21EES101T-ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICSENGINEERING UNIT 1 Unit-1 -Electric Circuits Introduction to basic terminologies in DC circuit, Kirchhoffs Current law, Kirchhoffs Voltage law, Mesh Current Analysis, Nodal Voltage Analysis, Thevenin’s Theorem, Maximum power transfer Theorem, Superposition Theorem. Basic terminologies of AC -RMS and Average value of half wave and Full wave alternating quantity, Fundamentals of single-phase AC circuits- Analysis of R-L, R-C, R-L-C series circuits-Fundamentals of three phase AC system, Three-Phase Winding Connections, Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages, and Currents in a Delta and Star-connected System Practice on Theorems, Halfwave, Full wave bridge rectifier circuits.Introduction to basic terminologies in DC circuit Electric circuits are broadly classified as direct current (dc) circuits and alternating current (ac) circuits. In both de and ac circuits several two-terminal elements are interconnected. Table shows the elements used in de circuits and ac circuits. Direct current circuits Alternating current circuits Elements Representation Elements Representation Voltage source |_4|_ or—()— |} Voltage source Or (Battery) ‘Current source: Current source (>) -- -- R ® Resistor —M— Resistor ww L Inductor EID ¢ Capacitor odeéActive and Passive two terminal elements Active Components An active component is an electronic component which supplies energy to a circuit. Active elements have the ability to electrically control electron flow (i.e. the flow of charge). All electronic circuits must contain at least one active component. Examples Voltage sources, Current sources, Generators , transistors, Diodes Passive Components A passive component is an electronic component which can only receive energy, which it can either dissipate, absorb or store it in an electric field or a magnetic field Examples Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, Transformers.Asimple DC circuit is given in below figure to get aware of DC circuit components and its parameters. 4 ohms WW ¥ 3Amperes current flow Electric Voltage: The potential difference between two points or voltage in an electric circuit is the amount of energy required to move a unit charge between two points. Unit: Volts 100 ohms Electric Current Itis the flow of electrons or electric charge. Unit: Ampere [ Gonventionat Difference Between Conventional and ElectronCurrent + current Flow:OHM’S LAW-STATEMENT Statement The ratio of potential difference between any two points of a conduc- tor to the current flowing between them is constant, provided the physical conditions (e.g. temperature, etc.) do not change. ie, ViI = constant (or) V/I=R Ohm's law can be expressed in three forms: Le. Vil=R; V=IR; 1=VIR Resistance: The resistance of a conducting material opposes the flow of electrons. It is measured in ohms (9) Electric Power (P) The power is termed as the work done in a given amount of time. Unit : Watts P=VI or PR or V7/R Electrical Energy The rate at which electrical power consumed is generally referred as electrical energy. Unit: watt-seconds or watt-hr E=PxtKirchoff’s Current Law (KCL) Statement: The algebraic sum of currents meeting at a junction or node in an electrical circuit is zero. [OR] Statement: The sum of the currents flowing towards any junction in an electric circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing away from that junction. Explanation An algebraic sum is one in which the sign of the quantity is taken into account. Consider five conductors, carrying current, /, J, J;, /, and /, meeting at point O as shown in Fig. If we assume the currents flowing towards point ive, then, the currents flowing away from point O will have negative sign. current law at junction O, we get (I)+Ch)+G +h) +44) =0 ie. l-h+h-h+h=-0 or Ath+h=h+ly iesum of incoming currents = sum of outgoing currents.Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) Statement: In any closed circuit or mesh or loop, the algebraic sum of all the voltages taken around is zero. [OR] Statement: In any closed circuit or mesh or loop, sum of voltage drops equal sum of voltage rise. Kirchoff’s laws can be explained with the help of the circuit shown in Fig belowWhile applying KVL, algebraic sums are involved. So, it is necessary to assign proper signs to the voltage rises and voltage drops. The following sign convention may be used. *Consider the above circuit. It has two Mesh. [Mesh 1- ABCFA, Mesh 2-CDEFC] «Assume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy). *Assume I, > I).e+, - for voltage sources are known . Enter +, - for all resistor. In each resistor, current entering point is + and leaving point is - . [Since I, > I, In R,, current flows from up to down. ] *Apply KVL for Mesh 1 [BAFCB]. Always move in anticlockwise direction. (So that analysis will be easy). In the above Fig, for Mesh 1, Start from B-A-F-C-and end in B. While moving, if + comes first its potential rise. If - comes first its potential drop. [Put the sign which is coming first]. +V, —(I,-L)R,-1,R)=0 oe. Equation -1 ¢For Mesh 2, Start at C-F-E-D-and end in C +(1,-L)R, — V2, —1,R,=0 «0.0... Equation -2 *V,, Vo, Ri, Ry, R3 are known quantity. So if we solve equation 1& 2, we get 1, & I,Apply KVL and find the current in each resistor B 52 ¢ 102 D WwW AN [TL 10V [ 202 | 50V Sol: *eAssume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy). “Assume I, > I,. B 452 ¢ 4100. WA WW Ne (Nt 203‘Enter +, - for all resistor. In each resistor, current entering point is + and leaving point is - . «Apply KVL for Mesh 1 [BAFCB] +10 — 2(I,-1,) — 5I,=0 «Equation -1 +2(I,-I,) — 50 - 101,=0 ...Equation -2 From Equ 1 — 21,+21, — 5I,= -10 Apel = TB wauvasars Equation -3 From Equ 2 21,-21, - 101, = 50 BLE BG Heron eee Equation -4 Solving Equation using Calculator Casio fx 991 MS, we get I= 0.25 A ; I,= -4.125 A [- ve I, indicates our assumption direction (clockwise) is wrong. So change its direction] I,= 0.25 A (clockwise) ; I,= 4.125 A (anticlockwise)Iki = 0.25 A ——> Ir3=4.125A <— Ip2 = 0.25A+ 4.125A =4.375A, —_+ <—_ 025A Ira = 4. ab B z ons | “os limes; +, “y oN La» [~MESH CURRENT ANALYSIS OR MESH ANALYSIS For the same problem, apply mech analysis and find the current in each resistor 5a 109 c D NV WW + 20 5OV Sol: eAssume current direction for each Mesh. (Assume clockwise for all mesh so that analysis will be easy). . B PO ao Cg WE. D52. ¢ 4 109_ D fod fe A F E We know that RI=V (Ohms law). This we are going to write in matrix form. Size of ‘R’ matrix: No. of mesh x No. of mesh Size of I’ matrix: No. of mesh x 1 Size of ‘V’ matrix: No. of mesh x 1 Ri Rie I, Vy Ry Ry 1, V2I, v; I, | = |V2 Diagonal elements Diagonalelements- Always positive Off-Diagonal elements- Positive if both currents are in same direction, negative if currents are in opposite direction. Note: If you assume all mesh currents in clockwise, your Off-Diagonal elements will be always negative. Voltage Matrix: If assumed mesh current and actual current [which flows from +ve to - ve] are same, V is + ve. If not, V is -ve 7 2 I, 10 2 12 I, | = | -s0 7,- 31, = 10 ...Equation -1 HO #1, == 50 eee Equation -2 5Solving Equation using Calculator Casio fx 991 MS, we get 1,= 0.25 A ; l= -4.125 A [- ve I, indicates our assumption direction (clockwise) is wrong. So change its direction] 1,= 0.25 A (clockwise) ; I,= 4.125 A (anticlockwise) Ini = 0.25 A —> Ira = 4.125A <«— Tr2= 0.25A+ 4,125A =4.375 A} O.25A Irs = 4.125A B 482 Gg - 1004 D N | += 4.375 a} - 10V 205 50V ~ ih - Ln» = | Io A F EeIn the circuit shown,determine the value of current I. 10A In the circuit shown, the ratio of wis ‘VA 120 102 E 59 30In the circuit shown, resistors are of equal value of R. When the switch is in open position battery current is 1 A. Value of R isIn the circuit shown, resistors are of equal value of 8 Q. With the switch is in closed position battery current isDetermine I and R; in the circuit 12V 10V I | I 2ak | { g ia Ri 8a Find the power consumed by each resistor and the total power consumed by the circuit 50V 200 {rw 102 309 100V aoc jfind the power supplied by the 2 V source. 