DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING EXCEL

DATE: EXE:01

AIM:
To create descriptive statistics by using Microsoft excel.

PROCEDURE

 Enter the data in excel sheet.

Place Chennai Bangalore Hyderabad Cochin Coimbatore Erode Madurai Salem Mysore Tirichy
Sales value
in 90 100 120 90 150 100 100 98 52 45
Thousands

 To find the descriptive statistics, go to office button and select excel option then click “Add-
ins” and click Go….
 Then a dialog box will appear, from that select “Analysis Toolpak -VBA” and press OK. It
will ask whether install or not and click “yes” to install.
 Then go to Data Analysis and select descriptive statistics, from that a new dialog box will
open.
 In that enter Input Range by selecting all data and output range by selecting any one cell in
the excel sheet.
 Then click summary statistics and press ok.

1
OUTPUT:
Descriptive statistics

Mean 94.5
9.5046
Standard Error 77
Median 99
Mode 100
Standard 30.056
Deviation 43
903.38
Sample Variance 89
0.7902
Kurtosis 51
-
0.0519
Skewness 6
Range 105
Minimum 45
Maximum 150
Sum 945
Count 10

INTERPRETATION

 A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes

features from a collection of information.
 Mean - The mean is the average or the most common value in a collection of numbers. In the
above output mean is 94.5
 Standard error - The Standard Error ("Std Err" or "SE"), is an indication of the reliability of
the mean. A small SE is an indication that the sample mean is a more accurate reflection of
the actual population mean. In the above standard error is 9.50
 Median - The median is the middle number in a sorted, ascending or descending, list of
numbers and can be more descriptive of that data set than the average. In the above median
value is 99
 Mode - A mode is defined as the value that has a higher frequency in a given set of values. It
is the value that appears the most number of times. In the above table mode is 100
 Standard deviation - In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of
variation or dispersion of a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values
tend to be close to the mean (also called the expected value) of the set, while a high standard
deviation indicates that the values are spread out over a wider range. In the above table
standard deviation is 30.05
 Range - The range in statistics for a given data set is the difference between the highest and
lowest values. In the above table range is 105
 Sample variance - The variance is a measure of variability. It is calculated by taking the
average of squared deviations from the mean. Variance tells you the degree of spread in your
data set. In the above output sample variance is 903
 Kurtosis – Kurtosis identifies whether the tails of a distribution have higher values. In the
above table it is 0.790
 Skewness – Skewness tells about the direction. In the above case it is negative skewness it
refers to longer tail on the left side of distribution
2
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

3
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS USING SPSS
DATE: EXE:02

AIM:
To calculate frequency distribution and graphically represent them in BAR chart.

Create a data file with the following variables.

Label for the variables
 Age: 1 (< 20), 2 (20-25), 3 (26-30), 4 (31-35), 5 (36-40), 6(>40)
 Gender: 1 (Male), 2(Female).
 Education: 1 – High school, 2 – Graduate in Arts and Science degree , 3- Graduate in
professional degree, 4-Post graduate degree.
 Working Experience (years) : 1 (< 1 year) 2(1-5 years ), 3(5-10Year), 4(10-20), 5(>20).
Enter your own data set (minimum 25 data set ) in the data view of SPSS than Calculate the
frequency distribution. Graphically represent the variables in the form of BAR Chart.

PROCEDURE:
 Select IBM SPSS statistics
 Select variable view and enter the variables Age, Gender, Education and working
Experience
 Provide values to the variables as
 Age: 1 (< 20), 2 (20-25), 3 (26-30), 4 (31-35), 5 (36-40), 6(>40)
Gender: 1 (Male), 2(Female).
Education: 1 – High school, 2 – Graduate in Arts and Science degree , 3- Graduate in
professional degree, 4-Post graduate degree.
Working Experience (years) : 1 (< 1 year) 2(1-5 years ), 3(5-10Year), 4(10-20), 5(>20).
 Give measure to the above variables.
Age – Scale
Gender- Nominal
Education – Nominal
Work Experience – Scale
 Select data view and create a data set of 25
 Go to analyze – Descriptive statistics – Frequency
 Select the variables Age, gender, Education and Working experience in the dialog box
 Select statistics – select options central tendency , Dispersion and Distribution click
continue
 Select charts – Bar chart click continue and ok
 Output will appear on another screen

