A

Project Report
On
“CHART DISPLAYING DIFFERENT TYPE OF BOND WITH EXAMPLE.”
DIPLOMA IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
By
Ms. Sanavi Samir Kumbhar (Roll No. 14)

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF,

SVERI’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(POLY)PANDHARPUR.

2024-25

1
 INDEX

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1 Introduction 3

2 Different Types of Chemical Bond with Examples 4

3 Conclusion 10

4 Reference 10

2
 INTRODUCTION
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms or ions that enables the formation of
molecules and crystals. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely
charged ions as in ionic bonds, or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.
One of the most important advances in chemistry during the twentieth century was the
understanding of the way atoms bond (join together) to form compounds. Atoms either share
pairs of electrons between them (a covalent bond), or they transfer one or more electrons from
one atom to another to form positive and negative ions, which are held together because of their
opposite charge (the ionic bond). The electrons farthest away from the nucleus, the valence
electrons, are the ones involved in bonding. Lewis symbols for elements show only the valence
electrons possessed by a particular element. The valence shell becomes uniquely stable with
eight electrons. Many elements try to fill out the valence shell with eight electrons by forming
bonds with other atoms.

Chemical bonds are forces that hold the atoms together in a molecule. They are a result of strong
intramolecular interactions among the atoms of a molecule. The valence (outermost) electrons of
the atoms participate in chemical bonds. When two atoms approach each other, these outer
electrons start to interact. Although electrons repel each other, they are attracted to the protons
within atoms. The interplay of forces results in the formation of bonds between the atoms. The
main types of chemical bonds are ionic bond, covalent bond, hydrogen bond, and metallic bond.

A bond between two atoms depends upon the electronegativity difference between the atoms. If
the electronegativity difference is significantly high, the atoms transfer electrons to form ions
and thereby form an ionic bond. If the electronegativity difference is zero or small, then the
atoms combine to form covalent bonds.

There are three primary types of bonding: ionic, covalent, and metallic.
 Ionic bonding.
 Covalent bonding.
 Metallic bonding

Different Types of Chemical Bonds with Examples:

3
1. Ionic Bond (Electrovalent bond)

As the name suggests, ionic bonds are a result of the attraction between ions. Ions are formed
when an atom loses or gains an electron. These types of bonds are commonly formed between a
metal and a nonmetal.

Examples

4
 Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) combine to form stable crystals of sodium chloride (NaCl),
also known as common salt.

 Magnesium (Mg) and oxygen (O) combine to form magnesium oxide (MgO).

 Potassium (K) and chlorine (Cl) combine to form potassium chloride (KCl)

 Calcium (Ca) and fluorine (F) combine to form calcium fluoride (CaF2)

2. Covalent Bond

In the case of a covalent bond, an atom shares one or more pairs of electrons with another atom
and forms a bond. This sharing of electrons happens because the atoms must satisfy the octet
(noble gas configuration) rule while bonding. Such a type of bonding is common between two
nonmetals. The covalent bond is the strongest and most common form of chemical bond in living
organisms. Together with the ionic bond, they form the two most important chemical bonds [1-7].
A covalent bond can be divided into a nonpolar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond. In the
case of a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons are equally shared between the two atoms. On the
contrary, in polar covalent bonds, the electrons are unequally distributed between the atoms.

Examples
 Two atoms of iodine (I) combine to form iodine (I2) gas.
 One atom of carbon (C) combines with two atoms of oxygen (O) to form a double covalent
bond in carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Two atoms of hydrogen (H) combine with one atom of oxygen (O) to form a polar molecule
of water (H2O).
 Boron (B) and three hydrogens (H) combine to form the polar borane (BH3).

5
Types of Covalent Bonds
The covalent bond can be classified into three types depending upon the number of shared
electron pairs. Types of covalent bonds are:
 Single Covalent Bond
 Double Covalent Bond
 Triple Covalent Bond

 Single Covalent Bond

When only one pair of the electron is shared between the two participating atoms then such
bonds are said to be single covalent bonds. It is represented by one dash (-). This form of
covalent bond has a smaller density and is weaker than a double and triple bond though it is the
most stable bond.

Example: The HCL molecule has one Hydrogen atom with one valence electron and one
Chlorine atom with seven valence electrons. In this case, a single bond is formed between
hydrogen and chlorine by sharing one electron thus completing its octet of one molecule of HCL.

 Double Bonds
When two pairs of electrons are shared between the two participating atoms a double bond is
formed. It is represented by two dashes (=). Double covalent bonds are much stronger than a
single bond, but they are less stable.

Example: A carbon dioxide molecule has one carbon atom with six valence electrons and two
oxygen atoms with four valence electrons.

To complete its octet, as carbon has 6 valence electrons it shares two of its valence electrons with
one oxygen atom and two with another oxygen atom. Each oxygen atom shares its two electrons
with carbon and therefore there are two double bonds in a molecule of CO2.

6
  Triple Bond
When three pairs of electrons are shared between the two participating atoms a triple bond is
formed. Triple covalent bonds are represented by three dashes (≡). These are the least stable
types of covalent bonds.

Example: In the formation of a nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atom having five valence
electrons provides three electrons to each other to form three electron pairs for completing the
octet. Therefore, a triple bond is formed between the two nitrogen atoms.

3. Hydrogen Bond

A hydrogen bond is a chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
However, it is not an ionic or covalent bond but is a particular type of dipole-dipole attraction
between molecules. First, the hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom
resulting in a positive charge, which is then attracted towards an electronegative atom resulting
in a hydrogen bond [1,4-6].

Examples

7
  Hydrogen atom from one molecule of water bonds with the oxygen atom from another
molecule. This bonding is quite significant in ice.

 In chloroform (CH3Cl) and ammonia (NH3), hydrogen bonding occurs between the
hydrogen of one molecule and carbon/nitrogen of another.
 Nitrogen bases present in DNA are held together by a hydrogen bond.

Types of Hydrogen Bonding

There are two types of H bonds, and it is classified as the following:

 Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding

 Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding

 Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding

When hydrogen bonding takes place between different molecules of the same or different
compounds, it is called intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
For example – hydrogen bonding in water, alcohol, ammonia etc.

 Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding

The hydrogen bonding which takes place within a molecule itself is called intramolecular
hydrogen bonding.
It takes place in compounds containing two groups such that one group contains hydrogen atom
linked to an electronegative atom and the other group contains a highly electronegative atom
linked to a lesser electronegative atom of the other group.
The bond is formed between the hydrogen atoms of one group with the more electronegative
atom of the other group

4. Metallic Bonds

A metallic bond is a force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance. Such solid consists
of tightly packed atoms, where the outermost electron shell of each metal atom overlaps with a

8
large number of neighboring atoms. As a consequence, the valence electrons move freely from
one atom to another. They are not associated with any specific pair of atoms. This behavior is
called non-localization [1,2,4].

Examples
 Sodium metal

 Aluminum foil

 Copper wire

 Conclusion

9
All chemical bonding is due to electrostatic attraction. When atoms combine through chemical
bonding, they form compounds—unique structures composed of two or more atoms. The basic
composition of a compound can be indicated using a chemical formula.

 Reference

www.chemistrylibrary.org
byjus.com
www.cliffsnotes.com
www.Google.com

10