DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA

NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY
YEAR 2022-23

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
TOPIC- SYSTEM OF LOK ADALAT IN INDIA

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO
BHOOMIKA GANDHI DR. R.K. YADAV
200101054 ( ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
SECTION A
(5TH SEMESTER)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
Support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them. I am highly indebted to Prof. (Dr.) R.K. Yadav for his guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project,
also for his support in completing the project. I extend my gratitude towards the seniors of
my course, who constantly helped me find the best sources for research. Finally, I
acknowledge the authorities as well as the care-takers of Dr. Madhu Limaye Library, who
provided me with the means to make this project in the form of books, computer system,
internet access, access to online paid law reports et cetera. This project is a result of my
efforts combined with all the means and environment that has been provided to me by Dr.
Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow and its authorities and I am
thankful to them.

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 INDEX

 INTRODUCTION..............................................................4-6
 ORGANISATION OF LOK ADALAT..............................7
 COGNIZANCE OF PENDING CASES AND
DETERMINATION...........................................................8
 PASSING OF AWARD AND POWERS
OF LOK ADALAT..............................................................9
 PERMANENT LOK ADALAT..........................................10
 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF
PERMANENT LOK ADALAT..........................................11
 COGNIZANCE OF PENDING CASES
BY LOK ADALAT.............................................................12
 PROCEDURE BY PERMANENT
LOK ADALAT FOR DETERMINATION.......................13-14
 ADVANTAGES OF LOK ADALAT.................................15-16
 CONCLUSION..................................................................17
 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................18

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 INTRODUCTION

The concept of Lok Adalat is an innovative Indian contribution to the world jurisprudence.
The introduction of Lok Adalats added a new chapter to the justice dispensation system of
this country and succeeded in providing a supplementary forum to the victims for satisfactory
settlement of their disputes. This system is based on Gandhian principles. It is one of the
components of ADR systems. In ancient times the disputes were used to be referred to
“panchayat” which were established at village level. Panchayat’s used to resolve the dispute
through arbitration. It has proved to be a very effective alternative to litigation. This very
concept of settlement of dispute through mediation, negotiation or through arbitral process
known as decision of "Nyaya-Panchayat" is conceptualized and institutionalized in the
philosophy of Lok Adalat. It involves people who are directly or indirectly affected by
dispute resolution.

MEANING
The institution of Lok Adalat in India, as the very name suggests, means, People's Court.
"Lok" stands for "people" and the term "Adalat" means court. India has a long tradition and
history of such methods being practiced in the society at grass roots level.

ORIGIN
The concept of Lok Adalats was pushed back into oblivion in last few centuries before
independence and particularly during the British regime. Now, this concept has, once again,
been rejuvenated. This is the system which has deep roots in Indian legal history and its close
allegiance to the culture and perception of justice in Indian ethosCamps of Lok Adalats were
started initially in Gujarat in March 1982 and now it has been extended throughout the
Country. The evolution of this movement was a part of the strategy to relieve heavy burden
on the Courts with pending cases and to give relief to the litigants who were in a queue to get
justice. The first Lok Adalat was held on March 14, 1982 at Junagarh in Gujarat the land of
Mahatma Gandhi. Maharashtra commenced the Lok Nyayalaya in 1984. Lok Adalats have
been very successful in settlement of motor accident claim cases, matrimonial/family

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disputes, labour disputes, disputes relating to public services such as telephone, electricity,
bank recovery cases and so on.

SCOPE AND OBJECT

The advent of Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 gave a statutory status to Lok Adalats,
pursuant to the constitutional mandate in Article 39-A of the Constitution of India, contains
various provisions for settlement of disputes through Lok Adalat. It is an Act to constitute
legal services authorities to provide free and competent legal services to the weaker sections
of the society to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by
reason of economic or other disabilities, and to organize Lok Adalats to secure that the
operation of the legal system promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity. Even before
the enforcement of the Act, the concept of Lok Adalat has been getting wide acceptance as
People's Courts as the very name signifies. Settlement of disputes at the hands of Panchayat
Heads or tribal heads was in vogue since ancient times. When statutory recognition had been
given to Lok Adalat, it was specifically provided that the award passed by the Lok Adalat
formulating the terms of compromise will have the force of decree of a court which can be
executed as a civil court decree. The evolution of movement called Lok Adalat was a part of
the strategy to relieve heavy burden on the Courts with pending cases and to give relief to the
litigants who were in a queue to get justice. It contains various provisions for settlement of
disputes through Lok Adalat. It is an Act to constitute legal services authorities to provide
free and competent legal services to the weaker sections of the society to ensure that
opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other
disabilities, and to organize Lok Adalats to secure that the operation of the legal system
promotes justice on a basis of equal opportunity.