Output
4
 Statistics

AGE GENDER EDUCATION WORKEXP

Valid 25 25 25 25
N
Missing 0 0 0 0
Mean 3.0000 1.5200 2.3200 2.8400
Median 3.0000 2.0000 2.0000 3.0000
a a
Mode 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00
Std. Deviation 1.44338 .50990 .98826 1.43411
Variance 2.083 .260 .977 2.057
Skewness .000 -.085 .126 .120
Std. Error of Skewness .464 .464 .464 .464
Kurtosis -1.319 -2.174 -.951 -1.297
Std. Error of Kurtosis .902 .902 .902 .902
Range 4.00 1.00 3.00 4.00
Minimum 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Maximum 5.00 2.00 4.00 5.00
Sum 75.00 38.00 58.00 71.00

AGE

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

<20 5 20.0 20.0 20.0

20-25 5 20.0 20.0 40.0

26-30 5 20.0 20.0 60.0

Valid
31-35 5 20.0 20.0 80.0

36-40 5 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

5
 EDUCATION

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

High school 6 24.0 24.0 24.0

Graduate in arts 8 32.0 32.0 56.0

Valid Graduate in professional degree 8 32.0 32.0 88.0

post graduate 3 12.0 12.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

GENDER

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Male 12 48.0 48.0 48.0

Valid Female 13 52.0 52.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

6
 WORKEXP

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

<1 6 24.0 24.0 24.0

1-5 5 20.0 20.0 44.0

5-10 5 20.0 20.0 64.0

Valid
10-20 5 20.0 20.0 84.0

>20 4 16.0 16.0 100.0

Total 25 100.0 100.0

7
 HYPOTHESIS PARAMETRIC TEST

T-TEST USING EXCEL

EXE:03
DATE:

AIM:
T-Test:analyses by using Microsoft excel.

PROCEDURE

 Enter the values in excel sheet

 Group1 and group2 test scores of a classroom is given below. Use T test to find there is
significant difference between the two groups

Test Scores
Group
Group 1
2
237 169
219 185
346 238
313 289
224 238
246 207
173 222
347 296
345 317
261 229
 Go to data analysis, select T-test Two-sample assuming equal variances and click OK.
 Then a dialog box will appear. In that box Input Range, select variable 1 Range by
selecting the 1st data column and select variable 2 Range by selecting the 2nd column.
 Select the Labels and enter Output Range by selecting any one cell in the excel sheet then
press OK.
 Then go to Data Analysis and select t-test assuming equal variance
 A dialog box will appear in that select Variables 1 Range by selecting the 1 st column and
select Variables 2 Range by selecting the 2nd column.
 Assume Hypothesized Mean Difference as 0.
 Select Labels and Output Range by selecting any one cell in the excel sheet.

Hypothesis:
8
H0 - There is no significant difference between mean test score of two groups

H1 – There is significant difference between mean test score of two groups

OUTPUT:

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Variabl Variabl
e1 e2
Mean 271.1 239
3893.2 2340.4
Variance 11 44
Observations 10 10
3116.8
Pooled Variance 28
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 18
1.2856
t Stat 82
0.1074
P(T<=t) one-tail 25
1.7340
t Critical one-tail 64
0.2148
P(T<=t) two-tail 49
2.1009
t Critical two-tail 22

INTERPRETATION:

Mean for sample 1 – 271.1

Mean for sample 2 - 239

No of observation
Sample 1 - 10
Sample 2 – 10

Hypothesized mean difference:

The number that we “hypothesize” is the difference between the two population means. In this case, we
chose 0 because we want to test whether or not the difference between the two population means is 0.

P two tail value is 2.100 If the p value is greater than 0.05 Null hypothesis is accepted. Hence there isno
significant difference between the mean score of two groups.

9
 F-TEST using Excel
EXE: 04
DATE:

AIM:
F-Test: analyses by using Microsoft excel.

PROCEDURE

 Enter the values in excel sheet.

6 months data of demand and forecast for a product is given below. Use F test to
determine whether there is difference in the data

Month Demand Forecast

July 10 14
August 13 12
Sep 22 19
Oct 14 16
Nov 19 20
Dec 16 15
 Go to data analysis, select F-test Two-sample for variances and click OK.
 Then a dialog box will appear. In that box Input Range, select variable 1 Range by
selecting the 1st data column and select variable 2 Range by selecting the 2nd column.
 Select the Labels and enter Output Range by selecting any one cell in the excel sheet then
press OK.
 Select Labels and Output Range by selecting any one cell in the excel sheet.

