CHAPTER 9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 9-1

! 3!
2. 60° = radians 4. 135° = radians 6. 360° = 2π radians
3 4

8. III 10. II 12. I

$ 3# '
14. cos 180° = -1 16. sin &" ) = 1 18. cos 360° = 1
% 2(
(see Figure 6) (see Figure 6) (see Figure 6)

! 180° 5! 5(180°)
20. radians = 22.
! 3π radians = 3(180°) 24. radians =
4 4 3 3
= 45° = 540° = 300°
1
26. sin 30˚ = (Fig. 7)
2
2
28. cos 135˚ = -cos 45˚ = - (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
2
!
2
30. sin(-45˚) = -sin 45˚ = - (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
2
!
32. cos 270˚ = 0 (Fig. 6) 34. cos(-π) = -1 (Fig. 6)
2" " 3
36. sin = sin =! (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
3 3 2
5" " 2
38. sin = -sin = - (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
4 4 2
! ! !
$ #' " 2
40. cos &" ) = cos = (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
% 4( 4 2
! ! !
42. cos 13 = 0.9074 44. sin 325.9 = -0.7350 46. cos(-502.3) = 0.9377
48. θ° = 18° 50. Using Degree-Radian Conversion
!
! Degree-Radian ! Conversion Formula:
Formula: !
!deg ! !°
= rad = 60
180° " rad 180° !
! 180°
18° ! Thus, radians = = 3°
= 60 60°
180° " radians
18! !
θ = = radians
180 10

EXERCISE 9-1 371

 1 1 2
52. sec 45˚ = = = = 2 (Fig. 7)
cos 45° 2 2
2
1 1
54. csc 30˚ = = 1 = 2 (Fig. 7)
sin 30° !
! ! 2
!
56. cot(-150˚) = cot 30˚ = 3 (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
58. tan 315˚ = tan(-45˚) = -tan 45˚
! ! = -1 (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
" 1 !1
60. csc = = = 1 (Fig. 6)
2 sin " 1
2
$ 3# ' "
62. tan &" ) = tan = 1 (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
% 4( 4
! !
! 0 is undefined
64. cot (Fig. 6)
7" 1 1 1 2
66.
! sec =! 7"
= #
= = - (Fig. 6 and Fig. 7)
6 cos 6 " cos 6 3 3
" 2

68. (A) From Problem 67:

! (sin x)2 + (cos x)2 = 1 ! (1)
! !
Divide both sides !of (1) by (cos x)2:
(sin x)2 1
+ 1 =
(cos x)2 (cos x)2
Thus, (tan x)2 + 1 = (sec x)2

(B) Divide both sides of (1) by (sin x)2:

(cos x)2 1
1 + =
(sin x)2 (sin x)2
Thus,
1 + (cot x)2 = (csc x)2
!x
70. y = -0.5 cos 2x; 72. y = 6 + 6 sin ;
0 ≤ x ≤ 2π, -0.5 ≤ y ≤ 0.5 26
0 ≤ x ≤ 104, 0 ≤ y ≤ 12
0.5
12

0 2! 0 104

-0.5 0
74. Domain of cotangent function is all real numbers except those of the
form kπ for k = 0, ±1, ±2, ….
76. Domain of cosecant function is all real numbers except those of the
form kπ for k = 0, ±1, ±2, ….

372 CHAPTER 9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 1
78. sec x = .
cos x
1
Since -1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1, then ≥ 1 ⇒ |sec x| ≥ 1 ⇒
cos x
range
! of secant function is (-∞, -1] ∪ [1, ∞).
80. Tangent function is an increasing continuous function with the same
! $ " "'
graph over intervals of the form &k" # , k" + ) , k = 0, ±1, ….
% 2 2(
" "
For - < x < , -∞ < tan x < ∞, thus
2 2
range of tangent function is (-∞, ∞).
!
!t
82. R(t) = 4 - 3 cos , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
! ! 6
(A) R(0) = 4 - 3 cos(0) = 4 - 3(1) = 4 - 3 = 1
2! ! !1
R(2) = 4 - 3 cos = 4 - 3 cos = 4 - 3 " #$ = 2.5
6 3 2
3! !
R(3) = 4 - 3 cos = 4 - 3 cos = 4 - 3(0) = 4
6 2
18!
R(18) = 4 - 3 cos = 4 - 3 cos(3π) = 4 - 3(-1) = 7
6
5!
(B) R(5) = 4 - 3 cos ≈ 6.6
6
23!
R(23) = 4 - 3 cos ≈ 1.46
6
Thus, the soft drink company will have revenues of $6.6 million
for 1 month of sales 5 months after February 1 and revenues of
$1.4 million for 1 month of sales 23 months after February 1.
7