CASES SUITABLE FOR LOK ADALAT

Lok Adalats have competence to deal with a number of cases like:

 Compoundable civil, revenue and criminal cases. ·

 Motor accident compensation claims cases
 Partition Claims ·
 Damages Cases ·

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  Matrimonial and family disputes ·
 Mutation of lands case ·
 Land Pattas cases
 Bonded Labour cases
 Land acquisition disputes
 Bank’s unpaid loan cases
 Arrears of retirement benefits cases
 Family Court cases
 Cases which are not sub-judice

NEED FOR LOK ADALATS

As Justice Ramaswamy said: “Resolving disputes through Lok Adalat not only minimizes
litigation expenditure, it saves valuable time of the parties and their witnesses and also
facilitates inexpensive and prompt remedy appropriately to the satisfaction of both the
parties” Law Courts in India face mainly four problems:

1. The number of courts and judges in all grades are alarmingly inadequate.
2. Increase in flow of cases in recent years due to multifarious Acts enacted by the
Central and State Governments.
3. The high cost involved in prosecuting or defending a case in a court of law, due to
heavy court fee, lawyer's fee and incidental charges.
4. Delay in disposal of cases resulting in huge pendency in all the courts.

JURISDICTION OF LOK ADALAT

A Lok Adalat shall have jurisdiction to determine and to arrive at a compromise or
settlement between the parties to a dispute in respect of: (i) any case pending before; or (ii)
any matter which is falling within the jurisdiction of, and is not brought before, any court for
which the Lok Adalat is organised. The Lok Adalat can compromise and settle even criminal
cases, which are compoundable under the relevant laws.

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 ORGANISATION OF LOK ADALAT

The State Authority and District Authority, Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, High
Court Legal Services Committee and Taluk Legal Services Committee (mentioned in Section
19 of the Act) can organize Lok Adalats at such intervals and Permanent Lok Adalatces as
may be deemed fit. Every Lok Adalat so organized shall consist of:

(a) Serving or retired judicial officers,

(b) Other persons, as may be specified. The experience and qualification of “other persons”
in a Lok Adalat conducted by Supreme Court Legal Services Committee shall be prescribed
by the Central Government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India. At present, Rule
13 of the National Legal Services Authorities Rules, 1995 prescribes such experience and
qualifications as:

 A member of the legal profession; or

 A person of repute who is specially interested in the implementation of the Legal
Services Schemes and Programmes; or
 An eminent social worker who is engaged in the upliftment of weaker sections of
people, including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, children, rural and
urban labour. The experience and qualification of “other persons” mentioned in clause
(b) shall be prescribed by the State Government in consultation with the Chief Justice
of High Court.

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 COGNIZANCE OF PENDING CASES
AND DETERMINATION
On Application:
 When all the parties to the case agree for referring the case to Lok Adalat, or

 When one of the party to the case makes an application to court, praying to refer the
case to Lok Adalat and the court is prima facie satisfied that there are chances for
settlement

Suo Moto:

 Where the court is satisfied that the matter is an appropriate one to be taken cognizance
of, by the Lok Adalat, then the court shall refer the case to the Lok Adalat, after giving a
reasonable opportunity for hearing to all the parties. Further, the Authority or Committee
organising Lok Adalat may, on application from any party to a dispute, refer the said
dispute to Lok Adalat, after giving a reasonable opportunity for hearing to all the parties.

 Lok Adalat shall proceed to dispose of a case refereed to it expeditiously. It shall be

guided by principles of law, justice, equity and fair Permanent Lok Adalat. It shall yearn
to reach a settlement or compromise between parties.

 When no compromise or settlement is accomplished, the case is to be returned to the

court which referred it. Then the case will proceed in the court from the stage
immediately before the reference

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 PASSING OF AWARD
 Every award of Lok Adalat shall be deemed to be a decree of a civil court.
 Every award shall be signed by all the parties to the dispute and the panel constituting
the Lok Adalat.
 Every award shall form part of the judicial records.
 Every award shall be categorical and lucid.
 Every award shall be in the regional language or in English.
 A certified copy of the award will be given free of cost, to all the parties.
 Every award made by Lok Adalat shall be final and binding on all the parties to the
dispute, and no appeal shall lie to any court against the award.
 If a pending case is settled at Lok Adalat, any court fee already paid will be refunded as
provided by the Court Fees Act, 1870.

