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PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics

UNIT I DISADVANTAGES:

FLUID POWER PRINCIPLES AND FUNDEMENTALS (REVIEW) 1. Leakage of oil or compressed air
2. Busting of oil lines, air tanks
FLUID POWER: It may be defined as the technology that deals with the generation, control and 3. More noise in operation
transmission of power using pressurized fluids

TYPES OF FLUID SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS OF FLUID POWER:

Fluid Transport systems: The objective of the fluid transport systems is to transport fluids 1. Agriculture: Tractors and farm equipments like ploughs, mowers, chemical sprayers,

from one place to another place to achieve some useful purpose fertilizer spreaders, hay balers

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Fluid Power systems: The Fluid power system is primarily designed to perform work. That is 2. Automation: Automated transfer machines

these systems use pressurized fluids to produce some useful mechanical movements to accomplish 3. Aviation: Fluid power equipments like landing wheels on aeroplane and helicopter, aircraft
trolleys, aircraft engine test beds.

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the desired work.
Method of transmitting power: 4. Building Industry: For metering and mixing of concrete ingredients from hopper.

 Electrical power transmission 5. Construction Equipment: Earthmoving equipments like excavators, bucket loaders, dozers,

 Mechanical power transmission crawlers, post hole diggers and road graders.

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 Fluid power transmission 6. Defense : Missile-launch systems and Navigation controls

 Hydraulic power transmission 7. Entertainment: Amusement park entertainment rides like roller coasters

 Pneumatic power transmission 8. Fabrication Industry: Hand tools like pneumatic drills, grinders, bores, riveting machines,
nut runners
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ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER: 9. Food and Beverage: All types of food processing equipment, wrapping, bottling

1. Easy and Accuracy to Control With the use of simple levels and push buttons, the fluid power 10. Foundry: Full and semi automatic molding machines, tilting of furnaces, die casting machines
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system can facilitate easy starting, stopping, speeding up or slowing down and positioning 11. Glass Industry: Vacuum suction cups for handling

forces that provide any desired power 12. Material Handling: Jacks, Hoists, Cranes, Forklift, Conveyor system

2. Multiplication of small forces to achieve greater forces for performing work

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3. It easily provides infinite and step less variable speed control which is difficult to obtain from
other drives HYDRAULIC SYSTEM:

4. Accuracy in controlling small or large forces with instant reversal is possible with hydraulic An electric motor drives the hydraulic pump so that the fluid is pumped from the tank at the
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systems required pressure. The fluid circulated into the system should be clean to reduce the wear of the

5. Constant force is possible in fluid power system regardless of special motion requirements. pump and cylinder; hence a filter is used immediate to the storage tank. Since the pump delivers

Whether the work output moves a few millimeters or several meters per minute. constant volume of fluid for each revolution of the shaft the fluid pressure rises indefinitely until a
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6. As the medium of power transmission is fluid, it is not subjected to any breakage of parts as in pipe or pump itself fails. To avoid this some kind of pressure regulators is used to spill out the excess

mechanical transmission. fluid back to the tank. Cylinder movement is controlled by a 3 position change over control valve. One

7. The parts of hydraulic system are lubricated with the hydraulic liquid itself. side of the valve is connected to a pressurized fluid line and the fluid retrieval line and other side of

8. Overloads can easily controlled by using relief valves than is possible with overload devices on the valve is connected to port A and port B of the cylinder. Since the hydraulic circuit is a closed one,

the other systems. Air equipments reduces the danger of fire and explosion hazard in the liquid transferred from the storage tank to one side of the piston, and the fluid at the other side of

industries such as painting and mining. the piston is retrieved back to the tank.

9. Because of the simplicity and compactness the cost is relatively low for the power transmitted. Raise: To lift the weight, the pressurized fluid line has to be connected to port A and the retrieval line

10. No need of lubrication has to be connected to the port B, by moving the valve position to “raise”.

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Visit : www.Civildatas.com Visit : www.Civildatas.com Visit : www.Civildatas.com Visit : www.Civildatas.com
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PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Lower: To bring down the weight, the pressurized fluid line has to be connected to port B and the
retrieval fluid line has to be connected to port A, by moving the valve position to “lower”.
Off: The weight can be stopped at a particular position by moving the valve position to off. This
disconnects the port A and port B from the pressurized line and the retrieval line which locks the fluid
in the cylinder.

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Raise: To lift the weight, the compressed air line has to be connected to port A and the port B is
connected to the exhaust air line by moving the valve position to raise.
Lower: To bring down the weight, the compressed air line is connected to port B and the port A is
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connected to exhaust air line by moving the valve position to lower.
Off: The weight can be stopped at a particular position by moving the valve position to off. This
disconnects the port A and port B from the pressurized line and the retrieval line which locks the air
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in the cylinder.

COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDRAULIC, PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO MECHANICAL POWER

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SYSTEM

PNEUMATIC POWER SYSTEM: Hydraulic System Pneumatic System Electro-Mechanical System

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Air is drawn from the atmosphere through the air filter and raised to the required pressure by
an air compressor. Air contains significant amount of water vapour and also the air temperature is Energy is transmitted through
raised considerably by the compressor. So the air must be cooled before using it in the system, which Pressurized Liquid is used Compressed Air is used
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mechanical components
results in condensation. The compressed air is stored in the reservoir which has water outlet at the
Energy stored in Batteries
bottom of the reservoir and a pressure switch to control the pressure of the compressed air. Pressure Energy stored in Accumulator Energy stored in Tank

switch stops the motor when the required pressure is attained and starts the motor when the
Variable Frequency drives
pressure falls down the mark. The cylinder movement is controlled by the pneumatic valve. One side Hydraulic Valves are used Pneumatic Valves are used
of the pneumatic valve is connected to the compressed air line and silencers for the exhaust air and
Transmission through Transmission through
the other side of the valve is connected to port A and port B of the cylinder. Transmission through
Pneumatic cylinders, Mechanical components like
Hydraulic cylinders, Actuators
Actuators Gears, Cams

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 Water Glycols: These are solutions contains 35 to 55% water, glycol and water soluble
Hydraulic System Pneumatic System Electro-Mechanical System thickener to improve viscosity. Additives are also added to improve anticorrosion, anti wear
and lubricity properties.

Excellent with minimum loss Advantages: Better fire resistance, Less expensive, Compatible with most pipe compounds
Flow rate is 2 to 6 m/s Flow rate is 20-40 m/s
and seals

More Precision Less Precision More Precision Disadvantage: Low viscosity, Poor corrosion resistance, not suitable for high loads

Limited force can be Large force can be realized but

Large force can be generated  Water Oil Emulsions: These are water-oil mixtures. They are of two types oil-in-water
achieved poor in efficiency

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emulsions or water-in-oil emulsions. The oil-in-water emulsion has water as the continuous
Medium Cost High cost Low Cost base and the oil is present in lesser amounts as the dispersed media. In the water-in-oil
emulsion, the oil is in continuous phase and water is the dispersed media.

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Dangerous and fire hazardous
Noisy Easy to work Advantages: High viscosity index, Oxidation stability, Film strength
because of leakage
Disadvantage: Depletion of water due to evaporation decreases fire resistance,
Demulsification may be problem with water-in-oil emulsions.
FUNCTIONS OF FLUIDS IN A FLUID POWER SYSTEM:
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1. Transfer fluid power efficiently
 Phosphate Ester: It results from the incorporation of phosphorus into organic molecules.
2. Lubricate the moving parts
They have high thermal stability. They serve as an excellent detergent and prevent building up
3. Absorb, Carry and Transfer heat generated within the system
of sludge.
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4. Be compatible with hydraulic components
Advantages: Excellent fire resistance, Good lubricity, Non corrosive
5. Remain stable against physical and chemical changes
Disadvantage: Not compatible with many plastics and elastomers, Expensive
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VARIOUS HYDRAULIC FLUIDS:
 Water: The least expensive hydraulic fluid is water. Water is treated with chemicals before
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS:
being used in a fluid power system. This treatment removes undesirable contaminates.
1. Viscosity: It is a measure of the fluid’s internal resistance offered to flow. Viscosity is the most
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Advantages: Inexpensive, Readily available, Fire resistance
important factor from the stand point of flow. If the viscosity of the hydraulic oil is higher than
Disadvantage: No lubricity, Corrosive, Temperature limitations
recommended, the system will be affected in the following manner.
 Petroleum Oils: These are the most common among the hydraulic fluids which are used in a
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1. The viscous oil may not be able to pass through the pipes.
wide range of hydraulic applications. The characteristic of petroleum based hydraulic oils are 2. The working temperature will increases because there will be internal friction.
controlled by the type of crude oil used. Naphthenic oils have low viscosity index so it is 3. The consumption of power will increase
unsuitable where the oil temperatures vary too widely. The aromatics have a higher presence
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If the viscosity of the oil is lesser than recommended then,
of benzene and they are more compatible with moderate temperature variation. Paraffinic oils 1. The internal and external leakage will increase
have a high viscosity index and they are more suitable for the system where the temperature 2. It cannot lubricate properly and will lead to rapid wear of the moving parts.
varies greatly.
Advantages: Excellent lubricity, Reasonable cost, Non-corrosive 2. Viscosity Index: This value shows how temperature affects the viscosity of oil. The viscosity of

Disadvantage: Tendency to oxidize rapidly, Not fire resistance the oil decreases with increase in temperature and vice versa. The rate of change of viscosity with
temperature is indicated on an arbitrary scale called viscosity index (VI). The lower the viscosity
index, the greater the variation in viscosity with changes in temperature and vice versa.

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3. Oxidation Stability: The most important property of an hydraulic oil is its oxidation stability. REQUIRED QUALITIES OF GOOD HYDRAULIC OIL:
Oxidation is caused by a chemical reaction between the oxygen of the dissolved air and the oil. The 1. Stable viscosity characteristics
oxidation of the oil creates impurities like sludge, insoluble gum and soluble acidic products. The 2. Good lubricity
soluble acidic products cause corrosion and insoluble products make the operation sluggish. 3. Compatibility with system materials
4. Stable physical and chemical properties
4. Demulsibility: The ability of a hydraulic fluid to separate rapidly from moisture and 5. Good heat dissipation capability
successfully resist emulsification is known as Demulsibility. If oil emulsifies with water the 6. High bulk modulus and degree of incompressibility
emulsion will promote the destruction of lubricating value and sealant properties. Highly refined 7. Good flammability

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oils are basically water resistance by nature. 8. Low volatility
9. Good demulsibility
5. Lubricity: Wear results in increase clearance which leads to all sorts of operational
10. Better fire resistance