(C)
0 24

0
!n
84. P(n) = 1 + cos , 0 ≤ n ≤ 104
26
(A) P(0) = 1 + cos(0) = 1 + 1 = 2
# 39" & 3!
P(39) = 1 + cos % ( = 1 + cos = 1
$ 26 ' 2
# 52" &
P(52) = 1 + cos % ( = 1 + cos 2π = 1 + 1 = 2
$ 26 '
# 65" & # 5" & !
P(65) = 1! + cos % ( = 1 + cos % ( = 1 + cos = 1 + 0 = 1
$ 26 ' $2' 2
!

! !
EXERCISE 9-1 373
 10! 5!
(B) P(10) = 1 + cos = 1 + cos ≈ 1.35
26 13
95!
P(95) = 1 + cos ≈ 1.46
26
Thus, the amount of sulfur dioxide pollutant released into the
atmosphere in a large city during the 10th week after January 1 is
1.35 tons and during the 95th week after January 1, 1.46 tons.
2

(C)
0 104

EXERCISE 9-2
d d d
2. sin w = cos w cos(x2 - 1) = -sin(x2 - 1)
4. (x2 - 1)
dw dx dx
= -sin(x2 - 1)(2x)
= -2x sin(x2 - 1)
d "d % d
6. u cos u = $ u' cos u + u cos u
du # du & du
= cos u + u(-sin u) = cos u - u sin u

"d % "d %
! $ sin x ' cos x ( $ cos x ' sin x
d sin x # dx & # dx &
8. = 2
dx cos x (cos x)
(cos x)(cos x) ! (! sin x)(sin x) (cos x)2 + (sin x)2
= =
(cos x)2 (cos x)2
! 1
=
(cos x)2

d "d %
10. (cos x)8 = 8(cos x)7 $ cos x '
dx # dx &
= 8(cos x)7 (-sin x) = -8(cos x)7 sin x

d d 1 "d %
12. cos x = ! x)1/2 =
(cos (cos x)-1/2 $ cos x '
dx dx 2 # dx &
1 1
= · (-sin x)
2 (cos x)1/2
! " sin !x
=
2 cos x

!
374 CHAPTER 9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 d "d %
14. sin x = (cos x )$ x'
dx # dx &
" d 1/2 % #1 &
= (cos x )$ x ' = (cos x ) % x "1/2 (
# dx & $2 '
! !
! cos x cos x
= 1/2
=
2 x
! ! 2x
16. f(x) = cos x ! !
f'(x) = -sin x
! ! ! #"& ! 2
The slope of the graph of f at x = is: f' % ( = -sin = - .
4 $ 4' 4 2

$ #' #" &

18. f is decreasing on &"#, " ) and % , "( (f'(x) < 0); f is increasing on
% 2( $2 '
! !
$ # #' !
&%" 2 , 2)( (f'(x) > 0); f has a local minimum at x = - 2 and a local
!
maximum at x != !
; the graph of f is concave
2
upward on [-π, 0] (f' is increasing on [-π, 0]);
!
the graph of f is concave downward on [0, π] (f'
is decreasing on [0, π]); f(x) = sin x, f'(x) =
cos x.

"d % "d %
$ cos x ' sin x ( $ sin x ' cos x
d d cos x # dx & # dx &
20. cot x = =
dx dx sin x (sin x)2
(! sin x)sin x ! (cos x) cos x
=
(sin x)2
!
!(sin x)2 ! (cos x)2
=
(sin x)2

![(sin x)2 + (cos x)2] 1

= = -
(sin x) 2 (sin x)2

d # &# d &
22. cos x 4 " 1 = %" sin x 4 " 1( % x 4 " 1(
dx $ ' $ dx '
#d &
= -sin x 4 " 1 % (x 4 " 1)1/2 (
$ dx '
!
! !
!
!