POWERS OF LOK ADALAT

i) The Lok Adalat shall have the powers of a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908, while trying a suit, in respect of the following matters:-

a) Power to summon and enforce the attendance of any witness and to examine him/her on
oath.

b) Power to enforce the discovery and production of any document.

c) Power to receive evidence on affidavits.

e) Such other matters as may be prescribed.

ii) Every Lok Adalat shall have the power to specify its own procedure for the determination
of any dispute coming before it.

iii) All proceedings before a Lok Adalat shall be deemed to be judicial proceedings within the
meaning of Sections 193, 219 and 228 of IPC.

iv) Every Lok Adalat shall be deemed to be a Civil Court for the purpose of Sec 195 and
Chapter XXVI of Cr.P.C.

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 PERMANENT LOK ADALAT

In 2002, Parliament brought about certain amendments to the Legal Services Authorities Act,
1987. The said amendment introduced Chapter VI-A with the caption PRE LITIGATION
CONCILIATION AND SETTLEMENT. Section 22-B envisages establishment of
"PERMANENT LOK ADALATS (PLA)" at different places for considering the cases in
respect of Public Utility Services (PUS). The Central or State Authorities may establish by
notification, Permanent Lok Adalats at any Permanent Lok Adalats, for determining issues in
connection to Public Utility Services’.

Public Utility Services include

(1) Transport service,

(2) Postal, telegraph or telephone services,

(3) Supply of power, light and water to public,

(4) System of public conservancy or sanitation,

(5) Insurance services and such other services as notified by the Central or State
Governments.

PERMANENT LOK ADALAT’s have the same powers that are vested on the Lok-Adalats,
mentioned under Section 22(1) of the Act.

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 ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF
PERMANENT LOK ADALAT

Chairman

A person who is or has been a district Judge or Additional District Judge or has held judicial
office higher in rank than that of a District Judge, shall be the Chairman.

Members

Two other persons having adequate experience in Public Utility Service to be nominated by
Central Government on the recommendation of Central Authority and by the State
Government on the recommendation of the State Authority.

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COGNIZANCE OF PENDING CASES BY
LOK ADALAT

 Any party to a dispute can apply to PERMANENT LOK ADALAT for settlement of a
dispute in respect of a public utility service, which is not pending before any court.
 PERMANENT LOK ADALAT does not have jurisdiction to entertain disputes
involving offences which are not compoundable.
 PERMANENT LOK ADALAT does not have jurisdiction to entertain a matter where
the value of the property involved exceeds ten lakhs, which limit can be enhanced as
provided for.
 Once, an application is preferred to PERMANENT LOK ADALAT for determination
of a dispute, no party to such application can invoke the jurisdiction of any court in
the same dispute.

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PROCEDURE BY PERMANENT LOK
ADALAT FOR DETERMINATION
Where the PERMANENT LOK ADALAT receives an application for determination of a
dispute;

 The PERMANENT LOK ADALAT should direct each party to file before it a written
statement stating therein, all the facts and the nature of the dispute, points or issues and
the grounds in support or opposition. PERMANENT LOK ADALAT may require the
parties to file additional statements at any stage.

 The party may also file any document or such other evidence, in proof of such facts and
grounds urged.

 The copy of the written statement and the documents or such other evidence filed has to
be sent to the other parties to the application.

 When the statement and additional statement and reply if any are filed, PERMANENT
LOK ADALAT shall conduct conciliation process between parties to the application, as it
thinks fit, considering the circumstances of the dispute.

 PERMANENT LOK ADALAT should assist the parties in their attempt to reach an
amicable settlement, in an independent and impartial manner. Every party is duty bound
to co-operate in good faith, in the conciliation process.

 If after the conciliation process, the PERMANENT LOK ADALAT is of an opinion that
there exists elements of settlement in such proceedings, which may be acceptable to the
parties. If the parties are agreeable to the same, they shall sign the same and
PERMANENT LOK ADALAT shall pass an award in terms of the settlement agreement.

 If the parties are not agreeable to the settlement formulated, if the dispute is  not an
offence, then the PERMANENT LOK ADALAT should decide the dispute on merits.

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 PERMANENT LOK ADALAT shall, while conducting conciliation proceedings or
deciding a dispute on merit, shall be guided by the principle of natural justice, objectivity,
fair Permanent Lok Adalat, equity and other principles of justice.

 The PERMANENT LOK ADALAT, when deciding a dispute on merit, shall not be
bound by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

 Every award made by the PERMANENT LOK ADALAT shall be by the majority of the
persons constituting the PERMANENT LOK ADALAT.