Hypothesis:

H0 - There is no significant difference between demand and forecasting

H1 – There is significant difference between demand and forecasting

10
OUTPUT:

F-Test Two-Sample for Variances

Varia Varia
ble 1 ble 2
15.66
Mean 667 16
18.66
Variance 667 9.2
Observations 6 6
df 5 5
2.028
F 986
0.227
P(F<=f) one-tail 99
5.050
F Critical one-tail 329

INTERPRETATION:

Mean for sample 1 – 15.66

Mean for sample 2 - 16

No of observation
Sample 1 - 6
Sample 2 – 6

In this case, the value of F is 2.02898 which is lesser than value of F critical one tail 5.05 which means
null hypothesis is accepted
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

11
 ANOVA TABLE USING EXCEL
EXE:05
DATE:

AIM:
Creating ANOVA table by using Microsoft excel.

PROCEDURE:

 Enter the data in excel sheet

Salary of people who have degree in

ECONOMICS MEDICINE HISTORY
42 69 34
53 54 40
49 58 53
53 64 42
43 64 50
44 55 39
45 56 55
52 52 39
54 53 40

 Go to Data and select Data Analysis

 A dialog box will appear in that select ANOVA: Single Factor and click OK.
 Again a dialog box will appear in that Input Range by selecting the data as a whole.
 Select labels in first row.
 Then Output Range by selecting any cell in the excel sheet.

Hypothesis

H0 – There is no difference between the mean salaries of people

H1 – There is difference between the mean salaries of people

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OUPUT:
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Su Averag Varianc
Groups Count m e e
43 48.3333
Column 1 9 5 3 23.5
52 58.3333
Column 2 9 5 3 35.25
39 43.5555 52.7777
Column 3 9 2 6 8

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS Df MS F P-value F crit
Between 511.814 13.7673 0.00010 3.40282
Groups 1023.63 2 8 7 4 6
892.222 37.1759
Within Groups 2 24 3

1915.85
Total 2 26

INTERPRETATION

P value 0.000104 is less than 0.05 hence Null hypothesis is rejected. Hence there is no significant
difference between mean score of two groups.

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

13
 ANOVA: TWO FACTORUSING EXCEL
DATE:
EXE:06

AIM:
Creating twoways ANOVA without Replication by using Microsoft excel.

PROCEDURE:
 Enter the data in excel sheet.

Formulatio Cor
Wheat Soya Rice
n n
Blend 1 123 138 110 151
Blend 2 145 165 140 167
Blend 3 156 176 185 175

 Go to data and select Data Analysis.

 A dialog box will appear in that select ANOVA: Two Factor Without Replication and
click OK.
 Then a new dialog box will open in that Input Range by selecting the whole values.
 Select labels and click Output Range by selecting any cell in the excel sheet.

Hypothesis

H0: There is no significant difference in yield between the (population) means of the blends
H0: There is no significant difference in yield between the (population) means for the crop types

H1: There is significant difference in yield between the (population) means of the blends
H1: There is significant difference in yield between the (population) means for the crop types

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OUTPUT:

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

Su Averag Varianc
SUMMARY Count m e e
52 317.666
Row 1 4 2 130.5 7
61 188.916
Row 2 4 7 154.25 7
69 148.666
Row 3 4 2 173 7

42 141.333 282.333
Column 1 3 4 3 3
47 159.666 382.333
Column 2 3 9 7 3
43
Column 3 3 5 145 1425
49 164.333 149.333
Column 4 3 3 3 3

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
3629.16 1814.58 12.8264 0.00681 5.14325
Rows 7 2 3 3 1 3
1116.91 372.305 2.63165 0.14456 4.75706
Columns 7 3 6 1 1 3
848.833 141.472
Error 3 6 2

5594.91
Total 7 11

Interpretation:

Since the value for the rows (F = 12.82 >5.14 = F-crit) we reject null hypothesis, we conclude there is
significant difference in the yields produced by the three blends.

15
Since the value for the column (F = 2.631 < 4.75 = F-crit) we accept null hypothesis, we conclude we
conclude there is no significant difference in the yields for the four crops studied.