109 5o i 20 30 sie: For the circuit shown, find the voltage across the 1 ohm resistors. 32 4v 19 @ iaUsing mesh analysis, determine mesh current in each loop given in the below circuit. 109 -900 150 Find the current that flows through the 50 © resistor for the circuit shown below using mesh analysis.Superposition Theorem Find the current that flows through the 50 © resistor for the circuit shown below using Superposition Theorem 23Calculate the current through the 1 Q resistor in the circuit shown 209 AA ave. ans 108 5A Find the power consumed by 2 Q resistor using Superposition theorem. 109 20 WAS + 30 zsh 20v 200 + é 4a CovIdentify the current through 3Q resistor in the circuit shown below, using superposition theorem. 50 109 20V 3Q 5A 5Thevenin’s Theorem Rn? ry a + Circuit A Ru =— uv. gR. Lod b Vu = Open circuit voltage across ab (After removing load) Rm = Equivalent resistance across ab (After removing load. Kill the source also)Find the current flowing through 30 Q using Thevenin's theorem 30 ov— 6o § Ri= 309 Simplify the given circuit into @ —— Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and 52 32 4Q ach 220 5aUse 52 22 Thevenin’s theorem to find the current in 3 O a resistor 50V » 10 Q 3Q Using Thevenin's equivalent circuit, calculate the current Ip through the 2 Q resistor in the circuit 1a 30 AWW ty 320Find the current flowing through 20 Q resistor using Thevenin’s TheoremMaximum Power Transfer Theorem Load is a variable resistance R, [For DC Supply] Rin For Maximum power Through Load Rt ¥ Ru= Rr Vin ) J RL and. Max Power is 2 . L Prae= 4R,,Determine the value of load resistance Ry when it is dissipating maximum power. Also find the maximum power dissipated in the load resistance for the circuit given below. 6Q A av R The circuit below has resistance R which absorbs maximum power. Compute the value of R and maximum power. 22 A 20A b 62 32 SRNodal Analysis or Node Voltage method or KCL Method Find the current flowing through all resistors using Nodal Analysis 52 100 1202 WS WS WW + + av 152 t evNodal Analysis or Node Voltage method or KCL Method Using modal analysis, determine the current in the 50 ohms branch in the circuit of Fig, PLY, 200 2 502 20002 AW ANN AWN + i CO 30V 100 1002 CQ 40v 35Nodal Analysis or Node Voltage method or KCL Method Find the voltage ‘V’ in the circuit shown below which makes the current in the 10 Q resistor zero by using nodal analysis. 30 100-79 36GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVE EME/ Sinusoidal emf or Sinusoidal voltage Consider a coil of urns placed in a magnetic field of maximum value @,, Webers [see Fig. 4.1 (a)]. The coil is initially along the reference axis. In this position, the field is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. Let the coil be rotated in the anticlockwise direction with an angular velocity of coradisee. When the coil is along the reference axis at @ = 0, it is called as zero emf position. This is because the movement of the coil at this instant or ~ 0 is along the field. Let at any instant / sec. the coil takes a position as shown in Fig. 4.1(b). At this instant, the coil makes an angle @= wv with the reference axis. At this position, the normal component of the mangnetic flux with respect to the plane of the coil The normal component = 