Library of functions

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Phan Thi Khanh Van

E-mail: [email protected]

September 18, 2023

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Table of contents

1 Functions
2 Power Functions
3 Exponential Functions
4 Logarithmic Functions
5 Trigonometric Functions
6 Composite function
7 New Functions from Old Functions
8 Inverse function
9 Inverse trigonometric functions
10 Hyperbolic functions

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Functions
A function f is a rule that assigns
to each element x in a set D exactly
one element, called f (x), in a set E .
D: the domain of f .
f (x): the value of f at x.
The set of all possible values of
f (x) as x varies through-out the
domain: the range R of f :
R = {y ∈ E | ∃x ∈ D : y =
f (x)}
√
Example: f : Df → R : f (x) = x + 3.
Domain: Df = [−3, ∞), Range: Rf = [0, ∞).

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4 ways to give a function

Example 1 (algebraically)
The amount of pollution in a certain lake is found to be
1
A(t) = (t 4 + 3)3
where t is measured in years and A(t) is measured in appropriate units.
Find the domain and range of A.

Example 2 (verbally)
A rectangular storage container with an open top has a volume of 10m3 .
The length of its base is twice its width. Material for the base costs $10
per square meter; material for the sides costs $6 per square meter. Express
the cost C of materials as a function of the width of the base. Find the
domain and range of C .

Answer: C (w ) = 20w 2 + 180

w .
√3
DC = [0, ∞), RC = [90 6, ∞).
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Example 3 (visually)
The graph of a function f is shown
in the figure. Find the domain and
range of f . Find f (1).

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Example 4 (numerically)

Temperature readings T (in o F ) were recorded every two hours from

midnight to 2 : 00 PM in Phoenix on September 10, 2008. The time t was
measured in hours from midnight. Find T (10). Find the domain and range
of T .

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Piecewise Defined Functions
A cell phone plan has a basic charge of $35 a month. The plan includes
400 free minutes and charges 10 cents for each additional minute of usage.
Write the monthly cost C as a function of the number x of minutes used
and graph C as a function of x for 0 ≤ x ≤ 600.
(
35, 0 ≤ x ≤ 400,
C (x) =
35 + 0.1(x − 400), 400 < x ≤ 600.

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Symmetry
Even function Odd function
f (x) = f (−x) f (x) = −f (−x)

f (x) = x 3 : (−x)3 = −x 3 : odd function,

f (x) = cos x: cos(−x) = cos x: even function
f (x) = 1 + x 3 : neither odd nor even.

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Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Increasing function Decreasing function
x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≤ f (x2 ) x1 < x2 ⇒ f (x1 ) ≥ f (x2 )

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Power Functions x α
If α is even If α is odd:
* D = R. * D = R.
* R = [0, ∞). * R = R.
* Increasing in (0, ∞), decreasing * Increasing in R.
in(−∞, 0).
* Even function.
* Odd function.

Example
The formula for the horsepower rating H of an engine with N cylinders is
2
H(D) = ND
2.5 , where D is the diameter of a cylinder.
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Power Functions x α = x1 , α = −1
* D = R\{0}.
* R = R\{0}.
* Decreasing in (0, ∞), and in (−∞, 0).
* Odd function.

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 1 √ 1
Power Function y = x 2 = x, α = 2
* D = [0, ∞).
* R = [0, ∞).
* Increasing in [0, ∞).
* Neither odd nor even function.

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Exponential Functions y = ax
If a > 1 If a < 1
* Domain: D = R. * Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = (0, ∞). * Range: R = (0, ∞).
* Increasing in R * Decreasing in R

Example: Drug Medication

The function D(h) = 5e −0.4h can be used to find the number of milligrams
D of a certain drug that is in a patient’s bloodstream h hours after the
drug has been administered. How many milligrams will be present after 1
hour? After 6 hours?
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Logarithmic Functions y = loga x, a > 1
* Domain: D = (0; +∞).
* Range: T = R.
* Is an increasing function if a > 1, decreasing if a < 1.

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Formula
* ln(xy ) = ln x + ln y
* ln x α = α ln x
* e ln x = x

Example: pH level
The pH of a chemical solution is given by the formula
pH = − log10 [H + ]
where [H + ] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Values
of pH range from 0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline). Distilled water has a pH of 7.

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Trigonometric Function y = sin x
* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = [−1, 1].
* Periodic function, period: 2π
sin(x) = sin(x + 2π)
* Odd function

2 y

1 y = sin x

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

x
−1

−2

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Example
A Cepheid variable star is a star whose brightness alternately increases and
decreases. The most easily visible such star is Delta Cephei, for which the
interval between times of maximum brightness is 5.4 days. The average
brightness of this star is 4.0 and its brightness changes by ±0.35. The
brightness of Delta Cephei at time t, where t is measured in days, has been
modeled by the function
2πt
B(t) = 4 + 0.35 sin( ).
5.4

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Trigonometric function y = cos x
* Domain: D = R.
* Range: R = [−1, 1].
* Periodic function, period: 2π
cos(x) = cos(x + 2π)
* Even function

2 y

1
y = cos x

−2 ∗ pi −pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2 2 ∗ pi 5 ∗ pi/2

x
−1

−2

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Trigonometric function y = tan x
* Domain: D = R\{ π2 + kπ}.
* Range: R = R.
* Periodic function, period: π
tan(x) = tan(x + π)
* Odd function

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 y
y = tan x

x
−pi −pi/2 0 pi/2 pi 3 ∗ pi/2

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Composite function
Given two functions f and g , the
composite function f ◦ g (also
called the composition of f and g )
is defined by
f ◦ g (x) = f (g (x))

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Example
√
1 f = x 2 + 1, g = x + 1 √
f ◦ g = x + 2, g ◦ f = x 2 + 2
Domain of g ◦ f : D = R.
Domain of f ◦ g : D = [−1, ∞)
2 If you invest x dollars at 4% interest compounded annually, then the
amount A(x) of the investment after one year is A(x) = 1.04x. Find
A ◦ A, A ◦ A ◦ A, A ◦ A ◦ A ◦ A. What do these compositions represent?