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difficulties including fall of efficiency. At the time of selecting a hydraulic oil care must be taken to
11. Non toxicity and good oxidation stability
select one which will be able to lubricate the moving parts efficiently.
12. Better rust and corrosion prevent qualities
6. Rust Prevention: The moisture entering into the hydraulic system with air causes the parts 13. Ready availability and inexpensive

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made ferrous materials to rust. This rust if passed through the precision made pumps and valves
may scratch the nicely polished surfaces. So additives named inhibitors are added to the oil to keep FLUID FLOW:

the moisture away from the surface. Laminar Flow: It is one in which paths taken by the individual partials do not cross one
another and moves along well defined paths. The laminar flow is characterized by the fluid flowing in
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7. Pour Point: The temperature at which oil will clot is referred to as the pour point i.e. the smooth layers of lamina. This type of flow is also known as streamline or viscous flow because the
lowest temperature at which the oil is able to flow easily. It is of great importance in cold countries particles of fluid moving in an orderly manner and retaining the same relative positions in successive
where the system is exposed to very low temperature. cross sections.
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Examples:
8. Flash Point and Fire Point: Flash point is the temperature at which a liquid gives off
1. Flow of oil in measuring instruments
vapour in sufficient quantity to ignite momentarily or flash when a flame is applied. The minimum
2. Flow of blood in veins and arteries
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temperature at which the hydraulic fluid will catch fire and continue burning is called fire point.

9. Neutralization Number: The neutralization number is a measure of the acidity or

alkalinity of a hydraulic fluid. This is referred to as the PH value of the fluid. High acidity causes the
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oxidation rate in an oil to increase rapidly.

10. Density: It is that quantity of matter contained in unit volume of the substance.
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11. Compressibility: All fluids are compressible to some extent. Compressibility of a liquid
causes the liquid to act much like a stiff spring. The coefficient of compressibility is the fractional
change in a unit volume of liquid per unit change of pressure
Turbulent Flow: It is that flow in which fluid particles move in a zigzag way. It is
characterized by continues small fluctuations in the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the
fluid particles. It causes more resistance to flow, Greater energy loss and increase fluid temperature
due to greater energy loss.
Examples: High velocity flow in a pipe of large size

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REYNOLDS NUMBER: diagram is known as Moody diagram which is employed for predicting the values of ‘f’ in turbulent
Osborne Reynolds in 1883 conducted experiments to ascertain the conditions under which a flow flow.
through pipe is laminar or turbulent. He applied the dimensional analysis on variables and introduced
a dimensionless number called Reynolds number Re. It is given by the following equation to LOSSES IN VALVES AND FITTINGS:
determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Pressure drops are also due to valves, expansions, contractions, bends, elbows, tees and pipe
VD VD fittings. The losses in valves and fittings in hydraulic systems are frequently computed in terms of
Re = 
  equivalent length of hydraulic tube. Equivalent lengths can then be substituted in Darcy-Weisbach
ρ = Density of fluid (kg/m3) equation to solve for total pressure loss in the system. The formula for computing equivalent length is

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V = Velocity of Flow (m/sec) KD
Equivalent length Le = k= Factor for valve and fittings
D = Inside diameter of pipe (m) f
υ = Kinematic viscosity of fluid (m2/sec)

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μ = absolute viscosity of fluid (Ns/m2) Valve and Fitting K Factor
Experiments showed that the flow is laminar when Reynolds number (Re) is less than 2000 and Globe Valve
turbulent for Re greater than 4000. And for 4000 < Re < 2000 then the flow is in transition from Full open 10
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laminar to turbulent. It is always desirable to maintain laminar flow in hydraulic system because Half open 12.5
the chaotic turbulent flow causes more energy loss. Gate Valve
Full open 0.19
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Half open 4.5
DARCY – WEISBACH EQUATION: Check Valve
The energy loss due to friction in a hydraulic system results in a loss of potential energy. This Poppet Type 3.0
potential energy loss leads to a pressure drop or head loss in the system. Pressure or head loss due to
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Ball type 4.0
friction in pipes carrying fluids are derived using the Darcy-Weisbach Equation. Return Bend 2.2
L V2 Standard Tee 1.8
HL = f ( )( )
D g
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Standard Elbow 0.9
HL – Head Loss V – Velocity of Flow 45o Elbow 0.42
f - Friction Factor g – Acceleration due to gravity
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L - Length of pipe
D – Inner Diameter
During laminar flow the friction is relatively independent of the surface conditions of the inside
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diameter of the pipe.
The friction factor ‘f’ for laminar flow can be found by the equation
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f= when Re < 2000
Re
But in turbulent flow friction factor depends on both the Reynolds number and roughness of the pipe.
An American engineer L.F.Moody documented the experimental and theoretical investigation on the
laws of friction in pipe flow in form of a diagram. He showed the variation of friction factor with the

governing parameters namely the Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe. This
D

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PASCAL’S LAW : UNIT II

This law states that the pressure generated at any point in a confined fluid acts equally in all HYDRAULIC SYSTEM AND COMPONENTS
directions.
Introduction:
A pump which is the heart of a hydraulic system converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy. The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via prime mover such as electric motor. Due
to the mechanical action the pump creates a partial vacuum at its inlet. This permits atmospheric
pressure to force the fluid through the inlet line and into the pump. The pump then pushes the fluid
into the hydraulic system.

