Unit – 7

Advanced Android Concepts [10 Hrs]

Local Database with SQLite

SQLite is an open-source relational database i.e. used to perform database operations on
android devices such as storing, manipulating or retrieving persistent data from the
database. It is very lightweight database that comes with Android OS. It supports all the
relational database features. In order to access this database, you don't need to establish
any kind of connections for it like JDBC, ODBC etc.

The version of SQLite depends on the version of Android. See the following table:
Android API SQLite Version

API 27 3.19

API 26 3.18

API 24 3.9

API 21 3.8

API 11 3.7

API 8 3.6

API 3 3.5

API 1 3.4

Features of SQLite:
Following is a list of features which makes SQLite popular among other
lightweight databases:
o SQLite is totally free: SQLite is open-source. So, no license is required to work
with it.
o SQLite is server less: SQLite doesn't require a different server process or system
to operate.
o SQLite is very flexible: It facilitates you to work on multiple databases on the
same session on the same time.
o Configuration Not Required: SQLite doesn't require configuration. No setup
or administration required.
o SQLite is a cross-platform DBMS: You don't need a large range of different
platforms like Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and Unix. It can also be used on a lot of
embedded operating systems like Symbian, and Windows CE.
o Storing data is easy: SQLite provides an efficient way to store data. o Variable
length of columns: The length of the columns is variable and is not fixed. It facilitates
 you to allocate only the space a field needs. For example, if you have a varchar (200)
column, and you put a 10 characters' length value on it, then SQLite will allocate only
20 characters' space for that value not the whole 200 space. o Provide large number
of API's: SQLite provides API for a large range of programming languages. For
example: .Net languages (Visual Basic, C#), PHP, Java, Objective C, Python and a lot of
other programming language.

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o SQLite is written in ANSI-C and provides simple and easy-to-use API.
o SQLite is available on UNIX (Linux, Mac OS-X, Android, iOS) and Windows
(Win32, WinCE, WinRT).

SQL vs SQLite
S.N. SQL SQLite

1 SQL is a Structured Query Language SQLite is an Embeddable Relational

used to query a Relational Database Database Management System which
System. It is written in C language. is written in ANSI C.

2 SQL is a standard which specifies how a SQLite is file-based. It is different from

relational schema is created, data is other SQL databases because unlike most
inserted or updated in the relations, other SQL databases, SQLite does not
transactions are started and stopped, have a separate server process.
etc.

3 Main components of SQL are Data SQLite supports many features of SQL and
Definition Language(DDL) , Data has high performance and does not
Manipulation Language(DML), support stored procedures.
Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL.

4 SQL is Structured Query Language which SQLite is a portable database resource.

is used with databases like MySQL, You have to get an extension of SQLite in
Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2, whatever language you are programming
etc. It is not a database itself. in to access that database. You can access
all of the desktop and mobile
applications.

5 A conventional SQL database needs to SQLite database system doesn’t

be running as a service like Oracle DB to provide such functionalities.
connect to and provide a lot of
functionalities.
 6 SQL is a query language which is used by SQLite is a database management
different SQL databases. It is not a system itself which uses SQL.
database itself.

Advantages and Disadvantages of SQLite

Following are the advantages of using SQLite:
1. Lightweight
SQLite is a very light weighted database so, it is easy to use it as an embedded
software with devices like televisions, Mobile phones, cameras, home electronic
devices, etc.
2. Better Performance
Reading and writing operations are very fast for SQLite database. It is almost 35%
faster than File system. It only loads the data which is needed, rather than reading
the entire file and hold it in memory. If you edit small parts, it only overwrites the
parts of the file which was changed.

2
3. No Installation Needed
SQLite is very easy to learn. You don’t need to install and configure it. Just
download SQLite libraries in your computer and it is ready for creating the
database.
4. Reliable
It updates your content continuously so, little or no work is lost in a case of power
failure or crash. SQLite is less bugs prone rather than custom written file I/O codes.
SQLite queries are smaller than equivalent procedural codes so, chances of bugs
are minimal.
5. Portable
SQLite is portable across all 32-bit and 64-bit operating systems and big- and little
endian architectures. Multiple processes can be attached with same application file
and can read and write without interfering each other. It can be used with all
programming languages without any compatibility issue.
6. Accessible
SQLite database is accessible through a wide variety of third-party tools. SQLite
database's content is more likely to be recoverable if it has been lost. Data lives
longer than code.
7. Reduce Cost and Complexity
It reduces application cost because content can be accessed and updated using
concise SQL queries instead of lengthy and error-prone procedural queries. SQLite
can be easily extended in in future releases just by adding new tables and/or
columns. It also preserves the backwards compatibility.

Following are the disadvantages of using SQLite:

1. SQLite is used to handle low to medium traffic HTTP requests.
2. Database size is restricted to 2GB in most cases.
Establishing Connection
To use SQLite database in android two classes are used for creating database
and manipulating data. They are SQLiteOpenHelper and SQLiteDatabase class.

