Question 1
Question 1
IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.
The architecture mainly depends upon the functionality and application in different sectors.
Physical Layer
Things or devices are present in this layer such as sensors, actuators etc.
The sensors collect the physical and environmental data, processes the data and emits that data
over the network.
Network Layer
It uses many wired and wireless communication technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc. to enable
the devices to communicate with each other.
Application Layer
In includes various applications and interfaces that allow users to monitor, control and analyze the
collected data.
Security Layer
This layer is responsible for the security and privacy of the data transmitted between the devices.
IoT framework is a conceptual model that is used for understanding the different components and
technologies involved in IoT system.
It provides a high-level view of how various IoT devices interact with each other.
Devices
Devices are physical objects that are embedded with sensors and other components that enable
them to collect data and communicate with other devices.
Sensors
The sensors collect the physical and environmental data, processes the data and emits that data
over the network.
Networks
Cloud Computing
Cloud platforms are used to store and process vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices.
Applications
Applications are software programs that allow users to interact with the IoT system.
Security
It ensure that the data transmitted between the devices is secure and protected from unauthorized
access.
A WSN is a collection of devices with sensors which are used to monitor the environment and
physical conditions.
Each nodes have sensors attached to them and that data is passed to coordinator using routers
Example, Weather monitoring system, Indoor air quality monitoring system, Surveillance system,
Health monitoring system.
Cloud Computing
With cloud computing users can access applications, servers and databases from anywhere in the
world using the internet.
Collection of data whose volume is too much to store, control, manage and analyse using traditional
databases.
Communication protocols
Communication protocols are a set of rules that are used by devices to exchange data over the
internet.
Embedded Systems
It includes micro controller, microprocessor memory, networking units and input output units and
storage units.
Examples, Digital camera, DVD player, music player, Industrial robots, Wireless Routers etc.
IOT M2M
IoT stands for Internet of Things. M2M stands for Machine to Machine
communication.
Intelligence is observed as objects conduct Limited amount of intelligence is observed.
decision making processes.
It uses internet protocols such as FPT, HTTP. It uses traditional protocols.
IoT uses network and various types of It follows point to point connection.
communications to establish connections.
The scope of IoT devices is large. The scope of M2M devices is limited.
The working of IoT depends upon the Internet. The working of M2M doesn’t depend upon
Internet.
Bid Data, Cloud , Smart devices etc. Data information, Sensors etc.
A physical design refers to physical devices and their protocols that are used in creating a functional
IoT ecosystem.
Physical design is critical to the functionality and performance of the IoT system.
Sensors
They collect the physical and environmental data, processes the data and emits that data over the
network.
Actuators
They are devices that are used to control the physical environment.
Microcontrollers
They are small computers used to control the sensors and actuators.
Power supply
It provides a stable and reliable power supply to the above components of the physical design.
IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.
Connectivity
Connectivity is an important aspect as all the devices should be connected to the IoT infrastructure.
Intelligence
For example, a sensor produces data which is not useful unless extracted and displayed as an output
over a computer.
Identity
All the devices in the IoT system must be able to be identified uniquely over the network.
Scalability
The number of IoT devices is increasing day by day thus an IoT system must be able to handle
expansion.
Self-Adapting
IoT devices should be able to adapt to work under different conditions and scenarios.
For example, a camera should be able to work under different light conditions.
Safety
As devices are always connected to the internet, there is a danger of leaking of sensitive information
of the user.
Q7 EXPLAIN M2M.
It is a direct communication between the devices using wired or wireless communication channels
without any human interaction.
M2M is typically used in industrial and commercial applications where devices need to communicate
with each other.
Various applications of M2M are smart grid, healthcare, transportation, manufacturing etc.
IoT is a network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday objects,
enabling them to send and receive data.
Both the things and the users need to be identified for an interaction to occur.
Thus in IoT identifiers are used to uniquely identify different objects and devices in the system.
They allow the system to reliably identify and track devices in real time.
They are used to establish connections, manage resources and allow data transfer between the
devices.
For example in a home a smart bulb, a smart lock and thermostat all would have different identifiers.
Identifiers allow devices to interact with each other and share data seamlessly.