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Pump Classifications:
1. Non Positive Displacement Pumps: The most common types of dynamic pumps are the

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centrifugal and axial pumps. Although these pumps provide smooth continuous flow, their
flow output is reduced as circuit resistance is increased and thus are rarely used in fluid
power systems. In dynamic pumps there is a great deal of clearance between the rotating

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impeller and the stationary housing. Thus as the resistance of the external system starts to
increase, some of the fluid slips back into the clearance spaces, causing a reduction in the
discharge flow rate. This slippage is due to the fact that the fluid follows the path of least
resistance. When the resistance of the external system becomes infinitely large the pump will
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produce no flow. These pumps are typically used for low pressure, high volume flow
applications. Also since there is a great deal of clearance between the rotating and stationary
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elements, dynamic pumps are not self priming unlike positive displacement pump.
2. Positive Displacement Pump: This type of pump ejects a fixed quantity of fluid per
revolution of the pump shaft. As a result, pump output flow, neglecting changes in the small
internal leakage is constant and not dependent on system pressure. This makes them
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particularly well suited for fluid power systems. However positive displacement pumps must
be protected against overpressure if the resistance to flow becomes very large. This can
CONTINUITY EQUATION: It states that if no fluid is added or removed from the pipe in any length happen if a valve is completely closed and there is no physical place for the fluid to go. The
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then the mass passing across different sections shall be same. reason for this is that a positive displacement pump continues to eject fluid causing an
A1 V1 = A2 V2 extremely rapid buildup in pressure as the fluid compressed. A pressure relief valve is used to
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION: It states that in a ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and protect the pump against overpressure by diverting pump flow back to the hydraulic tank
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continuous the sum of potential energy, kinetic energy and pressure energy is constant across all where the fluid is stored for system use.
cross sections of the pipe.
2 2 Classification of Positive Displacement Pump:
V1 P V P
Z1 + + 1 = Z2 + 2 + 2 1. Gear Pumps
2g w 2g w
a. External Gear Pump
b. Internal Gear Pump
c. Lobe Pump
d. Screw Pump

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2. Vane Pumps There must be a small clearance between the teeth tip and pump housing. As a result some of the oil at
a. Unbalanced Vane Pumps the discharge port can leak directly back toward the suction port. This means that the actual flow rate
b. Balanced Vane Pumps QA is less than the theoretical flow rate QT which is based on volumetric displacement and pump
c. Pressure Compensated Vane Pump speed. This internal leakage called pump slippage is identified by the term volumetric efficiency.
3. Piston pumps QA
v 
a. Axial Piston Pump QT
b. Radial Piston Pump Advantages Disadvantages
 High speed  Four bushings in liquid area

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GEAR PUMPS:
 High pressure  No solids allowed
External Gear Pump:  No overhung bearing loads  Fixed End Clearances
The given figure shows the operation of an external gear pump, which develops flow by carrying fluid  Relatively quiet operation

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between the teeth of two meshing gears. One of the gears is connected to a drive shaft connected to  Design accommodates wide variety of
the prime mover. The second gear is driven as it meshes with the driver gear. Oil chambers are materials
formed between the gear teeth, the pump housing and the side wear plates. The suction side is where Applications

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teeth come out of mesh and it is here that the volume expands bringing about a reduction in pressure Various fuel oils and lube oils
to below atmospheric pressure. Fluid is pushed into this void by atmospheric pressure because the oil  Chemical additive and polymer metering
supply tank is vented to the atmosphere. The discharge side is where teeth go into mesh and it is here  Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
that the volume decreases between mating teeth. Since the pump has a positive internal seal against  Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications splitters, lifts
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leakage the oil is positively ejected into the outlet port. The displacement of the gear pump is  Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
Low volume transfer or application
determined by volume of fluid between each pair of teeth, Number of teeth and speed of rotation.
QT = VD x N
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Internal Gear Pump:

VD = (Do2-Di2) L
4 The figure shows the operation of the internal gear pump. This design consists of an internal gear, a

QT – Theoretical Pump Flow Rate L – Width Of Gear regular spur gear, a crescent shaped seal and an external housing. As power is applied to either gear
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VD – Displacement Volume of Pump N – Speed of Pump the motion of the gears

Do, Di – Outside and Inside Diameter of Gear Teeth draws fluid from the
reservoir and forces it
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around both sides of the
crescent seal which acts as
a seal between the suction
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and discharge ports. When
the teeth mesh on the side
opposite to the crescent
seal the fluid is forced to
enter the discharge port of
the pump.

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Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

 Only two moving parts  Usually requires moderate speeds  Pass medium solids  Requires timing gears
 Non-pulsating discharge  Medium pressure limitations  No metal-to-metal contact  Requires two seals
 Excellent for high-viscosity liquids  One bearing runs in the product  Long term dry run (with lubrication  Reduced lift with thin liquids
 Constant and even discharge regardless of pumped to seals)
pressure conditions  Overhung load on shaft bearing
Applications
 Operates well in either direction
 Paper coatings
 Single adjustable end clearance
 Soaps and surfactants

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Applications  Paints, dyes, Rubber and adhesives
 All varieties of fuel oil and lube oil  Pharmaceuticals
 Resins and Polymers