The SQLiteOpenHelper class is used for database creation and version management. For
performing any database operation, you have to provide the implementation of
onCreate() and onUpgrade() methods of SQLiteOpenHelper class.

There are many methods in SQLiteOpenHelper class. Some of them are as follows:
Method Description

public abstract void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase

called only once when database is created
db)
for the first time.

public abstract void

called when database needs to be upgraded.
onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int
oldVersion, int newVersion)

public synchronized void close () closes the database object.

public void onDowngrade(SQLiteDatabase db,

called when database needs to be
int oldVersion, int newVersion)
downgraded.

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SQLiteDatabase class contains methods to be performed on SQLite database such as
create, update, delete, select etc. There are many methods in SQLiteDatabase class. Some
of them are as follows:
Method Description

void execSQL(String sql) executes the sql query not select query. Basically used for creating
database and tables.

long insert(String table, String

inserts a record on the database. The table specifies the
nullColumnHack, ContentValues
table name, nullColumnHack doesn't allow completely
values)
null values. If second argument is null, android will store
null values if values are empty. The third argument
specifies the values to be stored.
int update(String table, ContentValues values, Creating Database and Tables
String whereClause, String[] whereArgs) updates a row.

Cursor rawQuery(String query, String[]

selectionArgs)
returns a cursor over the result set.

Following code snippet will create SQLite Database and Table in android:
public class MyDbHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper{
// Database Version
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
// Database Name
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "mydb";

public MyDbHelper(Context context) {

super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION); }

// Creating Tables
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
// create notes table
String createQuery="CREATE TABLE mytable(id INTEGER
PRIMARY KEY,name TEXT,address TEXT)";
db.execSQL(createQuery);
}

// Upgrading database
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion,
int newVersion) {
// Drop older table if existed
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DATABASE_NAME);
// Create tables again
onCreate(db);
}
}

4
Data Manipulation
Following code snippet can be used to perform various manipulation operation like
insert, update, select and delete.
 //code to insert data
public void insertData(int id,String name, String
address){ SQLiteDatabase db =
this.getWritableDatabase(); ContentValues
contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("id",id);
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//inserting row
db.insert("mytable",null,contentValues);
db.close();
}

//code to select data

public Cursor selectData(){
SQLiteDatabase db=this.getReadableDatabase();
String query="SELECT * FROM mytable";
Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery(query,null);
return cursor;
}

//code to update data

public void updateData(String id,String name, String
address){ SQLiteDatabase db =
this.getWritableDatabase(); ContentValues
contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//updating row
db.update("mytable",contentValues,"id=?",new String[]
{id}); db.close();
}

//code to delete data

public void deleteData(String id) {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
//deleting row
db.delete("mytable","id=?",new String[]{id});
}

Following example will demonstrate the use of SQLite in Android. In this example, we are
creating three columns id, name and address in database table. Also we are creating
effective UI for showing different data manipulation operations.

So, let’s start by designing UI.

sqlite_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
 5
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Address"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnInsert"
android:text="Insert" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnInsert"
android:id="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Select" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnSelect"
android:id="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Update" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Delete" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Selected Data:"
android:layout_below="@+id/btnSelect"
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android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:id="@+id/txtData"
android:textSize="18sp" />

</RelativeLayout>

Now we are creating Helper class for SQLite operations by extending

SQLiteOpenHelpter as follows:

public class MyDbHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper{

// Database Version
private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
// Database Name
private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "mydb";

public MyDbHelper(Context context) {

super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION); }

// Creating Tables
@Override
public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
// create notes table
String createQuery="CREATE TABLE mytable(id INTEGER
PRIMARY KEY,name TEXT, address TEXT)";
db.execSQL(createQuery);
}

// Upgrading database
@Override
public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion,
int newVersion) {
// Drop older table if existed
db.execSQL("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS " + DATABASE_NAME); //
Create tables again
onCreate(db);
}

//code to insert data

public void insertData(int id,String name, String address)
{ SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("id",id);
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//inserting row
db.insert("mytable",null,contentValues);
db.close();
}

//code to select data

public Cursor selectData(){
SQLiteDatabase db=this.getReadableDatabase();
String query="SELECT * FROM mytable";
Cursor cursor=db.rawQuery(query,null);
return cursor;
}
//code to update data
public void updateData(String id,String name, String address){

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SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
ContentValues contentValues=new ContentValues();
contentValues.put("name",name);
contentValues.put("address",address);
//updating row
db.update("mytable",contentValues,"id=?",new String[]
{id}); db.close();
}

//code to delete data

public void deleteData(String id) {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
//deleting row
db.delete("mytable","id=?",new String[]{id});
}
}

Now finally we are creating Activity named as “SqliteExample.java” to perform

various data manipulation operations:

public class SqliteExample extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnInsert,btnSelect,btnUpdate,btnDelete;
TextView txtData;
MyDbHelper myDbHelper;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.sqlite_example);