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

16
 ONE WAY ANOVA USING SPSS
EXE:07
DATE:

AIM

To test the association between two variables using SPSS – One way ANOVA

INFORMATION
A Study compared the effects of sale in using sales promotion types

Sale
Free Sample 78
One-pack gift 94
Cents off 73
Refund by mail 79
Free Sample 87
One-pack gift 91
Cents off 78
Refund by mail 83
Free Sample 81

Sales Promotion One-pack gift 87

Types Cents off 69
Refund by mail 78
Free Sample 89
One-pack gift 90
Cents off 83
Refund by mail 69
Free Sample 85
One-pack gift 88
Cents off 76
Refund by mail 81
Use one-way ANOVA to determine whether different promotions produce different effects on sales? (α =
0.05).

17
PROCEDURE

 Select IBM statistics 20

 Go to variable view - name it as Sales promotion and Sales. Give the values in sales
promotion as 1- Free sample 2- Gift 3- Cent off 4- Refund and give measure as nominal

 Type the data in data view corresponding to sales and sales promotion

 Go to Analyze – Compare means – one way Anova

 Select sales in Dependent list and sales promotion in factor

 Select k and the output is displayed.

Hypothesis

H0- There is no significant difference between sales promotion and sales

H1 – There is significant difference between sales promotion and sales

OUTPUT:

ANOVA
Sum of df Mean F Sig.
Squares Square
Between
14.333 13 1.103 .620 .779
Groups
Within Groups 10.667 6 1.778
Total 25.000 19

INTREPRETATION - The significance value is 0.779, which is above 0.05. Hence null
hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, statistically there is no significant difference in sales
promotion and sales.

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

18
 CHI SQUARE TEST 1 USING SPSS
EXE:8
DATE:
AIM

To do chi-square analysis using SPSS – Cross tab menu

INFORMATION
Use Chi-square to test the relationship between source of information of a Product A and experience of
the respondent in his work life using the product. Give your inference
Source Friends/ Adv
Agent Exhibition Total
Experience Relatives t
> 5 years 8 4 23 9 44
6-10 years 18 4 12 12 46
11-15
3 3 24 12 42
Years
16-20 years 2 3 6 4 15
21-25 years 8 3 6 14 31
< 25 years 1 1 6 14 22
Total 40 18 77 65 200
PROCEDURE

 Go to variable view - Enter variables name source and Experience – Give values for source
1- Friends 2- Agent 3- Advertisement 4- Exhibition and set the measure as nominal – Give
values for experience 1- less than 5yrs 2 - 6-10 3 – 11-15 4- 16-20 5-21-25 and 6- greater
than 25
 Enter another variable in variable view as frequency
 Enter the values by clicking data view.
 Select data and weight cases - frequency
 Goto analyses menu, click Descriptive statistics and crosstab.
 Select variables, goto statistics and click chi-square
 Select options and click observed frequencies & expected frequencies
 Click ok and it will show the observed & expected frequencies and Chi-square value.
Hypothesis

Ho- There is no significant relationship between source of information of a Product A and experience of
the respondent in his work life using the product.
19
H1 - There is significant relationship between source of information of a Product A and experience of
the respondent in his work life using the product.

OUTPUT:

Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 40.604a 15 .000
Likelihood Ratio 39.723 15 .000
N of Valid Cases 200
a. 4 cells (37.5%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is 1.35.

Interpretation:

Asymp Sig value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05 Hence Null hypothesis is rejected. There is significant
relationship between source of information of a Product A and experience of the respondent
in his work life using the product.

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

20
 CHI SQUARE TEST 2 USING SPSS

DATE: EXE:9

AIM

To do chi-square analysis using SPSS – Data entry by coding

INFORMATION
A brand manager is concerned that her brand may be unevenly distributed throughout the country. In a
survey in which the country was divided into four geographic regions, a random sampling of 21
consumers was surveyed, with the following results:
Region
Purchase Decision
NE NW SE SW Total
Purchase the
2 3 2 3 10
brand
Do not purchase 3 2 3 3 11
Total 5 5 5 6 21
Check whether Region is independent of Purchasing using Chi-square test (α = .05).