 The award rendered by PERMANENT LOK ADALAT shall be deemed to be a decree

of a civil court and shall be final. The PERMANENT LOK ADALAT may transmit the
award to the court having local jurisdiction for execution

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 ADVANTAGES OF LOK ADALAT
(i) Speedy Justice And Saving From The Lengthy Court Procedures: -
Lok Adalats ensure speedier justice because it can be conducted at suitable
places, arranged very fast, in local languages too, even for the illiterates. The
procedural laws and the Evidence Act are not strictly followed while assessing the
merits of the claim by the Lok Adalat. Hence,Lok Adalats are also known as
“People’s Festivals of Justice” The victims and the offender may be represented
by their advocate or they can interact with the Lok Adalat judge directly and
explain their stand in the dispute and the reasons thereof, which is not possible in
a regular court of law.

(ii) Justice At No Cost: -

Lok Adalat is the only institutionalized mechanism of dispute resolution in which
the parties do not have to bear any expenses. There is no court fee in Lok Adalat.
If the case is already filed in the regular court, the fee paid is refunded in the
manner provided under the Court Fees Act if the dispute is settled at the Lok
Adalat. This kind of refund is an incentive given to parties to negotiate for
settlement. Lok Adalat is a boon to the litigant public, where they can get their
disputes settled fast and free of cost.

(iii) Solving Problems Of Backlog Cases: -

In a Lok Adalat, if a compromise is reached, an award is made and is binding on
the parties. It is enforced as a decree of a civil court. An important aspect is that
the award is final and cannot be appealed, not even under Article 226 because it is
a judgment by consent. All proceedings of a Lok Adalat are deemed to be judicial
proceedings and every Lok Adalat is deemed to be a Civil Court. Section 25 of the
Legal Services Authority Act, 1987 provides that the provisions of the act have an
overriding effect notwithstanding anything which is inconsistent with any other
law.

(iv) Maintenance Of Cordial Relations: -

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The main thrust of Lok Adalats is on compromise. When no compromise is
reached, the matter goes back to the court. While conducting the proceedings, a
Lok Adalat acts as a conciliator and not as an arbitrator. Its role is to persuade the
parties to hit upon a solution and help in reconciling the contesting differences.
Lok Adalat cannot decide the issues nor can it influence or force the parties to
decide in a particular way. It encourages consensual arrangements. It is not
possible for Lok Adalat to decide upon any issue not acceptable to any of the
parties. In Lok Adalats, disputes are not only settled but also the cordial relations
between the parties are retained as disputes are resolved amicably. Hence, it is a
very healthy way of dispute resolution.

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 CONCLUSION
Lok Adalats, as it has been again and again iterated throughout the paper, serve very crucial
functions in a country due to many factors like pending cases, illiteracy etc. The Lok Adalat
was a historic necessity in a country like India where illiteracy dominated about all aspects of
governance. The most desired function of Lok Adalats may seem to be clearing the backlog,
with the latest report showing 3 crore pending cases in Indian courts but the other functions
cannot be ignored. The concept of Lok Adalat has been a success in practice.

Lok Adalats play a very important role to advance and strengthen “equal access to justice”,
the heart of the Constitution of India, a reality. This Indian contribution to world ADR
jurisprudence needs to be taken full advantage of. Maximum number of Lok Adalats need to
be organized to achieve the Gandhian Principle of Gram Swaraj and “access to justice for
all”. During the last few years Lok Adalat has been found to be a successful tool of alternate
dispute resolution in India. It is most popular and effective because of its innovative nature
and inexpensive style. The system received wide acceptance not only from the litigants, but
from the public and legal functionaries in general.

Therefore, it may be concluded that the system of Lok Adalat and giving free legal aid to
eligible persons is a very noble one which has helped judiciary not only in speedy disposal of
cases but has given some relief to the litigant, particularly to them who are poor and cannot
afford to claim their right through court of law.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

For making this project i have taken help from various resources such as books, websites,
blogs, articles.

 I.P. Massey , Administrative Law, Eastern Book Company

 CK Takwani, Lectures on Administrative Law,6th edition, Eastern Book Company
 Legalserviceindia.com. 2022. Lok Adalat: Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism
In India. [online] Available at: <https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-
1823-lok-adalat-alternative-dispute-resolution-mechanism-in-india.html>
 &rarr;, V., 2022. Lok Adalats: Origin, Evolution, Jurisdiction, Powers - Civilsdaily.
[online] Civilsdaily. Available at: <https://www.civilsdaily.com/lok-adalats-origin-
evolution-jurisdiction-powers/>
 Articles.manupatra.com. 2022. Articles – Manupatra. [online] Available at:
<https://articles.manupatra.com/article-details/Lok-Adalat-A-Catalyst-for-change-in-
the-Indian-Judicial-Structure>

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