EXERCISE 9-2 375

 #1 d &
= -sin x 4 " 1 % (x 4 " 1)"1/2 (x 4 " 1)(
$2 dx '
#1 &
= -sin x 4 " 1 % (x 4 " 1)"1/2(4x 3)(
$2 '
!
! " x3 % 3 4
= -2 sin x 4 " 1 $ 4 ' = "2x sin x " 1
! #(x ! 1)1/2 & x4 " 1
!
24. f(x) = ex cos x
" d x% ! "d %
f'(x) = $ e ' cos x + ex $ cos x ' !
# dx & # dx &
= e cos x + e (-sin x) = e cos x - ex sin x = ex(cos x - sin x)
x x x
" d x% d
f"(x) = $ e ' (cos x - sin x) + ex (cos x - sin x)
! # dx & ! dx
= ex(cos x - sin x) + ex(-sin x - cos x)
= ex(cos x - sin x - sin x - cos x)
! = -2ex sin x
sin !x
26. y = -x cos πx; 28. y = ;
0.5x
0 ≤ x ≤ 9, -9 ≤ y ≤ 9 0 ≤ x ≤ 8, -2 ≤ y ≤ 3
9 3

0 9 0 8

-9 -2

30. y = e-0.2x cos πx,

0 ≤ x ≤ 10, -1 ≤ y ≤ 1
0 10

-1

!t
32. R(t) = 4 - 3 cos , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
6
# "t% " d !t $ " !t $ " ! $
(A) R'(t) = -3 $ ! sin & # % = # 3 sin
6 dt 6 6 % #6%
! !t
= sin , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
2 6

376 CHAPTER 9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 ! ! ! 1 !
(B) R'(1) = sin = · = ≈ 0.79 million or $790,000 per month
2 6 2 2 4
! 6! ! !
R'(6) = sin = sin π = (0) = 0 or $0 per month
2 6 2 2
! 11! ! " 1$ !
R'(11) = sin = ! % = -
2 6 2 # 2 4
≈ -0.79 million or -$790,000 per month
! !t
(C) R'(t) = sin = 0, 0 < t < 24
2 6
!t
sin = 0
6
Therefore, the critical values are:
!t !t !t
= π or t = 6; = 2π or t = 12; = 3π or t = 18.
6 6 6
Now,
!2 !t
R"(t) = cos
12 6
2
! !2
R"(6) = cos π = - < 0
12 12
!2 !2
R"(12) = cos 2π = > 0
12 12
!2 !2
R"(18) = cos 3π = - < 0
12 12
Thus,
t R(t)
6 $7,000,000 Local maximum
12 $1,000,000 Local minimum
18 $7,000,000 Local maximum

(D) t R(t)
0 $1,000,000 Absolute minimum
6 $7,000,000 Absolute maximum
12 $1,000,000 Absolute minimum
18 $7,000,000 Absolute maximum
24 $1,000,000 Absolute minimum
10
(E) The results in part (C) are
illustrated by the graph of f shown
at the right. 0 24

EXERCISE 9-2 377

 !n
34. P(n) = 1 + cos , 0 ≤ n ≤ 104
26
# "n% " d !n $ # "n% " ! $
(A) P'(n) = $ ! sin & # % = $ ! sin
26 dn 26 26 & # 26 %
! !n
= - sin , 0 ≤ n ≤ 104
26 26
! 13! ! ! !
(B) P'(13) = - sin = - sin = - ≈ -0.12 tons per week
26 26 26 2 26
! 26! !
P'(26) = - sin = - sin π = 0 tons per week
26 26 26
! 30! ! 15!
P'(30) = - sin = - sin ≈ 0.06 tons per week
26 26 26 13
! !n
(C) P'(n) = - sin = 0, 0 < n < 104
26 26
!n
sin = 0
26
Therefore, the critical values are:
!n !n !n
= π or n = 26; = 2π or n = 52; = 3π or n = 78.
26 26 26
Now,
! ! !n " ! $2 !n
P"(n) = - · cos = - # % cos
26 26 26 26 26
2 2
" ! " !
P"(26) = - # $% cos π = # $% > 0
26 26
2
" ! " ! 2
P"(52) = - # $% cos 2π = - # $% < 0
26 26
" ! 2 " ! 2
P"(78) = - # $% cos 3π = # $% > 0
26 26
Thus,
n P(n)
26 0 Local minimum
52 2 Local maximum
78 0 Local minimum
(D) n P(n)
0 2 Absolute maximum
26 0 Absolute minimum
52 2 Absolute maximum
78 0 Absolute minimum
104 2 Absolute maximum
10
(E) The results in part (C) are
illustrated by the graph of f shown
at the right. 0 104