PROCEDURE

 Select IBM SPSS 20

 Go to variables enter region and purchase option and give the values for region as 1-NE, 2-
NW 3- SE and 4- SW similarly in purchase decision 1- Purchase the brand 2- Do not
purchase. Give measure as nominal

 Enter another variable in variable view as frequency

 Enter the values by clicking data view.
 Select data and weight cases
 Go to analyses menu, click Descriptive statistics and crosstab.

 Select variables and click chi-square, click options and observed frequencies & expected
frequencies

 Click ok and it will show the observed & expected frequencies and Chi-square value.

Ho- There is no significant relationship between geographical distribution and purchase of brand

H1 - There is significant relationship between geographical distribution and purchase of brand

21
OUTPUT:
Chi-Square Tests
Asymp. Sig. (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .554a 3 .907
Likelihood Ratio .556 3 .906
Linear-by-Linear .011 1 .915
Association
N of Valid Cases 21
a. 8 cells (100.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is 2.38.

Interpretation:
The p-value appears in the same row in the “Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)” column (.907)
which is greater than 0.05 Null hypothesis is accepted. There is no significant relationship
between geographical distribution and purchase of brand

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

22
 MANN-WHITNEY TEST USING SPSS
DATE: EXE: 10

AIM

To test the variables using Mann Whitney test in SPSS

INFORMATION
Is there a difference between health service workers and educational service workers in the amount of
compensation employers pay them per hour in dollars? Suppose a random sample of seven health service
workers is taken along with a random sample of eight educational service workers from different parts of
the country. Each of their employers is interviewed and figures are obtained on the amount paid per hour
for employee compensation for these workers. The data on the following page indicate total compensation
per hour. Use a Mann-Whitney U test to determine whether these two populations are different in
employee compensation (α = .05).
Health Educational
Service Worker Service Worker
20.10 26.19
19.80 23.88
22.36 25.50
18.75 21.64
21.90 24.85
22.96 25.30
20.75 24.12
23.45

PROCEDURE

 Select IBM Statistics 20

 Go to variable view - enter hourly wages and group

 Select the measure for hourly wages as ordinal and group give values 1- Health service
worker and 2- Education service worker give measure as nominal

 Goto Analyse, Non parametric test – legacy dialog - two independent sample test and click
Mann Whitney test

 Select hourly wages in test variable and select group in group variable – define groups group
1 as 1 and group 2 as 2

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  Press k

Hypothesis

H0- There is no difference between compensation of health service workers and education service
worker

H1 - There is difference between compensation of health service workers and education service worker
OUTPUT:

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks
Group N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
Hourly Wages Health Service Worker 7 4.43 31.00
Educational Service 8 11.13 89.00
Worker
Total 15

Interpretation
In this case, the Educational service worker had the mean rank which is 11.13

Test Statisticsb
Hourly Wages
Mann-Whitney U 3.000
Wilcoxon W 31.000
Z -2.893
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .004
Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed .002a
Sig.)]
a. Not corrected for ties.
b. Grouping Variable: Group

From the above table the value of Assymp sig is 0.004 which is less than 0.05. Hence Null hypothesis is
rejected. There is difference between compensation of health service workers and education service
worker

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

24
 CORRELATION USING SPSS

DATE: EXE:11

AIM

To do correlation using SPSS for the given data.

INFORMATION
Find the correlation coefficient between Income and expenditure of a family.
Income(In
60 58 45 65 56 38 70
thousands
Expenditure(in
55 50 40 60 62 45 63
thousands)
Procedure:
 Go to start select all programs select IBM spss statistics 20.
 Select variable view tab create two variables income and expenditure
 Select data view and type all the respected values in vertical forms.
 Go to analyze select correlate and select bivariate, select one by one and change it to the
opposite side and press ok.
 The result will appear in separate window.
 Save the output.
Hypothesis
Ho- There is no significant relationship between income and expenditure
H1- There is significant relationship between income and expenditure

OUTPUT:

Correlations

income expenditure

Pearson Correlation 1 .830*

income Sig. (2-tailed) .021

N 7 7
*
Pearson Correlation .830 1

expenditure Sig. (2-tailed) .021

N 7 7

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

25
INTERPRETATION
Correlation coefficient 0.830
Significance level 0.021 which is less than 0.05. Thereis significant relationship between income and
expenditure

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

26
 REGRESSION USING SPSS
DATE: EXE:12

AIM

To find regression Equation between Advertisement expense and sales value

INFORMATION
The following table shows the Advertisement expense and sales value of a company
Advertisement
52 66 45 36 72 65 47 25
expense
Sales 62 55 51 25 79 43 60 33
Hypothesis
H0 – There is no significant relationship between Advertisement expense and sales value
H1 – There is significant relationship between Advertisement expense and sales value
PROCEDURE

 Select IBM SPSS 20

 Go to variable view - create advertisement exp and sales

 Go to Data view and type the data given in question

 Go to analyses menu and click Regression – Linear

 Select sales value as dependent variable and Advertisement as independent variables.