//creating object of MyDbHelper class

myDbHelper=new MyDbHelper(this);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnInsert=findViewById(R.id.btnInsert);
btnUpdate=findViewById(R.id.btnUpdate);
btnSelect=findViewById(R.id.btnSelect);
btnDelete=findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
txtData=findViewById(R.id.txtData);

btnInsert.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int id=Integer.parseInt(edtId.getText().toString()); String
name=edtName.getText().toString(); String
address=edtAddress.getText().toString(); //calling insert function
myDbHelper.insertData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Inserted Successfully
!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
btnSelect.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
//retrieving data
int id=0;

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String name="",address="";
//calling select function
Cursor cursor=myDbHelper.selectData(); while
(cursor.moveToNext()){
id=cursor.getInt(0);
name=cursor.getString(1);
address=cursor.getString(2);
}
//displaying data in TextView
txtData.setText("Id="+id+"\t Name="+name+"\tAddress="
+address); }
});

btnUpdate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString(); String
name=edtName.getText().toString(); String
address=edtAddress.getText().toString(); //calling insert
function
myDbHelper.updateData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Updated Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
;
}
});

btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString(); //calling
delete function
myDbHelper.deleteData(id);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Deleted Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

}
}

Above code produces following output:

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 Figure 7-1. Output demonstrating various operation using SQLite

Displaying data in ListView

In above example, we have created TextView for displaying data. The problem with
above TextView is that we are able to display only one row at a time. To overcome this
problem, we can use widgets like ListView, GridView and RecyclerView to display
multiple rows at a time.
Here, in this example we are using ListView widget to display our

data. list_items.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android
" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/relat"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:text="Id"
android:textStyle="bold"

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android:id="@+id/txtId" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtName"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/txtId"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:text="Name" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtAddress"
android:text="Address"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtName" />

</RelativeLayout>

sqlite_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId"/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="EnterName"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName"/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="EnterAddress"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnInsert"
android:text="Insert"/>
 11
<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnInsert"
android:id="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Select"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnSelect"
android:id="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Update"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Delete"/>

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="SelectedData:"
android:layout_below="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:id="@+id/txtData"
android:textSize="18sp"/>
<ListView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/mylist"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtData" />

</RelativeLayout>

ListAdapter.java

public class ListAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<String> {

Activity context;
ArrayList<Integer> id;
ArrayList<String> name;
ArrayList<String> address;

public ListAdapter(Activity context, ArrayList<Integer> id,

ArrayList<String> name, ArrayList<String> address) {
//ArrayAdapter needs String so we are supplying title
super(context,
R.layout.list_items,name);
this.context=context;
this.id=id;
this.name=name;
 12
this.address=address;
}

public View getView(int position, View view, ViewGroup parent) {

LayoutInflater inflater=context.getLayoutInflater(); View
rowView=inflater.inflate(R.layout.list_items, null,true); //wiring
widgets
TextView txtId = (TextView) rowView.findViewById(R.id.txtId);
TextView txtName = (TextView) rowView.findViewById(R.id.txtName);
TextView txtAddress = (TextView) rowView.findViewById
(R.id.txtAddress);

txtId.setText(id.get(position).toString());
txtName.setText(name.get(position).toString());
txtAddress.setText(address.get(position).toString());

return rowView;

};
}

SqliteExample.java

public class SqliteExample extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnInsert,btnSelect,btnUpdate,btnDelete;
MyDbHelper myDbHelper;
ListView listView;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.sqlite_example);
//creating object of MyDbHelper class
myDbHelper=new MyDbHelper(this);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnInsert=findViewById(R.id.btnInsert);
btnUpdate=findViewById(R.id.btnUpdate);
btnSelect=findViewById(R.id.btnSelect);
btnDelete=findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
listView=findViewById(R.id.mylist);

btnInsert.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int id=Integer.parseInt(edtId.getText().toString()); String
name=edtName.getText().toString(); String
address=edtAddress.getText().toString(); //calling insert function
myDbHelper.insertData(id,name,address)
;
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Inserted Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
;
}
});

btnSelect.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
 13
public void onClick(View view) {
//creating dynamic array using Arraylist //array is not
suitable for this example ArrayList<Integer> id=new
ArrayList<>(); ArrayList<String> name=new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<String> address=new ArrayList<>(); //calling
select function
Cursor cursor=myDbHelper.selectData(); while
(cursor.moveToNext()){
id.add(cursor.getInt(0));
name.add(cursor.getString(1));
address.add(cursor.getString(2));
}
ListAdapter adapter=new ListAdapter
(SqliteExample.this,id,name,address);
listView.setAdapter(adapter);
}
});

btnUpdate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString(); String
name=edtName.getText().toString(); String
address=edtAddress.getText().toString(); //calling insert
function
myDbHelper.updateData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Updated Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
;
}
});
btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString(); //calling
delete function
myDbHelper.deleteData(id);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Deleted Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

}
}

Above code produces following output:

 14

Figure 7-2. Output demonstrating displaying retrieved data in ListView

Displaying data in RecyclerView

Like in ListView we can also plot retrieved data in RecyclerView as

follows: sqlite_example.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"
15
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName"/>

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="EnterAddress"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnInsert"
android:text="Insert"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnInsert"
android:id="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Select"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnSelect"
android:id="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Update"/>

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/btnUpdate"
android:id="@+id/btnDelete"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:text="Delete"/>

<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="SelectedData:"
android:layout_below="@+id/btnSelect"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:id="@+id/txtData"
android:textSize="18sp"/>

<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/recyclerview"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtData" />

</RelativeLayout>
 16
DataModel.java
public class DataModel {
private int id;
private String name;
private String address;

public DataModel(int id, String name, String address){

this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.address=address;
}

public int getId(){

return id;
}

public String getName(){

return name;
}

public String getAddress(){

return address;
}
}

RecyclerViewAdapter.java

public class RecyclerViewAdapter extends

RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerViewAdapter.ViewHolder> {
Activity context;
ArrayList<DataModel> data;

public RecyclerViewAdapter(Activity context,

ArrayList<DataModel> data){
this.context=context;
this.data=data;
}

@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType)
{ LayoutInflater layoutInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context); View
listItem= layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_items, parent, false);
ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(listItem);
return viewHolder;
}

@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position)
{ final DataModel current=data.get(position);
holder.txtId.setText(current.getId()+"");
holder.txtName.setText(current.getName());
holder.txtAddress.setText(current.getAddress());
}
 17
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return data.size();
}

public static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder

{ TextView txtId,txtName,txtAddress;
ImageView imageView;
public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
txtId = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtId); txtName =
itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtName); txtAddress =
itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtAddress); }
}
}

SqliteExample.java

public class SqliteExample extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnInsert,btnSelect,btnUpdate,btnDelete;
MyDbHelper myDbHelper;
RecyclerView recyclerView;
RecyclerView.Adapter recyclerViewAdapter;
RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.sqlite_example);

//creating object of MyDbHelper class

myDbHelper=new MyDbHelper(this);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnInsert=findViewById(R.id.btnInsert);
btnUpdate=findViewById(R.id.btnUpdate);
btnSelect=findViewById(R.id.btnSelect);
btnDelete=findViewById(R.id.btnDelete);
recyclerView=findViewById(R.id.recyclerview);

btnInsert.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
int id=Integer.parseInt(edtId.getText().toString()); String
name=edtName.getText().toString(); String
address=edtAddress.getText().toString(); //calling insert function
myDbHelper.insertData(id,name,address
);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Inserted Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
;
}
});

btnSelect.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
 18
ArrayList<DataModel> data=new ArrayList<>(); //calling
select function
Cursor cursor=myDbHelper.selectData(); while
(cursor.moveToNext()){
int id=cursor.getInt(0);
String name=cursor.getString(1);
String address=cursor.getString(2); DataModel
dataModel=new DataModel(id,name,address);
data.add(dataModel);
}
//plotting in recyclerview
layoutManager=new LinearLayoutManager
(SqliteExample.this)
;
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
recyclerViewAdapter=new RecyclerViewAdapter
(SqliteExample.this,data);
recyclerView.setAdapter(recyclerViewAdapter); }
});

btnUpdate.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString(); String
name=edtName.getText().toString(); String
address=edtAddress.getText().toString(); //calling insert
function
myDbHelper.updateData(id,name,address);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Updated Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

btnDelete.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
String id=edtId.getText().toString(); //calling
delete function
myDbHelper.deleteData(id);
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),"Data Deleted Successfully
!",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});

}
}

Above code produces following output:

19
 Figure 7-3. Output demonstrating displaying retrieved data in RecyclerView

Introduction to API

API is an abbreviation for Application Programming Interface which is a collection of

communication protocols and subroutines used by various programs to communicate
between them. A programmer can make use of various API tools to make its program
easier and simpler. Also, an API facilitates the programmers with an efficient way to
develop their software programs.

Thus in simpler terms, an API helps two programs or applications to communicate with
each other by providing them with necessary tools and functions. It takes the request from
the user and sends it to the service provider and then again sends the result generated
from the service provider to the desired user.

A developer extensively uses API’s in his software to implement various features by using
an API call without writing the complex codes for the same. We can create an API for an
operating system, database systems, hardware system, for a JavaScript file or similar
object oriented files. Also, an API is similar to a GUI (Graphical User Interface) with one
major difference. Unlike GUI’s, an API helps the software developers to access the web
tools while a GUI helps to make a program easier to understand by the users.
 20
Real life example of an API:
Suppose, we are searching for a hotel room on an online website. In this case, you have a
vast number of options to choose from and this may include the hotel location, the
check in and check-out dates, price, accommodation details and many more factors. So
in order to book the room online, you need to interact with the hotel booking’s website
which in
further will let you know if there is a room available on that particular date or not and
at what price.
Now in the above example, the API is the interface that actually communicates in
between. It takes the request of the user to the hotel booking’s website and in turn
returns back the most relevant data from the website to the intended user. Thus, we can
see from this example how an API works and it has numerous applications in real life from
switching on mobile phones to maintaining a large amount of databases from any corner
of the world.