9,, cos at Flux linkages (y) at this instant ()) is equal to N@,, cos oi, According to Faraday’s law ‘The emf induced in the coil at the instant under consideration. ae dt dt = =No,,—_—— ver tWaveform Representation Power Factor It is the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current cos @ = cos 0= I (unity)2, Pure Inductive Circuit Consider the circuit of Fig. (4.16). In this circuit, an alternating voltage is applied across a pure inductor of self inductance / Henry. E . > —TSOOS Let the applied alternating voltage be : v=, sin or We know that the self induced emf always opposes i the applied voltage. CS yout ? di 1 J-vat= 1, sin (@t— n/2) L we can say that the current through an inductor lags the applied voltage by 90°.Phasor Representation Taking the voltage phasor as reference, the current shown to lag the voltage by 90° (Fig. 4.18). v ' Waveform Representation The current waveform is lagging behind the volt- age waveforms by 90°, rN XNSince ¢=90° Real power P=0 The pure inductor does not consume any real powell Power Factor Ina pure inductor the phase angle between the current and the voltage phasors is 90°. A= cos 90° = 0 Thus the power factor of a pure inductive circuit is zero lagging. ie. @ = 90°; cos3 Pure Capacitive Circuit Consider the circuit of Fig. 4.19 in which a capacitor of value C Farad is connected across an alternating voltage source. Let the sinusoidal voltage applied across the capacitance be v=, sin wv The characteristic equation of a capacitor is by, = Jiat c Jia i= 1, sin (ar + 90) Vv The current in a pure capacitor leads the applied voltage by an angle of 90° e u a € ) Vn SiN cat vPhasor Representation — Inthe phasor representation. voltave ohasor is taken as the reference, The current phasor leads an angle of 90” Waveform Representation The current waveform is ahead of the voltage waveform by an angle of 90°.4 R-LSERIES CIRCUIT R L aM 85CT* Ha HM v Phasor SO v Let y in ext be the applied voltage = then the current equation is Waveform i =1,,sin (@t- 0) 1 5 f Z Zo The current I lag Voltage V by an angle ¢5 R-C SERIES CIRCUIT cro =] & | Let v = V,, sin oor be the applied voltage Then the current equation is i= /,, sin (@r+ 6) ‘Waveform Vip sin cat > Time z 5 Bo g o Jn Sinteot + @)6. R-L-C SERIES CIRCUIT Depends upon the value of X: and X<, the circuit behaves If X > Xc , then the circuit behaves as RL circuit If X. < Xc , then the circuit behaves as RC circuit Impedance Z=R+jX_-jX- Unit: or Where i or j Z=R+tI(XL- Xe) 1 - NG Unit: f-Supply Frequency in HzPROBLEMS 4A voltage 100 sin wr is applied to a 10-ohm resistor. Find the instantaneous current, the cuwent (ims) and the average power Solution: V OF e= 100 sin oF R= 10 ohms i= e/R= 100/10 sin @r= 10sin a A les = Im / V2 =10/ 5 =7.07A P=VICOS 0, = 100, 10 x—=xcos0 WZ 2 = 500 Watts 592 Avoltage v= 340 sin 344t is applied to a circuit and the resulting current, i = 42.5 sin 314t. Identify and hence find the values of the component. Find the value of power consumed fo. Vots = 240 |o_ Vols Solution: v= 340 sin 314t = ss fo ams = 30 fo From the abave voltage and current equations, we find that they are in phase with each other. Thatis angle between V and | is 0. Hence, the basic component connected in the Ccteuit must be resistor. i= 425 sin 3141 = e REV/I Vin =IVIEM = 240.4130 =80 P=VICOS © P=PR =240. x30xcos0 | = 30x30x8 =7200 Watts =7200 Watts3 Ina series circuit containing pure resistance and pure induc- tance. the current and voltage expressed as i (t) = 5 sin (314 f+ 2 7/3) and V ()=20(3141+5 1/6). () What is the impedance of the circuit? (ii) What are the values of resistance, inductance and power factor? (iii) What is the average power drawn by the circuit? Solution v(0) = 20 sin (3141 + 5 2/6) i(t) = 5 sin (314¢ + 2 7/3) we Phase angle of voltage = ot radians = 5 x —— = 150° 180° = 29° Phase angle of current = a radians = 2 x20 = ° = ° Volt Vv: rd 150° Volts 14.14 | 150' folts t= J120° Amps = Amps v2 Le Current lags the voltage by 150 -120° = 30°. Lagging p.f. means that it is an R-L circuit Z=V/1 14.14 | 150° = Sa = S846 + FJ 2 Ohms 3.53|120° = Rem Therefore R= 3.46 Ohms X, = 2 OhmsX, = 2 Ohms @L = 2 Ohms @ = 314 rad/s [given] 31/4L = 20hms L= 2/314 =6.36 mH Power Factor=COS ® =COS 30 = 0.866 [LAGGING] Average Power P = VI COS ® P=PR =3.53X 3.46 = 14,14 x 3.53 x cos 30 = 43.22 Watts = 43.22 Watts“ Find the circuit constants ofa two element series circuit which consumes 700 W with 0.707 leading p.f. The applied voltage is V = 141.4 sin 314 ¢. Solution v= 1414 sin 314 P=700W, p.f. = 0.707 leading Leading p.f. means R-C circuit Max. value of supply voltage = 141.4 V R.MS. value of supply voltage = uel = 99.98 V V2 cos @ = 0. 707 leading; Power = Vi cos @ 700 = 99.98 x 1x 0.707; 1=9.9 A V_ 99.98 Impedance lZlF— 199" 10.09 ohms aoe Izkos 6 R= 10.09 x 0.707 = 7.13 Q cos 6 =Xp = |B froos 733° = 7.13 ohms 1 1 L = 7.13; =71 T= ac 8 saxe 'B > O° aK 7 C=4466 x 10 4F = 446.6 x 10°F C= 446.6 UF ANOTHER METHOD IN NEXT PAGEANOTHER METHOD, v= 141.4 sin 3140 P=700W, p.f.= 0.707 leading Leading p.f. means R-C circuit Max. value of supply voltage = 141.4 V R.MSS. value of supply voltage = A =9998V: v=9998[0" V V cos ¢ = 0. 707 leading; Power = VI cos ¢ 700 = 99.98 x 1x 0.707; 1=9.9 A; r99L45° A impedane ao shoes Cuenta eadng, tis +45" = 99980: 99 Las = 7.13-j 7.13 Ohms = Ri Xe R=713Q Xe =7.13 ohms 1 = 7.13; 7A = > 7 : © 314 x 7.13 oc 314xC C=4.466 x 10-4 F = 446.6 x 10°F C= 446.6 UF 66THREE PHASE AC CIRCUITS Three Phase Connections — There are two possible connections in 3-phase sys- tem. One is star (or wye) connection and the other _is delta (or mesh) connection. Each type of connection is governed by characteristic equations relating the currents and the voltages. Phasor diagrams plays a vital role in this analysis. Star Connection Here three similar ends of the three phase coils are joined together to form a com- mon point. Such a point is called the starpoint or the neutral point. The free ends of the three phase coils will be operating at specific potentials with respect to the potential at the star point. Itmay also be noted that wires are drawn from the three free ends for connecting loads. We actually have here three phase four wire system (Fig. 5.32) and three phase three wire system (Fig. 5.33).Analysis Let us analyse the relationship between currents and relationship, between vollages. We also arrive at the power equations Notations Defined Em Ep£g + Phase voltages of R, ¥ and # phases Ialnle : Phase currents Van Vim Vor + Line voltages Faiiasis Line currents Ina balanced system, Curent Relationship Applying Kirchhott’s current law at nodes Ry. get Le tas y= hai to bas. This means that in a balanced star connected system, phase current equals the line current Ip heVoltage Relationship Let us apply Kirchhoft's voltage law to the loop consist- ing of voltages Eg, Vay and &y, We have Ex-Ey ‘er Using law of parallelogram, Parl = EE + EL + 2Ey Ey cos 60° 4 E22 Ep Ep (%0) = Ev Similarly, E,-Eq=Pra and Ey-E_=Vag ‘ Vyg =EpNS and Vgg=Ep\S Thus, =V3 Ep Line voltage = V3 phase voltage Power Relationship — Let cos @ be the power factor of the system. Power consumed in one phase = Ep Ip cos Power consumed in three phases = 3p Ip cos @ Me 3/1, cos Fy leeose = V3 Vi, J, cos @ wattsDelta Connection Here the dissimilar ends of the three phase coils are connected together to form a mesh. Wires are drawn from each junction for connecting load. We can connect only three phase loads as there is no fourth wire available. Let us now analyse the above connection. ‘The system is a balanced one. Hence the currents and the voltages