 Click ok and it will show the regression equation and residual values.

OUTPUT:

Model Summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R Std. Error of the Change Statistics

Square Estimate R Square F Change df1 df2 Sig. F
Change Change

1 .707a .500 .416 12.30755 .500 5.989 1 6 .050

a. Predictors: (Constant), advertisement

27
 ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Regression 907.145 1 907.145 5.989 .050b

1 Residual 908.855 6 151.476

Total 1816.000 7

a. Dependent Variable: sales

b. Predictors: (Constant), advertisement

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized t Sig.

Coefficients

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) 17.206 14.479 1.188 .280

1
advertisement .663 .271 .707 2.447 .050

a. Dependent Variable: sales

Interpretation:
Significance value 0.05 is equal to p value 0.05 Hence null hypothesis is accepted.
Regression equation
Sales = 0.663 * Advertisement + 17.206

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

28
 EXPONENTIAL SMOOTHING USING EXCEL
EXE:13
DATE:

AIM:
To compute exponential smoothing by using Microsoft excel.
PROCEDURES:
 Enter the data in excel sheet.

Period 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Actual 120 150 240 540 210 380 120 870 250 1100 500 950 1050
Sales

 Go to Data and click Data Analysis in that select Exponential Smoothing and click OK.
 Then a dialog box will appear in that Input Range select the Actual values given in the
table.
 In Damping factor type as 0.9
 In Output Range, create a new row under Actual values as Exponential Smoothing and
press OK.
 Then create chart , go to Insert menu and select “Line Chart”
 To remove the period line, go to Design menu and click “Select Data”. Then select period
and remove it.
 Select Edit and drag the period values and press OK.

29
OUTPUT:
Period 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
15 24
Actual 120 540 210 380 120 870 250 1100 500 950
0 0
Exponent
ial
smoothin #N/ 15 15 197. 198. 216.5 206.89 273.20 270.88 353.79 368.41 426.57
g A 0 9 1 39 51 59 63 57 71 74 57

Exponential Smoothing
1200
1000
800
600 Actual
Value

400 Forecast
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Data Point

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

30
 PORTFOLIO RETURN
EXE:14
DATE:

AIM: To calculate portfolio return using Microsoft excel

You invest $60,000 in asset 1 that produced 20% returns and $40,000 invest in asset 2 that

generate 12% of returns. And their respective weight of distributions are 60% and 40%.

Calculate the Portfolio Return.

ASSET 1 ASSET 2
INVESTMEN 60000 40000
T
RETURN 20% 12%
WEIGHT 60% 40%

PROCEDURE:
 Select Microsoft excel - Enter the data in the question
 Use the formula to calculate portfolio return
 Portfolio return = (return of asset 1* weight of asset 1+ return of asset 2* weight of asset
2)*100
 Thus the portfolio return is ascertained.

OUTPUT
ASSET 1 ASSET 2

INVESTMENT 60000 40000

RETURN 20% 12%

WEIGHT 60% 40%

PORTFOLIO RETURN 16.8

RESULT : Thus the result is obtained

31
 RATE OFINTEREST (ROI)

DATE: EXE:15

Suppose you have availed a loan of Rs.1, 00,000 that is to be paid off in 48 monthly installments
of rupees 3,000 each. Find out the rate of interest charged on this loan.

AIM:
To calculate Rate of Interest using Microsoft excel.

Loan 100000

Installment 3000

ROI

PROCEDURE:

Step 1:StartAll program Microsoft Excel

Step 2:Enter the given data in the excel sheet

Step 3:To calculate the ROI

ROI=(Installment*100/Loan)

CALCULATION OF RATE OF INTEREST

LOAN 100000

INSTALMENT 3000

ROI 3

32
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

FUTURE VALUE (FV)

DATE: EXE:16

You deposit Rs.1, 000 each and every month in your bank account. The bank pays 12% annual
rate that is compound every month. Find out how much money will be in your account at the end
of 24 months.