Example
A ship is moving at a speed of 30km/h parallel to a straight shoreline. The
ship is 6km from shore and it passes a light- house at noon.
a) Express the distance s between the lighthouse and the ship as a
function of d, the distance the ship has traveled since noon; that is,
find f so that s = f (d).
b) Express d as a function of t, the time elapsed since noon; that is, find
g so that d = g (t).
c) Find f ◦ g . What does this function represent?
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Translating the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

Suppose that c > 0,
* y = f (x) + c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units upward.
* y = f (x) − c, shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units downward
* y = f (x − c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units to the right
* y = f (x + c), shift the graph of y = f (x) a distance c units to the left

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Stretching the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Stretching

Suppose that c > 1,
* y = cf (x), stretch the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c
* y = c1 f (x), shrink the graph of y = f (x) vertically by a factor of c
* y = f (cx), shrink the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by a factor of c
* y = f (x/c), stretch the graph of y = f (x) horizontally by a factor of c

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Reflecting the graph of f

Vertical and Horizontal Reflecting

* y = −f (x), reflect the graph of
y = f (x) about the x-axis

* y = f (−x), reflect the graph of

y = f (x) about the y-axis

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One-to-one Function
y = f (x) is called a one to one function if for every y ∈ R, there exists
one and only one x ∈ D such that y = f (x).

One-to-one function Not one-to-one function

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Inverse function
Let y = f (x) be a one-to-one function. We have
∀y ∈ R, ∃!x ∈ D : x = g (y ).
y = g (x) = f −1 (x) is called the inverse function of f (x).

f (f −1 (y )) = y , f −1 (f (x)) = x

Example
√
1 Given y = f (x) =√x 3 ⇔ x = 3 y
Then, f −1 (x) = 3 x.
3 √
2 Given y = f (x) =√e x +1 ⇔ x = 3
ln y − 1
Then, f −1 (x) = 3 ln x − 1.

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The graph of f and f −1 is symmetric about the line y = x

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Inverse trigonometric function y = arcsin x
y = arcsin x ⇐⇒ x = sin y
π π
D : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 R:− ≤y ≤
2 2

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Inverse trigonometric function y = arccos x
y = arccos x ⇐⇒ x = cos y
D : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, R :0≤y ≤π

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Inverse trigonometric function y = arctan x
y = arctan x ⇐⇒ x = tan y
π π
D : R, R:− <y <
2 2

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Inverse trigonometric function y = arccot x
y = arccot x ⇐⇒ x = cot y
D : R, R:0<y <π

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Properties
π
arcsin x + arccos x = 2

π
arctan x + arccot x = 2
(
π
arctan x + arctan x1 = 2,x > 0
− π2 , x < 0

Example
a) arcsin 1 = π2 d) arctan(−1) = − π4
√
2 √
b) arccos = π4 e) arcsin 3 =?
√2
c) arctan 3 = π3 f) arcsin? = −2

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Hyperbolic sine y = sinh x and hyperbolic cosine y = cosh x
* Definition
e x − e −x
sinh x = ∈R
x
2 −x
e +e
cosh x = ≥1
2
* TXD : D = R.
* y = sinh x is an odd and increasing function in R.
* y = cosh x is an even function .

Example
e 0 − e −0
a) sinh 0 = =0
2
e 0 + e −0
b) cosh 0 = =1
2
c) cosh? = 0

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 y
y = sinh x y
y = cosh x

0 x

(0; 1)
0 x

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Formula
i) cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
ii) sinh(x ± y ) = sinh x cosh y ± sinh y cosh x
iii) cosh(x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
iv) cosh(2x) = 2 cosh2 x − 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
v) sinh(2x) = 2 sinh x cosh x
vi) cosh x + cosh y = 2 cosh x+y2 cosh 2
x−y

vii) cosh x − cosh y = 2 sinh x+y x−y

2 sinh 2

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Hyperbolic tangent y = tanh x
* Definiton
sinh x
tanh x =
cosh x
* Domain: D = R. Range: T = (−1, 1).
* y = tanh x is an odd and increasing function in R.

Hyperbolic cotangent y = coth x

* Definition
cosh x
coth x =
sinh x
* Domain: D = R \ {0}. Range: T = R \ [−1, 1].
* y = coth x is an odd and decreasing function in (−∞, 0) and (0, ∞).

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Exercises
Find the domain, range of the following functions:
1 f = arcsin( x 22x+1 )
2 f = sinh(x 2 + 1)
3 f = arctan(x 2 + 1)
4 f = cosh(x 3 + 1)

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 Thank you for your attention!

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