will be bal- anced. Notations used in the star connection are used here.phase voltage phase voltage line voltage ¥ line voltage Voltage Relationship Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law to the loop consisting of Ey and Vgy, we have Eg = V, Similarly, Thus Var Phase Voltage = Line Voltage nCwrent Relationship Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at the junction of R, and By, we have Ty- TI, =1,1. Referring to the phasor diagram and applying the law of parallelogram, we have 11 = YR, + B+ 2g ly cos 60° =B E+ 2lp tp °%0) =I Similarly, we have Ty-Ig=1,2. and Ig-Ty=7,3 Hence, 1,2 =IpN3 and B= 1,NT Thus, line current = V3 phase current I= Ip Power Relationship — Let cos @ be the power factor of the system. Power per phase = Ep pcos ‘Total power for all the three phases = 3 Ep Ip cos @ =3¥, “40006 “NB = 13 VI, cos @ wattsStar (¥) Connected System In star connected system there is ‘common point known as neutral ‘n’ or star point, It can be earthed. In star connected system we get 3-phase, three wire system and also 3-phase, 4 wire system is taken out, Line voltage Vz, = V3 Vpy, or, Von = aut Delta (A) Connected System There is no neutral point in delta connected system Only 3-phase, 3 wire system is possible in delta connected system 1. For a three phase star connected system with a line voltage of 400 V, calculatethe Line current = Phase current 1, = lpn value of phase voltage. A. 400 V B. 692.8 V C. 331,33 V D. 230.94 V ANSWER: D2. Phase voltages of the windings of a 3-wire star-connected machine are 2 kV. Line voltages of the machine is a.1732.05 V b.1154.70 V c.2309.4 V d.3464.10 V ANSWER: (d) 3. For a three phase delta connected system with a line voltage of 400 V and line current is 100 A, calculate the value of phase voltage and phase current. A. 400 V, 173.2 A B. 400 V, 57.7A C. 230.9 V, 100A D. 230.9 V,57.7A ANSWER:BIna series RC circuit, 12 V is measured across the resistor and 15 V is measured across the capacitor. The source voltage is (A) 3V @) 27V © 9.2V @) Rv Krichoff’s voltage law is based on (A) Law of conservation of energy (B) Law of conservation of charge (C) Faraday’s law of electromagnetic (D)_Fleming’s right hand rule induction ‘Superposition theorem is applied to (A) Only linear circuit (B) Only non linear circuit (C) Either on linear or non linear circuit (D) Only on DC circuit Three equal resistances of 3 © are connected in star. What is the resistance in one of the arms in an equivalent delta circuit? (A) 109 (B) 270 () 92 () 3Q Ina certain series RC circuit, the true power is 2W, and the reactive power is 3.5 VAR. What is the apparent power? (A) 3.5VA (B) 2.03 VA (C) 4.03 VA (D) 3VA A power factor of ‘0° indicates (A) Purely resistive element (B) Purely inductive element (C) Combination of both (A) and(B) —(D) Purely capacitive clement and resistive element xA 109 resistor is connected in parallel with a 150 resistor and the combination in series with a 120 resistor. The equivalent resistance of the circuit is (A) 379 (B) 18Q (C) 270 (D) 42 A current is said to be direct current when its (A) Magnitude remains constant with (B) Magnitude changes with time time (C) Direction changes with time (D) Magnitude and direction changes with time What is the current through 3007 680 1002 8v 15V 300 (A) 3.194 (B) 319mA © 1.73mA (D) 173mA When an additional resistor is connected across an existing parallel circuit, the total resistance (A) Remains the same (B) Decreases by the value of the added resistor (©) Increases by the value of the added (D) Decreases resistorWhen a fourth resistor is corinected in series with three resistor, the total resistance (A) Increase by one-fourth (B) Increases (C) Decreases (D) Remains the same A circuit consists of three resistors in parallel, when one resistor is removed the