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8 views3 pages

Limbrabdu

Uploaded by

shivanshmishraalld
Copyright
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝛾(𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣), 𝑡 ∈ (−𝛿, 𝛿 ).


where 𝛾: (−𝛿, 𝛿 ) × 𝑢 → 𝑀 is a smooth map and
𝑢 = {(𝑞, 𝑣): 𝑞 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀, |𝑣| < 𝜖1 }
which satisfies the initial conditions
𝑥 (0) = 𝛾 (0, 𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝑞 and 𝑥̇ (0) = 𝛾 ′ (0, 𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝑣.
Thus, 𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝛾 (𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣) ; 𝑡 ∈ (−𝛿, 𝛿 ) is the unique geodesic.

Corollary: Given 𝑝 ∈ 𝑀, ∃ a nbd 𝑉 of 𝑝 in M, a number 𝜀 > 0 and a


𝐶 ∞ − 𝑚𝑎𝑝
𝛾: (−2,2) × 𝑢 → 𝑀
where 𝑢 = {(𝑞, 𝑣): 𝑞 ∈ 𝑉, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀, |𝑣| < 𝜀} such that 𝑡 ⟼ 𝛾 (𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣), 𝑡 ∈
(−2,2) is the unique geodesic of M which at the instant 𝑡 = 0 passes
through 𝑞 with velocity 𝑣, ∀𝑞 ∈ 𝑉 and 𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀 with |𝑣| < 𝜀.

Lemma: (Homogeneity of a geodesic)


If the geodesic 𝜸(𝒕, 𝒒, 𝒗) is defined on the interval (−𝜹, 𝜹), then
the geodesic 𝜸(𝒕, 𝒒, 𝒂𝒗), 𝒂 ∈ ℝ, 𝒂 > 𝟎, is defined on the interval
𝜹 𝜹
(− , ) and
𝒂 𝒂
𝜸(𝒕, 𝒒, 𝒂𝒗) = 𝜸(𝒂𝒕, 𝒒, 𝒗).
𝛿 𝛿
Proof: Let ℎ: (− , ) → 𝑀 is a curve given by,
𝑎 𝑎
𝛿 𝛿
ℎ(𝑡) = 𝛾(𝑎𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣) ; ∀𝑡 ∈ (− , ).
𝑎 𝑎
Then, ℎ(0) = 𝛾(0, 𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝑞
𝑑ℎ
𝑎𝑛𝑑 | = 𝑎. 𝛾 ′ (0, 𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝑎𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0
As, ℎ 𝑡 = 𝑎. 𝛾 ′ (𝑎𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣)
′( )

𝐷ℎ′ (𝑡)
= ∇ℎ′ (𝑡) ℎ′ (𝑡) = ∇𝑎.𝛾′ (𝑎𝑡,𝑞,𝑣) 𝑎. 𝛾 ′ (𝑎𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑎2 ∇𝛾′ (𝑎𝑡,𝑞,𝑣) 𝛾 ′ (𝑎𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣)
=0
Therefore, ℎ is a geodesic passing through 𝑞 with velocity 𝑎𝑣 at the
instant 𝑡 = 0.
So, by uniqueness, ℎ(𝑡) = 𝛾 (𝑎𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝛾(𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑎𝑣).
Note:
The above lemma permits us to make the interval of the definition
of a geodesic uniformly large in a neighborhood of 𝑝 ∈ 𝑀.
MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

Ram Ji Pandey
Department of Mathematics, ECC, Prayagraj
Objective:
In this study material we will discuss about the following:
Exponential map: definition and as a diffeomorphism.