Types of API
There are various kinds of API’s available according to their uses and applications like the
Browser API which is created for the web browsers to abstract and to return the data from
surroundings or the Third party API’s, for which we have to get the codes from other sites
on the web (e.g. Facebook, Twitter).

There are three basic forms of API

1. Web APIs:
A Web API also called as Web Services is an extensively used API over the web and
can be easily accessed using the HTTP protocols. A Web API is an open source
interface and can be used by a large number of clients through their phones,
tablets. or PC’s.

Figure 7-4. Web API

2. Local APIs:
In this types of API, the programmers get the local middleware services. TAPI
(Telephony Application Programming Interface), .NET are common examples of
Local API’s.
3. Program APIs:
It makes a remote program appears to be local by making use of RPC’s
(Remote Procedural Calls). SOAP is a well-known example of this type of API.
 21
Few other types of APIs:
• SOAP (SIMPLE OBJECT ACCESS PROTOCOL): It defines messages in XML format used
by web applications to communicate with each other.
• REST (Representational State Transfer): It makes use of HTTP to GET, POST, PUT,
or DELETE data. It is basically used to take advantage of the existing data. • JSON-
RPC: It use JSON for data transfer and is a light-weight remote procedural call
defining few data structure types.
• XML-RPC: It is based on XML and uses HTTP for data transfer. This API is widely
used to exchange information between two or more networks.

Advantages and Disadvantages of API

Following are the advantages of APIs:

• Efficiency: API produces efficient, quicker and more reliable results than the outputs
produced by human beings in an organization.
• Flexible delivery of services: API provides fast and flexible delivery of
services according to developer’s requirements.
• Integration: The best feature of API is that it allows movement of data
between various sites and thus enhances integrated user experience.
• Automation: As API makes use of robotic computers rather than humans,
it produces better and automated results.
• New functionality: While using API the developers find new tools and functionality
for API exchanges.

Following are the disadvantages of APIs:

• Cost: Developing and implementing API is costly at times and requires
high maintenance and support from developers.
• Security issues: Using API adds another layer of surface which is then prone
to attacks, and hence the security risk problem is common in API’s.

Introduction to JSON
JSON — short for JavaScript Object Notation — is a format for sharing data. As its name
suggests, JSON is derived from the JavaScript programming language, but it’s available for
use by many languages including Python, Ruby, PHP, and Java.

JSON uses the .json extension when it stands alone. When it’s defined in another file
format (as in .html), it can appear inside of quotes as a JSON string, or it can be an object
assigned to a variable. This format is easy to transmit between web server and client or
browser.

Very readable and lightweight, JSON offers a good alternative to XML and requires much
less formatting. This informational guide will get you up to speed with the data you can
use in JSON files, and the general structure and syntax of this format.
 22
A JSON object looks something like this:
{
"sid" : "111",
"name" : "Raazu Poudel",
"address" : "Birtamode"
}

Although this is a very short example, and JSON could be many lines long, this shows that
the format is generally set up with two curly braces (or curly brackets) that look like this
{ } on either end of it, and with key-value pairs populating the space between. Most data
used in JSON ends up being encapsulated in a JSON object.

Key-value pairs have a colon between them as in "key" : "value". Each key-value pair is
separated by a comma, so the middle of a JSON looks like this: "key" : "value", "key" :
"value", "key": "value". In our example above, the first key-value pair is "sid" : "111".

Encoding and Decoding JSON

Encoding using PHP

In this example, we are using PHP language for creating JSON. At first we select data from
table of the database and after selecting data we encode than data in JSON format. We
are using localhost as a server for this purpose.

getdata.php
<?php
$server="localhost";
$username="root";
$password="";
$database="bcatest";

// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($server, $username, $password,$database);

// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
 23
//retrieving data
$sql = "SELECT * FROM student";
$result = $conn->query($sql);

//encoding data in json format

$json = array();
if($result->num_rows>0){
while ($row = $result->fetch_array()) {
$json["data"][]=array("sid"=>$row["sid"],"name"=>$row["name"],
"address"=>$row["address"]);
}
}

echo json_encode($json);
$conn->close();
?>

Testing in browser:

Decoding JSON using in mobile application using Java

DecodingJSON.java

public class DecodingJSON extends Activity{

@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
decodeJson();
}

public void decodeJson(){

try{

//copy paste json string

String json_data="{\n" +
" \"data\": [\n" +
" {\n" +
" \"sid\": \"6\",\n" +
" \"name\": \"Ram\",\n" +
" \"address\": \"Btm\"\n" +
" },\n" +
" {\n" +
" \"sid\": \"7\",\n" +
" \"name\": \"Hari\",\n" +
" \"address\": \"Ktm\"\n" +
" }\n" +
 24
" ]\n" +
"}";