circuit current, (A) Decreases (B) Increases by one third (C) Decreases by one-third (D) Decrease by the amount of current through the removed resistor. An algebraic sum of all the element voltages in a mesh is equat to (A) The total of the voltage drops (B) The source voltage (C) Zero (D) The total of the source voltage and the voltage drops. A 24V DC supply is applied across a voltage divider consisting of two 68kQ resistors. The unknown output voltage is (A) 12V (B) 24V (C} OV. (D) 6VUsing KVL, determine total current drawn from the source and also current across 15 resistor in the following circuit, 202 502 100 V 159 Identify the current through 3Q resistor in the circuit shown below, using superposition theorem. 52 10Q 45 20V 32 Q)5A A resistance of 100 Q is connected in series with a S0uF capacitor to a supply at 200 V, 50 Hz, Determine the (i) Current (ii) Power factor (iii) Voltage across resistor and capacitorFor the circuit shown, find the voltage across the 1 ohm resistors. 32 av 19 @)i1a ‘Two coils when connected in series have a resistance of 180 and when connected in parallel have a resistance of 49. Find the resistance of each coil. ‘Find the current I in the circuit shown. 80Using mesh analysis, determine mesh current in each loop given in the below circuit. 102 200 152 Simplify the given circuit into (@)— Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and 4} Veron s-equivelenteireuit oBAnalyze thet the RMS and Average values of sinmoidal altemating eurent wre = 21, mn x Derive the average value, RMS value, peak-faetor-andform-faetor for a full-wave rectified sinusoidal waveform. (8 Marks) Derive the average value, RMS value, form-factonand-peai-facier for the half-wave and full-wave rectified sine wave. Derive the average and RMS value of the full wave rectified sine wave voltage. Determine the current through all the branches in circuit 42 5Q 3Q 62 + av az- ali. Find the voltage ‘V" in the circuit shown below which makes the current in the 10 @ resistor zero by using nodal analysis. 32 100 72 ii. Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the current through 100 resistor in the circuit shown below. A 4Q Qa 102 10V 12V Bbi Find the current that flows through the 50 © resistor for the circuit shown below using mesh analysis. 102 I 20V Jsov ii. Determine the value of load resistance R, when it is dissipating maximum power. Also find the maximum power dissipated in the load resistance for the circuit given below «a A av RCompute the voltages at node A and B for the circuit shown below. (8 Marks) A, 52 B of 8823. Find the impedance, current and power factor of the following series circuit and draw the corresponding phasor diagrams @ Randi. (i) = Rand. In each case the applied voltage is 200 volts and the frequency is SOHz. Further R=100, L=S0mH and C =100uF In an ac circuit, resistor R and inductor [are connected in series. Voltage and current equations are given as e(f)=200sin314r and i(t)=20sin(314r-30°) calculate (i) Rms value of the voltage and current. (ii) Frequency (iii) Power factor (iv) Power (v)Values of R and L. A coil of resistance 100 and inductance 0.1H is connected in series with a 150uF capacitor ‘across 200V, SOHz supply. Calculate () Inductive reactance, capacitive reactance, impedance, current and power factor Gi) Voltage across the coil and capacitorAn electrical network is arranged as shown below. Find @ Current in branch AF Gi) Power absorbed in branch BE ii) Potential difference across the branch CD A 130 B 11a c 24V In & E 92 D Find the current in 59 resistor using Mesh analysis in the circuit shown below. 5a 45VUsing mesh analysis, find mesh currents in the circuit shown below. 190 ma 130 100¥: 200 300 Using nodal analysis, find all node voltages in the circuit shown below. 400 200 150 Wr AW soa San