378 CHAPTER 9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

EXERCISE 9-3

2. ∫cos w dw = sin w + C

1
4. ∫sin 2x dx = ∫sin 2x (2 dx) (Let u = 2x, then du = 2 dx.)
2
1
=
2
∫sin u du
1
= (-cos u) + C
2
1
= - cos 2x + C
2
1
6. ∫sin x cos x dx = ∫2 sin x cos x dx
2
1
=
2
∫sin 2x dx (sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x)
1" 1
= ! cos 2x $% + C (see Problem 4)
2 # 2
1
= - cos 2x + C
4

cos x
8. ∫ sin x
dx = ∫(sin x)-1/2 cos x dx (Let u = sin x, then du = cos x dx)

= ∫u-1/2 du
u1/2
! = + C
1
2
1/2
= 2u + C = 2(sin x)1/2 + C
= 2 sin x + C
! 1
10. ∫(x + 1)sin(x2 + 2x)dx = ∫sin(x2 + 2x)(2(x + 1)dx)
2
! 1 " 2 %
= ∫sin u du $ Let u = x + 2x, '
2 #then du = 2(x + 1)dx &
1
= (-cos u) + C
2
1
= - cos(! x2 + 2x) + C
2
!/4 !/4 ! 2
12. "0 cos x dx = (sin x) 0 = sin - sin 0 = ≈ 0.707
4 2

!/3 !/3 ! !
14. "!/6 sin x dx = (-cos x ) !/6
= -cos
3
+ cos
6
!
1 3
= - + ≈ 0.366
2 2

!
EXERCISE 9-3 379
 2!/3 2! 2!/3!
16. The shaded area = "!/6 sin x dx = (-cos x)
3
+ cos
!/6 6
= -cos

" 1 3
= - # ! $% +
2 2
1 3
= + ≈ 1.366
2 2
0.5 0.5 !
18. ! cos x dx = (sin x) 0 = sin 0.5 - sin 0 ≈ 0.4794
0
3 3 !
20. !1 sin x dx = (-cos x) 1 = -cos 3 + cos 1 ≈ -(-0.9900) + 0.5403
= 1.5303
cos x
22. ∫e sin x dx [Let u = cos x, then du = -sin x dx.]
= -∫ecos x (-sin x dx) = -∫eu du
= -eu + C
= -ecos x + C
sin x 1
24. ∫ cos x dx = -∫
cos x
(-sin x dx) [Let u = cos x, then du = -sin x dx.]
1
= -∫ du = -ln|u| + C
u
= -ln|cos x| + C
cos x
26. ∫cot x dx = ∫ sin x dx
1
= ∫ sin x (cos x dx) [Let u = sin x, then du = cos x dx.]
1
= ∫ u du = ln|u| + C = ln|sin x| + C

28. f(x) = e-x cos x

y
(A)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
1 2 3
–0.2
3 -x 1
(B) I = !0 e cos x dx [0, 3], n = 6, ∆x =
2
1 -0.5
R6 = {e cos(0.5) + e-1 cos(1) + e-1.5 cos(1.5)
2
+ e-2 cos(2) + e-2.5 cos(2.5) + e-3 cos(3)}
≈ 0.288

380 CHAPTER 9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

 !t
30. R(t) = 4 - 3 cos , 0 ≤ t ≤ 24
6
(A) Total revenue taken in over the two-year period:
24 $ #t ' 24 24 cos !t
T = ! &4 " 3 cos )dt = ! 4 dt - 3 ! dt
0 % 6( 0 0 6
24 #6 "t & 24
= (4t) 0 - 3 % sin (
$" 6'0
! = 96 - 3 $& 6 sin 4" # 6 sin 0') = 96
%" " (
Thus, T != $96 million or $96,000,000.
(B) Total revenue taken in from t = 8 to t = 14:
! 14
$ #t ' 14 14 !t
T = ! &4 " 3 cos )dt = ! 4 dt - 3 ! cos dt
8 % 6( 8 8 6
14 #6 "t & 14
= (4t) 8 - 3 % sin (
$" 6'8
! = 4(14) - 4(8) - 3 $& 6 sin 7" # 6 sin 4" ')
%" 3 " 3(
≈ $14.076
! million or $14,076,000
R(t)

(C) 7 !

t
0 8 14 24

EXERCISE 9-3 381