//decoding JSON
JSONObject result=new JSONObject(json_data); JSONArray
data=result.getJSONArray("data");

for(int i=0;i<data.length();i++){
//fetching each row
JSONObject student=data.getJSONObject(i); int
sid=student.getInt("sid");
String name=student.getString("name");
String address=student.getString("address");

//displaying data
Log.d("Row "+i,sid+" "+name+" "+address); }
}catch (Exception ex){
Log.d("exception",ex.toString());
}
}
}

Above code produces following output in Logcat:

Retrieving Contents Form Remote Server

For communicating with server, we are using Volley Library in our application. Volley is an
HTTP library that makes networking for Android apps easier and most importantly, faster.

Volley offers the following benefits:

• Automatic scheduling of network requests.
• Multiple concurrent network connections.
• Transparent disk and memory response caching.
• Support for request prioritization.
• Cancellation request API. You can cancel a single request, or you can set blocks
or scopes of requests to cancel.
• Ease of customization, for example, for retry and back off.
• Strong ordering that makes it easy to correctly populate your UI with data
fetched asynchronously from the network.
• Debugging and tracing tools.

25
To use volley in your application, we need to add following dependency in our project:
dependencies {
...
implementation 'com.android.volley:volley:1.1.1'
}

Also, to use Volley, you must add the android.permission.INTERNET permission to

your app's manifest. Without this, your app won't be able to connect to the network.
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>

public void volleyRequest(){

// Instantiate the RequestQueue.
RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this);
//url for localhost
String url ="http://10.0.2.2/myproject/getdata.php";

// Request a string response from the provided URL.

StringRequest stringRequest = new
StringRequest(Request.Method.GET, url, new
Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) { //displaying
response string in logcat Log.d("result",response);
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
//displaying error response message
Log.d("exception",error.toString());
}
});

// Add the request to the RequestQueue.

queue.add(stringRequest);
}

26
Displaying Retrieved data in RecyclerView

json_example.xml
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/
android" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/recyclerview" />

</RelativeLayout>

list_items.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/andro
id" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:id="@+id/relat"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:layout_margin="10dp"
android:text="Id"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:id="@+id/txtId" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtName"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/txtId"
android:layout_marginTop="10dp"
android:text="Name" />

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="20sp"
android:id="@+id/txtAddress"
android:text="Address"
android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"
android:layout_below="@+id/txtName" />

</RelativeLayout>

27
DataModel.java
 public class DataModel {
private int id;
private String name;
private String address;

public DataModel(int id, String name, String address){

this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.address=address;
}

public int getId(){

return id;
}

public String getName(){

return name;
}

public String getAddress(){

return address;
}
}

RecyclerViewAdapter.java

public class RecyclerViewAdapter extends

RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerViewAdapter.ViewHolder> {
Activity context;
ArrayList<DataModel> data;

public RecyclerViewAdapter(Activity context,

ArrayList<DataModel> data){
this.context=context;
this.data=data;
}

@Override
public ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType)
{ LayoutInflater layoutInflater = LayoutInflater.from(context); View
listItem= layoutInflater.inflate(R.layout.list_items, parent, false);
ViewHolder viewHolder = new ViewHolder(listItem);
return viewHolder;
}

@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, int position)
{ final DataModel current=data.get(position);
holder.txtId.setText(current.getId()+"");
holder.txtName.setText(current.getName());
holder.txtAddress.setText(current.getAddress());
}
28
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return data.size();
}
 public static class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder
{ TextView txtId,txtName,txtAddress;
ImageView imageView;
public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
txtId = itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtId); txtName =
itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtName); txtAddress =
itemView.findViewById(R.id.txtAddress); }
}
}

JsonExample.java

public class JsonExample extends AppCompatActivity{

RecyclerView recyclerView;
RecyclerView.Adapter recyclerAdapter;
RecyclerView.LayoutManager layoutManager;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.json_example);
recyclerView=findViewById(R.id.recyclerview);
volleyRequest();
}

public void volleyRequest(){

// Instantiate the RequestQueue.
RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this); //url
for localhost
String url ="http://10.0.2.2/myproject/getdata.php";

// Request a string response from the provided URL.

