NAME: Alvyn Maxine S.

Jayme BSMT 1-B

CHAPTER 14 SUMMARY
tissues to target foreign
14.1 Functions of the Lymphatic substances.
System
Overview of the Lymphatic
The lymphatic system is essential for System
maintaining fluid balance in tissues,
absorbing fats from the small intestine, The lymphatic system removes fluid
and providing defense against from tissues, absorbs dietary lipids, and
pathogens. produces B and T cells, which are vital
for immune response.
14.2 Anatomy of the Lymphatic
System 14.3 Immunity

The lymphatic system includes lymph, 1. Immunity is the body’s ability to

lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph resist harmful pathogens.
nodes, tonsils, the spleen, and the 2. Immunity is categorized as either
thymus. innate or adaptive.

Lymphatic Capillaries and 14.4 Innate Immunity

Vessels
Physical Barriers
1. Lymphatic vessels transport
lymph from tissues. Valves within 1. The skin and mucous
these vessels keep lymph flowing membranes act as barriers to
in one direction. prevent microorganisms from
2. Movement of lymph relies on entering the body.
skeletal muscle contractions, 2. Tears, saliva, and urine help
smooth muscle in lymphatic wash away pathogens.
vessels, and changes in thoracic
Chemical Mediators
pressure.
3. Lymph empties into the blood 1. Chemical mediators kill
through the thoracic duct and the pathogens, promote
right lymphatic duct. phagocytosis, and heighten
inflammation.
Lymphatic Organs
2. Lysozyme in tears and
1. Lymphatic tissue generates complement in plasma are
lymphocytes when exposed to examples of innate immunity
foreign particles and filters both chemicals.
lymph and blood. 3. Interferons inhibit viral replication.
2. Tonsils protect the entry points
White Blood Cells
between the nasal and oral
cavities and the pharynx. 1. Chemotaxis is the ability of white
3. Lymph nodes, situated along blood cells to move toward sites
lymphatic vessels, filter lymph. of infection or tissue damage.
4. The spleen's white pulp responds 2. Neutrophils are the first
to foreign substances in the phagocytic cells to respond to
blood, while the red pulp removes pathogens.
foreign substances and aged red 3. Macrophages, large phagocytic
blood cells. The spleen also cells, become active later in
serves as a blood reservoir. infection, often positioned where
5. The thymus matures lymphocytes pathogens are likely to enter
that then move to other lymphatic tissues.
NAME: Alvyn Maxine S. Jayme BSMT 1-B

4. Basophils and mast cells 2. Major histocompatibility complex

stimulate inflammation, while (MHC) molecules present
eosinophils contribute to processed antigens to B and T
inflammation in allergic reactions. cells.
5. Natural killer cells target and 3. Additional stimulation, such as
destroy tumor cells and from cytokines (e.g., interleukins)
virus-infected cells. or surface molecules (e.g., CD4),
is necessary alongside MHC
Inflammatory Response molecules.
4. Macrophages present antigens to
1. Chemical mediators cause blood
helper T cells, which multiply and
vessel dilation and increase
increase in number.
permeability, allowing chemicals
5. Helper T cells prompt B cells to
to reach injured tissues and
multiply and become plasma cells
attracting phagocytes.
that produce antibodies.
2. The number of chemical
mediators and phagocytes rises Antibody-Mediated Immunity
until the cause of inflammation is
removed, after which tissues 1. Antibodies are proteins with a
begin repair. variable region that binds to
3. Local inflammation leads to antigens, determining antibody
redness, heat, swelling, pain, and specificity. The constant region
loss of function. Systemic activates complement or anchors
inflammation can cause the antibody to cells. The five
increased neutrophil numbers, antibody classes are IgG, IgM,
fever, and shock. IgA, IgE, and IgD.
2. Antibodies can directly inactivate
14.5 Adaptive Immunity antigens or cause them to clump
together. They can also indirectly
1. Antigens are molecules that destroy antigens by encouraging
initiate adaptive immunity. phagocytosis and inflammation.
2. B cells manage 3. The primary response is triggered
antibody-mediated immunity, by the first exposure to an
while T cells handle cell-mediated antigen, leading to plasma cells
immunity. that produce antibodies and
memory B cells.
Origin and Development of
4. The secondary (memory)
Lymphocytes
response follows a later exposure
1. Both B cells and T cells originate to an antigen after a primary
in red bone marrow. T cells response, with memory B cells
mature in the thymus, and B cells quickly forming new plasma cells
mature in red bone marrow. and memory B cells.
2. Mature B and T cells move
Cell-Mediated Immunity
through the lymphatic system and
circulate among lymphatic 1. Antigen exposure activates
tissues. cytotoxic T cells and forms
memory T cells.
Activation and Multiplication of
2. Cytotoxic T cells destroy
Lymphocytes
virus-infected cells, tumor cells,
1. B and T cells possess antigen and transplanted tissues. They
receptors on their surfaces. release cytokines, promoting
Clones are groups of inflammation and phagocytosis.
lymphocytes with identical
antigen receptors.
NAME: Alvyn Maxine S. Jayme BSMT 1-B

14.6 Acquired Immunity

1. Active natural immunity arises

from everyday exposure to an
antigen, prompting the immune
system to respond.
2. Active artificial immunity results
from intentional exposure to an
antigen (such as through
vaccination), with the immune
system responding.
3. Passive natural immunity
involves transferring antibodies
from a mother to her fetus or to
her baby through breastfeeding.
4. Passive artificial immunity is the
transfer of antibodies from
another person or animal to an
individual in need of immunity.

14.7 Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy works by stimulating or

inhibiting the immune system to treat
various diseases.