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Gerotor Pump: It is a positive displacement pumping unit. The name gerotor is derived from
 Alcohols and solvents
"Generated Rotor". A gerotor unit consists of an inner and outer rotor. The inner rotor has N teeth,
 Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter
and the outer rotor has N+1 teeth. The inner rotor is located off-center and both rotors rotate. During
 Paint, inks, and pigments
part of the assembly's rotation cycle, the area between the inner and outer rotor increases, creating a
Lobe Pump:
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vacuum. This vacuum creates suction, and hence, this part of the cycle is where the intake is located.
In this pump, the gears are replaced by the lobes. This pump operates in a similar fashion as that of
Then, the area between the rotors decreases, causing compression. During this compression period,
external pump. But unlike the external gear pump, these both lobes are driven independently and
fluids can be pumped, or compressed (if they are gaseous fluids).
they do not have actual contact with each other.
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Lobe contact is prevented by external timing gears located in the gearbox. Pump shaft support
bearings are located in the gearbox, and since the bearings are out of the pumped liquid, pressure is
limited by bearing location and shaft deflection. As the lobes come out of mesh, they create expanding
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volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the lobes as they
rotate. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the lobes and the casing
it does not pass between the lobes. Finally, the meshing of the lobes forces liquid through the outlet
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port under pressure. So, they are quieter than other types of gear pumps. Since the lobe pump has
smaller number of mating
elements, the lobe pump output
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will have a somewhat greater
amount of pulsating, although its
volumetric displacement is
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generally greater than that for
other types of gear pumps.Lobe
pumps are frequently used in food
Gerotor pumps are generally designed using a trochoidal inner rotor and an outer rotor formed by a
applications because they handle
circle with intersecting circular arcs. A gerotor can also function as a motor. High pressure gas enters
solids without damaging the
the intake area and pushes against the inner and outer rotors, causing both to rotate as the area
product.
between the inner and outer rotor increases. During the compression period, the exhaust is pumped
out.

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Advantages Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:

 High Speed  Medium pressure limitations 1. Give uniform pressure with negligible 1. It is difficult to manufacture the
 Only two moving parts  Fixed clearances pulsations. screw profile to maintain close
 Constant and even discharge regardless of  No solids allowed 2. Very quiet, because of rolling action of the tolerance.
pressure conditions  One bearing runs in the product pumped screw spindles. 2. Overall volumetric and mechanical
 Operates well in either direction  Overhung load on shaft bearing 3.Can handle liquids containing vapour and gases efficiency is relatively low.
 Quiet operation
Types of Vane Pumps:
Applications
1. Unbalanced Vane Pumps
 Light fuel oils

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a. Fixed displacement unbalanced pumps
 Lube oil
b. Variable displacement unbalanced pumps
 Cooking oils
2. Balanced Vane Pumps

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 Hydraulic fluid
Unbalanced Vane Pump:
Screw Pump:
The pump consists of a rotor which contains radial slots splined to the drive shaft. The rotor rotates
It is an axial flow positive displacement unit. Three precision ground screws, meshing within a close
inside a cam ring. Each slot contains a vane which is free to slide in or out of the slots in the pump
fitting housing, deliver non pulsating flow quietly and efficiently. The two symmetrically opposed
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rotor. The vane is designed to mate with the surface of the cam ring as the rotor turns. The cam ring
idler rotors act as rotating seals, confining the fluid in a succession of closures or stages. The idler
rotor are in rolling contact with the central power rotor and are free to float in their respective axis is offset to the drive shaft

housing bores on a hydrodynamic oil film. There are no radial bending loads. Axial hydraulic forces on axis. As the rotor rotates, the
centrifugal force pushes the
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the rotor set are balanced, eliminating any need for thrust bearings. The liquid is introduced at the
two ends and discharged at the centre. The pumping action comes from the sealed chamber. The vanes out against the surface of
sealed chamber formed by the contact of the two gears at the intersection of their addenda and by the the cam ring. The vanes divide
small clearance between the screws and the pump housing. This working is similar to a nut moving
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the space between the rotor and
along a thread rod when the rod rotated. In these pumps, it should be noted that the liquid does not the cam ring into a series of
rotate but moves linearly. Thus the liquid moves forward along the axis with the rotation of the screw small chambers. During the first
and is discharged to the outlet port.
half of rotor rotation, the
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volume of these chambers
increase, thereby causing a
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reduction of pressure. This is
the suction process which
causes the fluid to flow through
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the inlet port and fill the void.
As the rotor rotates through the second half, the cam ring pushes the vane back into their slots and
the trapped volume is reduced. This positively ejects the trapped fluid through the outlet port. In this
pump, all the pumping action takes place in the chambers located on the one side of the rotor and
shaft. So the pump is of an unbalanced design.
Fixed Displacement Unbalanced Vane Pumps: In this type rotor housing eccentricity is constant.
Hence the displacement volume is fixed. A constant volume of fluid is discharged during each
revolution of the rotor.

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Variable Displacement Unbalanced Vane Pump: Variable displacement can be provided if the In this system pressure acts directly via a hydraulic piston on the right side. This forces the cam ring
housing can be moved with respect to the rotor. This movement changes the eccentricity and hence against a spring loaded piston on the left side. If the discharge pressure is large enough, it overcomes
the displacement. Usually a hand wheel or pressure compensator can be used to move the cam ring to the compensator spring force and shifts the cam ring to the left. This reduces the eccentricity and
change the eccentricity. decreases the flow. If the pressure continues to increase, there is no eccentricity and pump flows
Balanced vane pump: becomes zero.
In balanced vane pump, the rotor rotates inside a cam ring of elliptical shape. It has two inlet and
outlet ports which are diametrically opposite each other. Movement of the vanes in and out causes the
chamber between

