Implicit functions EXERCISE 5.3 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions Exercise 5.

L4: Implicit, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

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Implicit functions
Until now we have been differentiating various functions given in the form y = f (x).
But it is not necessary that functions are always expressed in this form. For example,
consider one of the following relationships between x and y :
x −y −π =0
x + sin(xy ) − y = 0
In the first case, we can solve for y and rewrite the relationship as y = x − π. In the
second case, it does not seem that there is an easy way to solve for y . Nevertheless,
there is no doubt about the dependence of y on x in either of the cases.
When a relationship between x and y is expressed in a way that it is easy to solve for y
and write y = f (x), we say that y is given as an explicit function of x. In the latter
case, it is implicit that y is a function of x, and we say that the relationship of the
second type above gives the function implicitly.
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Example 22: Find dy dx if x − y = π.

Solution: One way is to solve for y and rewrite the above as
dy
y =x −π ⇒ = 1.
dx
Alternatively, directly differentiating the relationship with respect to x, we have
d d
(x − y ) = (π).
dx dx
d
Recall that dx (π) means to differentiate the constant function taking value π
everywhere with respect to x. Thus,
d d
(x) − (y ) = 0
dx dx
which implies that
dy dx
= = 1.
dx dx
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Example 23: Find dydx if y + sin y = cos x.

Solution: We differentiate the relationship directly with respect to x:
dy d d
+ (sin y ) = (cos x).
dx dx dx
Using the chain rule, this implies
dy dy
+ cos y · = − sin x.
dx dx
This gives
dy
(1 + cos y ) = − sin x,
dx
leading to
dy − sin x
= ,
dx 1 + cos y
̸ (2n + 1)π for any integer n.
where y =
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Example 24 Find the derivative of f given by f (x) = sin−1 x assuming it

exists

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Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

f (x) sin−1 x cos−1 x tan−1 x cot−1 (x) sec−1 (x) csc−1 (x)
f ′ (x) √ 1 √ −1 1 1
− 1+x √1 − |x|√1x 2 −1
1−x 2 1−x 2 1+x 2 2
|x| x 2 −1

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dy
Find dx in the following:
1. 2x + 3y = sin x 2. 2x + 3y = sin y
3. ax + by 2 = cos y 4. xy + y 2 = tan x + y
5. x 2 + xy + y 2 = 100 6. x 3 + x 2 y + xy 2 + y 3 = 81
7. sin2 y + cos xy = k 8. sin2 x + cos2 y = 1
 
−1 2x
9. y = sin
1 + x2

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Q10  
−1 3x − x 3 1 1
y = tan , −√ < x < √
1 − 3x 2 3 3

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Q11
 
1−x 2
y = cos−1 1+x 2
,0<x <1

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Q12
 
1−x 2
y = sin−1 1+x 2
,0<x <1

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Q13  
2x
y = cos−1 1+x 2
, −1 < x < 1

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Q14
√
y = sin−1 (2x 1 − x 2 ), − √12 < x < √1
2

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Q15
 
1 √1
y = sec−1 2x 2 −1
, 0<x < 2

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Definition of the Exponential Function

Definition: The exponential function with a positive base b > 1 is defined as:

y = f (x) = b x

Domain: The domain of the exponential function is R, the set of all real numbers.
Range: The range of the exponential function is the set of all positive real numbers.
Point on Graph: The point (0, 1) is always on the graph, as b 0 = 1 for any b > 1.
Behavior: The exponential function is increasing; as x increases, the graph rises.
Asymptote: For large negative x, the function approaches zero, never touching the
x-axis.

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Common and Natural Exponential Functions

The exponential function with base 10 is called the common exponential function.
Using e as the base, we get an important exponential function:

y = ex

This is called the natural exponential function.

This function’s inverse has significant applications, as explored in further sections.

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Definition of Logarithm

Definition 4: Let b > 1 be a real number. Then the logarithm of a to the base b is
defined as x if:
bx = a
The logarithm of a to the base b is denoted by logb a. Therefore, we have:

logb a = x if and only if bx = a

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Properties of the Logarithmic Function

(1) We cannot define the logarithm of non-positive numbers, so the domain of the log
function is R+ .
(2) The range of the log function is the set of all real numbers.
(3) The point (1, 0) is always on the graph of the log function.
(4) The log function is always increasing, i.e., as x moves from left to right, the graph
rises.
(5) For very near-zero values, log x can be made arbitrarily large negative, but it never
meets the y-axis.

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Properties of Logarithms - Property 1

Standard Change of Base Rule: To obtain logb p in terms of loga p, we write:
loga p
logb p =
loga b
Derivation:
b x = p ⇒ x = logb p
Take logarithms base a on both sides:
loga p
x=
loga b
Thus,
loga p
logb p =
loga b
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Properties of Logarithms - Property 2

logb (pq) = logb p + logb q

1Let logb p = x and logb q = y . Then b x = p and b y = q.

2 Now, pq = b x · b y = b x+y ⇒ logb (pq) = x + y = logb p + logb q.
If p = q, then:
logb p 2 = 2 logb p
Generalizing this, for any n:
logb p n = n logb p
Example:
x
logb = logb x − logb y
y
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Theorem 5*

1 The derivative of e x with respect to x is e x , i.e.,

d
(e x ) = e x .
dx
2 The derivative of log x with respect to x is x1 , i.e.,

d 1
(log x) = .
dx x

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Example 26
Differentiate the following with respect to x:
1 e −x

2 sin(log x), x > 0

3 cos−1 (e x )

4 e cos x

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Let y = e −x . Using the chain rule, we have

dy d
= e −x · (−x) = −e −x .
dx dx
Let y = sin(log x). Using the chain rule, we have
dy d cos(log x)
= cos(log x) · (log x) = .
dx dx x
Let y = cos−1 (e x ). Using the chain rule, we have
dy 1 d x ex
= −p · (e ) = − √ .
dx 1 − (e x )2 dx 1 − e 2x
Let y = e cos x . Using the chain rule, we have
dy
= e cos x · (− sin x) = −(sin x)e cos x .
dx
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Exercise 5.4
Differentiate the following with respect to x:
ex −1
1. sin x 2. e sin x

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Differentiate the following with respect to x:

3. e x
2
4. sin tan−1 e x

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Differentiate the following with respect to x:

5. log(cos e x ) 6. e x + e 2x + · · · + e nx

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Differentiate the following with respect to x:

√
7. x x , x > 0 8. log(log x), x > 1

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Differentiate the following with respect to x:

cos x
9. log x , x > 0 10. cos(log x + e x ), x > 0

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