driver wants to buy 36 tyres but they assume that the life of tyres must Solution to Q7: Please see S. P. Gupta & M. P. Gupta page 482 – Illustration 10.
be more than 21500 miles.
358 Easy Stat Probability 359
Year 2005
Q8. No math question in this year.
Year 2006
Q9. No math question in this year.
Year 2007
Q10. No math question in this year.
Year 2008
Q11. No math question in this year.

The End