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them to increase
and decrease.
When these

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chambers are
increasing in size,
the fluid is being

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sucked into the
pump through the
inlet ports. The two
inlet ports are
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connected to a
common inlet
Piston Pumps:
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passage. When the
In piston pumps, the pumping action is affected by a piston that moves in a reciprocating cycle
chambers are
through a cylinder. The basic operations of piston pumps are very similar to that of the reciprocating
decreasing in size,
engines. These pumps are classified as
the fluid starts being delivered into the system through the outlet ports which are connected to a
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1. Axial Piston Pumps
common outlet passage. Because the pressure ports are opposite to each other, a complete hydraulic
a. Swash plate axial piston pump
balance can be achieved. One disadvantage of balanced vane pump is that it cannot be designed as a
b. Bent axis Axial piston pump
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variable displacement pump.
2. Radial Piston Pumps
In axial piston pumps, a number of pistons and cylinders are located in a parallel position with respect
Advantages: Disadvantages:
to the drive shaft, while in the radial type they are arranged radially around the rotor hub.
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1. Volumetric and overall efficiencies are high. 1. They cannot handle abrasive liquids
2. only small changes in capacity occur with 2. They require seals and foreign bodies can
Axial Piston Pump:
variations in viscosity and discharge pressure damage the pump
In this type rotary shaft motion is converted to axial reciprocating motion which drives the piston.
3. Their vanes are self compensating for wear and 3. They cannot be operated against a closed
Most axial piston pumps are multi piston designs and utilize check valves or port plates to direct
also vanes can be easily replaced. discharge without damage to the pump.
liquid flow from inlet to discharge. Output can be controlled by manual, mechanical or pressure
4. They are self priming, robust and give constant Hence relief valves are required
compensated controls.
delivery for a set rotor speed.

Pressure Compensated Variable Delivery Pump:

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Swash Plate (In line) axial Piston Pump: the cylinder. In order to provide alignment and positive drive, a universal link is used to connect the
In this pump rotary drive block to the drive shaft. When the piston carrying body turns, the exit passage in the cylinder bores
motion is converted to move along the control slots of a firmly positioned control plate and are thus connected alternatively
reciprocating, axial piston to suction or discharge pipelines.
motion by means of the In the fixed displacement pumps, the pumps are mounted in a fixed casing so that swing angle cannot
swash plate, mounted on be adjusted. So the fixed displacement of the piston and hence the constant discharge of fluid are
the drive shaft. Thus the achieved. In variable displacement pumps, the swing angle can be varied. Because the volumetric
rotation of the swash plate displacement of the pump varies with the offset angle. When the offset angle is zero, then the

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produces in and out motion displacement will be zero. However, the angle will vary from 0 o to 30o.
of the piston in their
cylinders and hence the Radial Piston Pump:

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fluid is discharged. The radial piston pump has a number of radial pistons in a cylinder block which revolves around a
This type of pumps can also stationary pintle or valve. The pistons remain in contact with the reaction ring due to centrifugal force
be designed to have variable and back pressure on the pistons. A drive shaft is attached to the end of cylinder block and provides

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displacement capability. This can be achieved by altering the angle of the swash plate. Because in the the power needed to the pump. The reaction ring is moved eccentrically with respect to the pintle
swash plate axial pump, the angle of tilt of the swash plate determines the piston stroke and hence the axis.
pump displacement. The increase in the swash plate angle will increase the piston stroke and hence
the fluid displacement. When the swash plate is vertical, then the displacement is zero. Even one can If the cylinder block is rotated in a clockwise direction, the pistons on one side travel outward and
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reverse the flow direction by changing the angle of swash plate. However, the maximum swash plate sucks the fluid when it passes the suction port of the pintle. When the piston passes the maximum
angle is generally limited to 17.5o, due to various design considerations. point eccentricity, it is forced inward by the reaction ring. This force the fluid to enter into the
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discharge port. The displacement can be varied by moving the reaction ring to change the piston
Bent Axis Axial Piston Pump: stroke.
This type of pump contains a cylinder block rotating with the drive shaft. As shown the centerline of
the cylinder block is sent at an offset angle relative to the centerline of the drive shaft. The cylinder
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has a number of
pistons and cylinders
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arranged along a
circle. The ball and
socket joints connect
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the piston rods with
the drive shaft flange.
When the distance
between the drive
shaft flange and
cylinder block
changes, the piston
move in and out of

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Important Formulas: HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

1. Theoretical Discharge for Gear Pump: Do – Outer Diameter of Gear ACTUATORS:
 Di – Inner Diameter of Gear It is a device used for converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. The pressurized
QT = (Do2 – Di2) b N
4 b - Width of Gear
hydraulic fluid delivered by the hydraulic pump is supplied to the actuators, which converts the
N – Speed of Pump
energy of the fluid into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to get the work done.
2. Theoretical Discharge for Vane Pump: Dc – Diameter of Cam Ring
DR – Diameter of Rotor TYPES OF ACTUATORS:

QT = (Dc + DR) 2 e L N
4 e – Eccentricity 1. Linear Actuators (Hydraulic cylinders)
L – Width of Rotor 2. Rotary Actuators (Hydraulic motors)

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3. Bent Axial Piston Pump D- Piston circle Diameter a. Continuous rotary actuators
S A – Area of Piston
QT = DANY sin  ; sin  = b. Semi rotary actuators
D Y – Number of pistons

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HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS:
 - Offset angle
A hydraulic cylinder is a device, which converts fluid power into linear mechanical force and
S – Piston stroke
4. Swash Plate Pump:  - Offset angle of Swash motion. It usually consists of a movable element, a piston and a piston rod operating within a cylinder

QT = DANY tan  Plate bore.