AIM:

To calculate Future Value using Microsoft excel.

Payment 1000

ROI 12%

YEARS (NPER) 2%

FV

PROCEDURE:

Step 1:StartAll program Microsoft Excel

Step 2:Enter the given data in the excel sheet

Step 3:To calculate the FV

=FV(ROI/12,Year*12,PMT,0,0)

CALCULATION OF FUTURE VALUE

PAYMENT 1000

RATE OF INTEREST 12%

YEARS 2

FUTURE VALUE $26,973.46

33
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

PRESENT VALUE(PV)
EXE:17
DATE:

You expect to receive Rs.800/- every month over next 24 months. If the current discount rate is
12% per annum. What is the present value of these future payments?

AIM:

To calculate Present Value using Microsoft excel.

PMT 800

ROI 12%

YEAR (NPER) 2

PRESENT VALUE (PV)

PROCEDURE:

Step 1:StartAll program Microsoft Excel

Step 2:Enter the given data in the excel sheet

Step 3:To calculate the PV

=FV(ROI/12,Year*12,PMT,0,0)

CALCULATION OF PRESENT VALUE

PAYMENT 800

RATE OF INTEREST 12%

YEARS 2

PRRESENT VALUE $16,994.71

34
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

EMI
DATE: EXE:18

Suppose if you want to take a loan of Rs.2, 00,000 at an annual interest rate of 14%. The loan has
to be repaid in 15 years in equal monthly installments. Find out the EMI.

AIM:
To calculate EMIusing Microsoft excel.

ROI 14%

YEARS 15

PV 2, 00,000

EMI

PROCEDURE:

Step 1:StartAll program Microsoft Excel

Step 2:Enter the given data in the excel sheet

Step 3:To calculate the EMI

=PMT(ROI/12,year*12,PV)

CALCULATION OF EMI

RATE OF INTEREST 14%

YEARS 15

PRRESENT VALUE 200000

EMI ($2,663.48)

35
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtaine

Net Present Value(NPV)

DATE: EXE:19

You are expected to get 5 monthly payments of Rs.500, 900, 550, 478, 950 respectively. At the
discount rate of 10% per annum. Find the Net Present Value (NPV).
AIM:

To calculate NPV using Microsoft excel.

YEAR CASH FLOW

0 C0

1 C1 500

2 C2 900

3 C3 550

4 C4 478

5 C5 950
PROCEDURE:

Step 1:StartAll program Microsoft Excel

Step 2:Enter the given data in the excel sheet

Step 3:To calculate the NP =(CF*PV%)

CALCULATION OF NPV

YEAR CASH FLOW PV@10% PV

0 C0 -2378 1 -2378

1 C1 500 0.909 454.5

2 C2 900 0.826 743.4

3 C3 550 0.751 413.05

4 C4 478 0.683 326.474

5 C5 950 0.621 589.95

∑PV 149.374

36
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR)

DATE: EXE:20

Assuming that an initial investment of Rs.1, 00,000. Results in 12 annual cash outflows as given
below.13200, 15,000, 13,000, 2,000, 12,400, 16,000, 14,000, 16,450,17,690, 16,550, 16,500 and
12,200.Find the Internal Rate of Return (IRR).

AIM:
To calculate IRR using Microsoft excel.

Initial investment Rs.1, 00,000

cash outflows 13200, 15,000, 13,000, 2,000, 12,400, 16,000, 14,000, 16,450,17,690,
16,550, 16,500 and 12,200

PROCEDURE:

Step 1:StartAll program Microsoft Excel

Step 2:Enter the given data in the excel sheet

Step 3:To calculate the IRR

=IRR( Values,[Guess])

CALCULATION OF IRR
YEAR CASH FLOW
0 C0 -100000
1 C1 13200
2 C2 15000
3 C3 13000
4 C4 2000
5 C5 12400
6 C6 16000
7 C7 14000
8 C8 16450
9 C9 17690
10 C10 16550
11 C11 16500
12 C12 12200
IRR 8%

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

37
 REVENUE MANAGEMENT USING TORA

LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEM

DATE: EXE:21

AIM:
To obtain feasible solution through linear programing using TORA

Problem:

Maximize Z=4x1+10x2

Subject to
2x1+x2≤50

2x1+5x2≤100

2x1+3x2≤90 and
x1,x2 ≤0

Procedure:
Step 1: select TORA in windows, and select linear programming from main
Step2: select enter new problem from data entry and give title name
Step 3: Enter the number of variables and constraint as per the data given in the problem
Step 4: press Y for yes and N for No for the queries
Step 5: Enter the objective function value and constraint value as given in the problem
Step 6: After entering all the details press F8 and save the file with filename and press enter and
then select solve problem and then automated procedure and enter
Step 7: Select view optimum solution from optimum menu it displays the optimum solution
summary in the windows

38
39
40
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

TRANSPORTATION & ASSIGNMENT MODEL

TRANSPORTATION MODEL USING TORA
DATE: EXE: 22

AIM:
To obtain optimum transportation cost using TORA

Sink Supply
1 2 3 4 6
Source
4 3 2 0 8
0 2 2 1 10
Demand 4 6 8
PROCEDURE: 6
Step 1: select TORA in windows, after that press any key to continue and select linear

programming from main

Step2: select enter new problem from data entry and give title name

Step 3 :Enter the number of variables and constraint as per the data given in the problem

Step 4: press Y for yes and N for No for the queries

Step 5: enter the objective function value and constraint value as given in the problem

Step 6: After entering all the details press F8 and save the file with filename and press enter and

then select solve problem and then automated procedure and enter

Step 7: Select view optimum solution from optimum menu it displays the optimum solution

summary in the windows

41
OUTPUT

42
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

ASSIGNMENT MODEL USING TORA

DATE: EXE:23

AIM:
To obtain optimumassignment problem using TORA

operations
I II III IV
A 10 5 13 15
Machine
B 3 9 18 3
C 10 7 3 2
D 5 11 9 7

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Select TORA in windows

Press any key to continue and select transportation from main

Step 2: Select enter new problem from data entry and give title

Step 3:Enter the source and destination count

Step 4:Press Y for yes and N for No for the user defined names

Step 5:Enter the supply and demand values

Step 6: Enter the machine values for different operations

Step 7: After entering all the data press F8 and save the file and then select solve problems
automated procedure then press enter

Step 8: select optimum solution from optimum menu it display the optimum solution summary in
window

43
RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

44
 NETWORKING MODEL
DATE: CRITICAL PATH METHOD

EXE:24

AIM:

To determine the critical path for the projects using TORA

ACTIVITY 1-2 1-3 1-5 2-3 2-4 3-4 3-5 3-6 4-6 5-6
DURATION 8 7 12 4 10 3 5 10 7 4

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Select TORA in windows

Step 2: press any key to continue and select network model --> critical path from algorithm

Step 3: select enter new problem from data entry and give title

Step 4: enter the number of noded in the project

Step 5: enter the duration at the appropriate nodes Eg ; 1 -2 means N1 -N2 = 8 Thera is no
activity in 1-4 so N1 - N4 = inf do the same for all then press F8, Save the file and press enter

Step 6:select solve problem automated procedure then press enter

Step 7: select optimum solution from optimum menu it display the optimum solution summary in
windows

45
OUTPUT

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

46
 INVENTORY MODEL

ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITYUSING EXCEL

DATE: EXE: 25

AIM

To Calculate the Economic order Quantity using Excel

A B
Demand 6000units
Co 115
Cc 4.2
LeadTime 9Days
Working Days 250
Price 60

PROCEDURE:

 Go to start all programs select Microsoft excel sheet and enter the respective values
 Then calculate the economic ordering quantity by entering the formula as =Sqrt
(2*Co*D/Cc)
 Then calculate the reorder point by entering the formula as = D*(Lead time /working days)
 Then calculate the annual set up cost by entering the formula as = Co*(Demand/Economic
Ordering Quantity)
 Calculate the holding cost by entering the formula as = Cc *(Economic order Quantity/2)
 Finally calculate the Total variable cost as = Sum (annual set up cost + annual holding cost)
 Finally all the values will appear in excel sheet

47
OUTPUT:
EOQ 573.2
Reorder level 216.0
Annual setup cost 1203.7
Annual holding cost 1203.7
Total variable cost 2407.5

RESULT: Thus the output for the given data is obtained

48
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