Recall:
(Homogeneity of a geodesic) If the geodesic 𝛾(𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣) is defined on
the interval (−𝛿, 𝛿 ), then the geodesic 𝛾(𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑎𝑣), 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 > 0, is
𝛿 𝛿
defined on the interval (− , ) and 𝛾 (𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑎𝑣) = 𝛾(𝑎𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣).
𝑎 𝑎

Exponential map:
Let (𝑀, 𝑔) be a Riemannian manifold and 𝑝 ∈ 𝑀. Let
𝒰 = {(𝑞, 𝑣): 𝑞 ∈ 𝑉 ⊆ 𝑀, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀, |𝑣| < 𝜖}
be an open set of TM (tangent bundles). [Note that: 𝑇𝑀 = ⋃𝑞∈𝑉 𝑇𝑞 𝑀]
Then the map, 𝑒𝑥𝑝: 𝒰 ⟶ 𝑀 is defined as –
𝑣
exp(𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝛾(1, 𝑞, 𝑣) = 𝛾 (|𝑣|, 𝑞, ) , (𝑞, 𝑣) ∈ 𝒰
|𝑣|
is called exponential map on 𝒰.

The restriction of the 𝑒𝑥𝑝 map to an open subset of the tangent


space 𝑇𝑞 𝑀 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 : 𝐵𝜖 (0) ⊂ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀 ⟶ 𝑀 defined as –
exp(𝑣) = exp(𝑞, 𝑣)
(Here exp map is a smooth map because map 𝛾 is smooth. After
fixing (𝑞, 𝑣) i.e. on restricting 𝛾, it is still smooth)
where, 𝐵𝜖 (0) is an open ball of radius 𝜖, with the centre at origin
0 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀.
i.e. 𝐵𝜖 (0) = {𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀 ∶ |𝑣| < 𝜖}.
Also, exp𝑞 (0) = exp(𝑞, 0)
= 𝛾(1, 𝑞, 0)
= 𝑞.
Geometrically, exp𝑞 (𝑣) is a point of M, obtained by going out the
length equal to |𝑣| starting from 𝑞, along a geodesic which passes
𝑣
through 𝑞 with velocity equal to |𝑣|.
(map t ⟼ 𝛾 (𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣) is a unique geodesic defined on the interval (−2,2)
at point 𝑞 with initial velocity 𝑣 . 𝛾 (𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣) represents the point
MAT3TH51 - RIEMANNIAN GEOMETRY

obtained after travelling 𝑡|𝑣| distance along geodesic staring from


point 𝑞 in time t)
For e.g.:
(1) Let 𝑀 = ℝ𝑛 . Since the covariant derivative coincides with the
usual derivative, the geodesic are straight lines parametrized
proportionally to arc length. The exponential is clearly the identity
defined by 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 (𝑣) = 𝑣.
(2) Let 𝑀 = 𝐺𝐿(𝑛, ℝ) and 𝑞 ∈ 𝐺𝐿(𝑛, ℝ).
So, 𝑇𝑞 𝐺𝐿(𝑛, ℝ) = 𝑀(𝑛, ℝ),
Define, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 : 𝑀(𝑛, ℝ) → 𝐺𝐿(𝑛, ℝ) as,
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 (𝐴) = 𝑒 𝐴
Theorem: Given 𝒒 ∈ 𝑴, ∃𝝐 > 𝟎 such that 𝒆𝒙𝒑: 𝑩(𝟎, 𝝐) ⊆ 𝑻𝒒 𝑴 → 𝑴 is
a diffeomorphism of 𝑩(𝟎, 𝝐) onto an open subset of M.
Proof: First of all, let us find 𝑑(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 )0 .
𝑑
𝑑(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 )0 (𝑣) = (𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 (𝑡𝑣))|𝑡=0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
= (𝛾 (1, 𝑞, 𝑡𝑣))|𝑡=0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
= (𝛾 (𝑡, 𝑞, 𝑣))|𝑡=0
𝑑𝑡

= 𝛾̇ (0, 𝑞, 𝑣)
=𝑣 ; ∀𝑣 ∈ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀
Thus, 𝑑(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 )0 is the identity of 𝑇𝑞 𝑀 and so is non-singular.
Hence, by inverse function theorem, 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑞 is a local
diffeomorphism on a nbd of 0 ⊂ 𝐵(0, 𝜖 ) ⊆ 𝑇𝑞 𝑀.

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