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TYPES OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS:
5. Radial Piston Pump 1. Single acting cylinders
QT = 0.5 e Y π D2 N 2. Double acting cylinders
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3. Telescoping cylinders
Volumetric Efficiency: It indicates the amount of leakage within the pump. This involves 4. Double rod cylinder
considerations such as manufacturing tolerances and flexing of the pump casing under the design 5. Tandem cylinder
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pressure operating conditions. SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER:
A single acting cylinder is designed to apply force in only one direction. It consists of a piston
Actual Flow rate produced by pump inside a cylindrical housing called barrel. Attached to end of the piston is a rod which extends outside.
v= X 100
Theoretical flow rate the pump should produce
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At the other end (Blank end) is a port for the entrance and the exit of oil. A single acting cylinder can
Q exert a force only in the extending direction, as fluid from the pump enters through the blank end of
 v= A
QT the cylinder. Single acting cylinders do not hydraulically retract. Retraction is accomplished by using
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Mechanical Efficiency: It indicates the amount of energy losses that occur due to reasons other than gravity or by the inclusion of a compression spring at the rod end.

leakages. This includes friction in bearings and between other mating parts. It also includes energy
losses due to fluid turbulence.
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Theoretical Power required to operate the pump
m= x 100
Actual power delivered to the pump
PQT
 m=
2NT
Overall Efficiency:

 o=  v x  m

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Advantages and Disadvantages: As the stroke nears completion, the cushion nose starts entering in the space of the cylinder head. Due
1. The single acting cylinders are very simple to operate, and compact in size. to the taper front of the
2. The single acting cylinders with spring return cannot be used for larger stroke length. cushion nose, the fluid port
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER: path is gradually closed. So
A double acting cylinder is capable of delivering forces in both directions. The barrel is made the fluid cannot flow
of seamless steel tubing, honed to affine finish on the inside surface. The piston which is made of through the port or
ductile iron contains U cup packing to seal the leakage between the piston and the barrel. The ports through the passage of
are located in the end caps which are secured to the barrel by tie rods. The load of the piston rod at check valve. Now

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the neck is taken by a rod bearing, which is generally made of brass or bronze. entrapped fluid can escape
only through the passage
controlled by the needle

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valve. Thus due to the
restricted outflow during
the last portion of the

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stroke, the piston
decelerates slowly. By
adjusting the needle valve,
rate of deceleration is controlled. For starting the forward stroke of the piston, the fluid is allowed to
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enter the fluid port. The fluid will now flow from all passages. Thus the full piston area will be
subjected to the system pressure.
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A rod wiper is provided at the end of the neck to prevent foreign particles and dust from entering into During deceleration of the load, extremely high pressures will develop within the cylinder
the cylinder along with the piston rod. When the fluid from the pump enters the cylinder through port cushion. Ideally, the back pressure will be constant over the entire cushioning length. But in practice,
1, the piston moves forward and the fluid return to the reservoir from the cylinder through port 2. the cushion pressure is higher when the piston rod has just entered the cushion.
During the return stroke the fluid is allowed to enter the cylinder through port 2 and fluid from the
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other side of the piston goes back to the reservoir through port 1. SPEED OF A HYDRAULIC CYLINDER:
Every hydraulic cylinder has its own economical and practicable range of speeds. If the speed
CYLINDER CUSHIONING:
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of the cylinder is increased beyond this limit, the sudden stoppage of the piston will create shock load
As long as the piston is moving in the middle range of the cylinder, nothing will hit the piston on the piston head, piston rod and other mechanical parts causing serious damages. The high speed
head. But, due to the inertia forces of the moving parts at the end of the piston travel, the piston will will also create difficulty in the accurate positioning of the movable parts. So at the time of deciding
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hit the cylinder head at full speed. To overcome this, the designers provide a cushioning arrangement the speed of a hydraulic cylinder, proper care is to be taken in the design stage itself.
by which the hydraulic cylinder can be slowly retarded or cushioned, during the last portion of the The maximum speed of the piston rod is limited by the rate of fluid flow in and out of the
stroke. The figure shows the position of the piston at the start of the cushioning action. In this cylinder and the ability of the cylinder to withstand the impact forces which occur when the piston
position, the fluid from the pump enters into the rod end of the cylinder moving the piston towards movement is arrested. In an un-cushioned cylinder it is normal to limit the maximum piston
the left. The fluid from the head end of the cylinder flows freely to the reservoir through the fluid port. movement is arrested. In an un-cushioned cylinder it is normal to limit the maximum piston velocity
to 8m/min. This value is increased to 12m/min for a cushioned cylinder and 45m/min is permissible
with high speed cylinders. Oversized ports are necessary in cylinders that are used in high speed
applications.

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Velocity equations: TANDEM CYLINDER:

Consider a double acting cylinder It design has two cylinders mounted in line with pistons connected by a common piston rod. These
D – Diameter of the piston cylinders provide increased output force when the bore size of a cylinder is limited. But the length of
d – Diameter of piston rod the cylinder is more than a standard cylinder and also requires a larger flow rate to achieve a speed

D 2 because flow must go to both pistons.

