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Integumentary System

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21 views32 pages

Integumentary System

Uploaded by

wonder bpets
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTEGUMENTARY

SYSTEM
Mark Kevin P. Zita
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 Integument is skin
 Largest organ
 Skin and its appendages make up the integumentary system
 A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it
 Two district religions
o Epidermis
o Dermis
Function of Skin
- Protection
•cushions and insulates and is waterproof
•protect from chemicals, heat, bacteria
•screen UV
- Synthesize vitamin D w/ UV
Function of Skin
- Regulate body heat
- Prevents unnecessary water loss
- Sensory receptions (nerve endings)
1. Epidermis - Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Four types of Cells
• keratinocytes - deepest, produce keratin (though fibrous
protein)
• Melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melanin (melanin
grades)
• Merkel cells - associated w/ sensory nerve ending
• Langerhans cells - macrophages like dendritic cells.
Layers (form deep to superficial)
1. Stratum Basale or germinativum - single row of cells attached to
dermis; youngest cells.
2. Stratum spinous - spinyness is artifactual, tonofilaments (bundles
of protein) resist tension.
3. Stratum granulosum - layer of flattened keratinocyte producing
keratin (hair & nails made it)
4. Stratum lucidum - (only on palms & sots) - thick skin
5. Stratum corneum - horny layer (cells dead, many layer thick)
2. DERMIS
 Contains blood vessel
 Strong, flexible connective tissue: you "hide"
 Fibers types: *collagen, *elastic, *reticular
 Rich suppl of nerves and vessel
 Critical role in temperature regulation (the
vessels)
 Two layers:
1. Papillary - Areolar connective tissue, includes
dermal papillae
2. Reticulate - " reticulum " (network) of collagen &
reticular fibers.
Dermal papillae - fingerprints
responsible

Fingerprints, palm prints, footprints


• Dermal papillae lie top dermal
ridges
• Elevate the overlying epidermis
into epidermal ridges
• Are " sweat films" because of
sweat purse genetically determined
Flexion
creases
• Deep
dermis, from
continual
folding
Fibers
• Collagen: strength and resilience
• Elastic fibers: stretch - recoil
* Striae: stretch marks
• Tension lines (or line of
cleavage) - the direction the
bundles of fibers are directed

* the dermis is the receptive site of


the pigment of tattoos
3. Hypodermis
- "Hypodermis" (GK) - below the skin
- " Subcutaneous" (Latin) - Below
the skin
- Also called " superficial facia"
- "facia" (Latin) - band, in anatomy:
sheet connective tissue.
- Fatty tissue w/c stores fat and
anchors skin (areolar tissue and
adipose cells)
- Different patterns of accumulation
(male/female)
Skin color
• 3 skin pigments
1. Melanin: the most important
2. Carotene: from carrots and yellow veggies
3. Hemoglobin: the pink of light skin
Melanin in granules passes from melanocytes (same # in all races) to
keratinocytes in stratum Basale
• Digested by lysosomes
• Variations in color
• Protection from UV vitamin D.
Skin appendages - derived from epidermis but
extend into dermis
• Include:
 Hair & hair follicles
 Sebaceous (oil) glands
 Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
 Nails
 hair shaft - Rear out ride
Nails

made of hard keratin


Eponychium (cuticle)
Lunula
Corresponds to
nooses and claws
Grows from nail
matrix
Hair and hair follicles: complex
derived from epidermis and
dermis
everywhere but palms, soles,
nipples, part of genitalia
"Arrector pili" is smooth muscle
(kilabot)
Hair bulb - epithelial cells
surrounding papilla
Functions of hair
• Warmth - less in man the other mammals
• Sense light touch of the skin
• Protection - scalp
Parts
• Root imbedded in skin
• Shaft projecting above skin surface
• Make up of hair - hard keratin
3 Concentric layers
• Medulla (core)
• Cortex(surrounds medulla)
• Cuticle (single layers
overlapping)
Types of hair
1. Vellus: fine, short hair
2. Intermediate hairs
3. Terminal: longer, courses hair

Hair growth: averages 2


mm/week
• Active: growing
• Resting phase then shed
Hair loss
• Thinning- age related
• Male pattern baldness

Hair color
• Amount of melanin for black or brown, distinct from of melanin for
red
• White: decreased melanin and air bubbles in medulla
• Genetically determined though influenced by hormones and
environment.
Sebaceous (oil) glands
• Entire body except palms and soles.
• Produce sebum by holocrine secretions
• Oils and lubricants
Sweat glands
• Entire skin surface except this nipples and part of external
genitalia
• Prevent overheating
• 500 cc to 12 1/day: (I’d mostly water)
• Humans most efficient (only mammals have)
• Produced in response to stress as well as heat (produced in
response to stress as)
TYPES OF SWEAT GLANDS
1. Eccrine or merocrine
- most numerous
- true sweat: 99% water, some salts,
traces of waste
- open through pores
2. Apocrine
- axillary, anal and genital areas only
- Ducts open into hair follicles
- the organic molecules in it
decompose with time odor
3. Modified apocrine glands
• Ceruminous - secrete earwax
• Mammary - secrete milk
Disorders of the integumentary system
1. Burns
- threat to life
Catastrophic loss of body fluids
Dehydration and fatal circulatory shock
Infection
Types of burn
 first degree - epidermis: redness (e.g.) sunburn
 second degree - epidermis & upper dermis:
blister
 Third degree - full thickness
2. Infection
3. Skin cancer
- Critical burns
Over 10% of the body
has 3rd degree burns.
25% of the body has
2nd degree burns.
3rd degree burns on
face, hands or feet.
Tumors of the Skin
Benign, e.g. warts
Cancer - associated w/ UV exposure
(also skin aging)
Actinic Keratosis - Premalignant
• Basal Cell - cells of stratum Basale
• Squamous Cell - keratinocytes
• Melanoma - melanocytes: most
dangerous
- Recognition
• A- asymmetry
• B - Border irregularity
• C - colors
• D - Diameter larger than 6mm

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