StringRequest stringRequest = new StringRequest
(Request.Method.GET, url,
new Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) { //passing data
for decoding decodeJson(response);
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
//displaying error response message
Log.d("exception",error.toString()); }
});

// Add the request to the RequestQueue.

queue.add(stringRequest);
}

29
public void decodeJson(String response){
try{
ArrayList<DataModel> data=new ArrayList<>();
JSONObject result=new JSONObject(response); JSONArray
array=result.getJSONArray("data"); for(int
i=0;i<array.length();i++){
//fetching each row
 JSONObject student=array.getJSONObject(i); int
sid=student.getInt("sid");
String name=student.getString("name"); String
address=student.getString("address"); DataModel
dataModel=new DataModel(sid,name,address);
data.add(dataModel);
}

//plotting data in recyclerview

layoutManager=new LinearLayoutManager(this);
recyclerView.setLayoutManager(layoutManager);
recyclerAdapter=new RecyclerViewAdapter
(JsonExample.this,data);
recyclerView.setAdapter(recyclerAdapter);

}catch (Exception ex){

Log.d("exception",ex.toString());
}
}
}

Above code produces following output:

Figure 7-5. Output Displaying retrieved contents from server in RecyclerView

30
Sending Contents to Remote Server

send_data.xml
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/
android" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_margin="5dp"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Id"
android:inputType="number"
android:id="@+id/edtId" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Name"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtId"
android:id="@+id/edtName" />

<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="Enter Address"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtName"
android:id="@+id/edtAddress" />

<Button
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/edtAddress"
android:id="@+id/btnSubmit"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:text="Submit" />

</RelativeLayout>

SendData.java

public class SendData extends AppCompatActivity {

EditText edtId,edtName,edtAddress;
Button btnSubmit;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.send_data);

edtId=findViewById(R.id.edtId);
edtName=findViewById(R.id.edtName);
edtAddress=findViewById(R.id.edtAddress);
btnSubmit=findViewById(R.id.btnSubmit);

31
btnSubmit.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener()
{ @Override
public void onClick(View view) {
volleyRequest();
}
});

public void volleyRequest(){

// Instantiate the RequestQueue.
RequestQueue queue = Volley.newRequestQueue(this); //url
for localhost
String url ="http://10.0.2.2/myproject/setdata.php"; //
Request a string response from the provided URL.
StringRequest stringRequest = new StringRequest
(Request.Method.POST, url,
new Response.Listener<String>() {
@Override
public void onResponse(String response) { //displaying
response message
Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),response,
Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}
}, new Response.ErrorListener() {
@Override
public void onErrorResponse(VolleyError error) {
//displaying error response message
Log.d("exception",error.toString());
}
}){
//sending data to server
@Override
protected HashMap<String,String> getParams(){
HashMap<String,String> params = new HashMap<>();
params.put("sid",edtId.getText().toString());
params.put("name",edtName.getText().toString());
params.put("address",edtAddress.getText().toString()); return params;
}

};;
// Add the request to the RequestQueue.
queue.add(stringRequest);
}
}

setdata.php
<?php

//getting post data

$sid=$_POST["sid"];
$name=$_POST["name"];
$address=$_POST["address"];

32
 //server credentials
$server="localhost";
$username="root";
$password="";
$database="bcatest";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($server, $username, $password,$database);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}

//inserting data
$sql = "INSERT INTO student(sid,name,address)
VALUES('".$sid."','".$name."','".$address."')";
$result = $conn->query($sql);

if($result)
echo"Data Inserted Successfully !";
else
echo"Failed to Insert Data !";
$conn->close();
?>

Above code produces following output:

Figure 7-6. Sending data to remote server

 33
Implementing Google Maps in Android Application Android allows us
to integrate Google Maps in our application. For this Google provides us a library via
Google Play Services for using maps. In order to use the Google Maps API, you must
register your application on the Google Developer Console and enable the API.

Steps for Getting Google Maps API Key

An API key is needed to access the Google Maps servers. This key is free and you can use it
with any of your applications. If you haven’t created project, you can follow the below
steps to get started:

Step 1: Open Google developer console and sign in with your Gmail account:
https://console.developers.google.com/project

Step 2: Now create new project. You can create new project by clicking on the
Create Project button and give name to your project.

Step 3: Now click on APIs & Services and open Dashboard from it.

Step 4: Now click Enable APIS AND SERICES.

3
4
Step 5: Now search for Google Map Android API and enable it.
 Step 6: Now refresh

page and go to Credentials.

Step 7: Now click on Create credentials and choose API key. It will create API key to
integrate maps in your application.

35
Step 8: Now API your API key will be generated. Copy it and save it somewhere as we
will need it when implementing Google Map in our Android project.
Developing Google Maps Application in Android
Following are the steps for integrating google maps in your

application: Step 1: Add following permission in your manifest file.

<uses-permission
android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION"/>

Step 2: Add your generated API Key in your manifest file inside application tag as follows.
<meta-data
android:name="com.google.android.geo.API_KEY"
android:value="AIzaSyCWIdlyqlFhC7lOthG164H42heV1F7N3v0" />

Step 3: Add following dependency in build.gradle file .

dependencies {
. . .
. . .
implementation 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-
maps:15.0.1' }

Step 4: Now create layout resource file to display google map.

map_activity.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android
" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

<fragment xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/map"
android:name="com.google.android.gms.maps.SupportMapFragment"
tools:context=".MapsActivity"
android:layout_width="match_parent"

36
android:layout_height="match_parent" />

</RelativeLayout>

Step 5: Now finally create an Activity by implementing OnMapReadyCallback

interface. MapsActivity.java
 public class MapsActivity extends AppCompatActivity
implements OnMapReadyCallback { GoogleMap mMap;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle b){
super.onCreate(b);
setContentView(R.layout.map_activity);

// Obtain the SupportMapFragment and get notified when the map

is ready to be used.
SupportMapFragment mapFragment = (SupportMapFragment).
getSupportFragmentManager().findFragmentById(R.id.map
);
mapFragment.getMapAsync(this);
}

@Override
public void onMapReady(GoogleMap googleMap) {
mMap = googleMap;
// Adding latitude and longitude
LatLng location = new LatLng(26.644096, 87.989391);
//Adding red marker to point location
mMap.addMarker(new MarkerOptions().position(location).
title("Marker in
Birtamode"));
//Moving camera to desired location
mMap.moveCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.newLatLng(location
)); //Adding zoom effect

mMap.animateCamera(CameraUpdateFactory.zoomTo(12.0f) );
} }

Following output will be produced after running application:

37
 Figure 7-7. Output Demonstrating Google Map.
Procedure for Publishing Application in Google Play Store
To upload your application in google play store you must perform following
tasks: • First generate signed APK of your application.
• Upload signed APK in google play console.

Generating Signed APK for App Release

Following are the steps used to generate signed APK:

Note: Don’t use com.example…. as a package name because example is not

supported by play store. Instead you can rename your package name.

Step 1: Go to menu and select Build -> Generate Signed APK.

38

Step 2: Now click Create new keystore file. This keystore file is necessary to upload new
app and for updating existing app. If you have already created keystore file, then you can
click Choose existing keystore file.
Step 3: Now fill up information for creating new keystore file and click ok. Example
is shown below.
Note: Please remember keystore file, username and password because if it is lost,
then you will be unable to update your application.
 39

Step 4: Now select V1 (Jar Signature) and click Finish. This will create signed APK
for release.
40
Step 5: Now click Event Log and locate to the folder where signed APK has been
placed. You can get your signed APK file inside release folder.

Upload Signed APK in Play Store

Following steps are used to upload signed APK to play store.

Step 1: Visit https://play.google.com/apps/publish/ to upload your app in play

store. Following page will be displayed.
Here you need to create your developer account for lifetime by paying $25 using your
credit card. There is no limitation for number of apps. You can upload multiple apps using
a single account.

Step 2: Once you’ve created developer account following page will be displayed on
screen. Click Create Application.

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Step 3: Next, give your application a title and the default language. You will now be
moved to the Store listing screen.
In store listing page you must add everything related to how your app will look in
the store. Following information must be added in this page:
• A short description of your application
• A full description
• Screenshots (at least 2)
• A Hi Resolution Icon
• A Feature Graphic
• The application’s type and its category
• Your email
• Your privacy policy (if you don’t have one, check the Not submitting a privacy
policy checkbox)

Step 4: Now go to the App Releases page and click Create Release button. Following
page will be displayed on screen.

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Here you can upload your signed APK. Here you can also give the release a name and
specify what is new in this release. Pay special attention to whatever you type in what is
new in this release because it will appear in the Play store under the What’s New section.
Once you are done, you can press the Review button on the lower right corner of the
page.

Step 5: Next, Click Content Rating.

After pressing the Continue button, you will be asked several questions regarding
the content of your application. Just follow them in order, filling one by one.

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Step 6: Last but not least, go to Pricing & distribution page. Be aware to fill in all
the required fields. In this last page, you can decide on:
• If your application will be free or not
• Which countries your application will be available to
• If it contains ads
• User programs
Step 7: After filling up all the information regarding Store Listings, Content Rating, Pricing
& Distribution etc. Now you can go to App Release page to publish your application. To
publish app in play store, click Rollout Button.

Exercise

1. What do you mean by SQLite? Explain its features.

2. Explain advantages and disadvantages of using SQLite.
3. Differentiate SQLite and SQL with example.
4. How can you establish connection using SQLite in android? Explain with the help
of suitable example.
5. Explain the process of creating Database and Tables using SQLite in android. 6.
Develop an android application to demonstrate basic crud operation using SQLite.
7. Develop a to-do list application using SQLite.
8. Develop a phone directory application using SQLite.
9. Develop an android application which track your daily income and expenses.
Also your app should display daily savings.
10. What do you mean by API? Explain its types.
11. Define JSON. Explain JSON as a tool for creating API with example.
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12. Explain the advantages of JSON over XML.
13. How do your communication your application with remote server? Explain
with the help of suitable example.
14. Develop an android application that demonstrates retrieval of contents
from remote server.
15. Develop an android application that demonstrates sending of contents to
remote server.
16. Develop a phone directory application (Phone records must be stored in
remote server).
17. Explain the procedure for generating API key for displaying google map in
your application.
18. Develop an android application that displays google map.
19. Explain the procedure for generating signed APK.
20. Explain the procedure for publishing signed APK in play store.
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