A – Area of Blank end -
4
d 2
a- Piston rod area -
4

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Q – Input flow rate
qE – Flow rate from rod end of the cylinder when extending
qR – Flow rate from blank end of cylinder when retracting

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TELESCOPING CYLINDER:
 They are used where long work strokes are needed. A telescoping cylinder provides a relatively long
Rod End Area – (A-a) = (D2-d2)
4 working stroke for an overall reduced length by employing several pistons which telescope into each
1. When Piston rod is extending: other.
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Q qE
Piston velocity VE = =
A ( A  a)

( A  a) (D 2  d 2 )
Thus qE = Q =Q
D2
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A
Thus as the piston rod is extending, the flow rate of the fluid leaving the cylinder is less than
the flow rate of fluid entering the cylinder.
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2. When piston rod is retracting:
Q q
Piston velocity VR = = R
Aa A
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A D2
Thus qR = Q =Q Since the diameter A of the ram is relatively large, this ram produces a large force for the beginning of
( A  a) (D  d 2 )
2

the lift of the load. When ram A reaches the end of the stroke, ram B begins to move. Now ram B
Thus when the piston rod is retracting, the rate of fluid leaving the cylinder is greater than the
provides the required smaller force to continue raising the load. When ram B reaches the end of its
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flow rate of fluid entering the cylinder.
stroke, then ram C moves outwards to complete the lifting operation. These three rams can be
SPECIAL TYPE CYLINDERS: retracted by gravity acting on the load or by pressurized fluid acting on the lip of each ram.
DOUBLE ROD CYLINDER:
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It is a cylinder with single piston and a TWO STAGE DOUBLE ACTING TELESCOPING CYLINDER:
piston rod extending from each end. This Retraction stroke: During the retraction stroke, the fluid is fed into the first stage annulus via retract
cylinder allows work to be performed at port A. therefore the first stage piston is forced to the left until it uncovers the fluid ports connecting
either or both ends. It may be desirable this with the second stage annulus. This, in turn, moves the larger piston to the left until both the
where operating speed and return speed pistons are fully retracted into the body of the cylinder.
are equal.

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Alignment of the rod with the resistive load is another important consideration while selecting
cylinder mounts. Misalignment or non axial loading also tends to place unnecessary loads on the rod
and the rod guides, bushes or bearings. Due to the immense loads and the extreme forces induced by
the rod there are large stresses on the rod at full extension. Centre lugs, centre trunnions and clevis
arrangements tend to help keep the rod or shaft in line with the load.
Fixed centerline mounts: These are used for thrust that occur linearly or in the centerline with the
cylinder. Proper alignment is essential to prevent compound stresses that may cause excessive
friction and bending as the piston rod extends. Additional holdings strength may be essential with

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long stroke cylinders.
Fixed non-centerline mounts: These are convenient where exceptionally heavy linear thrusts are
Extension Stroke: During the extension stroke, the fluid is fed through the extend port B. Now the encountered. Generally, integral keys or pins are used if excessive hydraulic shock is expected. This

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fluid forces both pistons to the right until the cylinder is fully extended. helps to relieve shear loads. Since the cylinder has to expand and contract with temperature changes,
only one end should be keyed or pinned.
MOUNTING CONFIGURATIONS: Pivoted centerline mounts: These are used to compensate for thrusts that occur in multiple planes

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The type of mountings on cylinder is numerous, and they can accommodate a wide variety of or if the attached load travels in a curved path. Ball joints, trunnions and clevis mounts allow thrust to
applications. The most common mountings are lugs, flange, trunnion, clevis and extended tie rods. be taken up along the cylinder centerlines.
One of the important considerations in selecting a particular mounting style is whether the major
force applied to the load will result in tension or compression of the piston rod. The ratio of rod length GRAPHIC SYMBOLS FOR LINEAR ACTUATORS:
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to diameter should not exceed 6:1 proportion at full extension. This helps to prevent the rod from
buckling due to compression or tensile shock forces.
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PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics

HYDRAULIC MOTORS: VANE MOTORS:

A hydraulic motors converts fluid power into mechanical power in the form of rotational In this type of motors the pump flow and pressure are applied to the vanes and the output
motion. Motors perform the opposite function of the pump, which converts mechanical power from an shaft is rotated. The figure shows
electric motor or engine into fluid power. Motors take pump flow and pressure as their input and the balanced vane type motor.
output rotational motion and torque. Motor displacement is the volume. Pump displacement is the Recall from the discussion on vane
volume of the pump outputs per revolution of the pump shaft, a similar concept. Like pump motors pumps that balanced means that
can be fixed or variable displacement. Increasing the displacement of a motor decreases its speed pressure is applied on both sides of
because it requires more fluid to turn it each revolution. Increasing displacement increase torque the shaft resulting in no net force on

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output because more area within the motor is subjected to pressure. Decreasing motor displacement the bearings.
increases speed and decreases torque. This increases the maximum
Hydraulic motors are most commonly gear, vane or piston type. All have a construction operating pressure and drive speed

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similar to the hydraulic pump of the same type. They also have similar properties. Gear motors are the at which the motor can operate. The
least efficient, most dirt tolerant and have the lowest pressure ratings of the three. Piston motors are vanes extent and retract twice per
the most efficient, least dirt tolerant and have the highest pressure ratings. Vane and piston motors revolution of the rotor, which

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can be fixed or variable displacement like vane and piston pumps. Gear motors like gear pump are not necessitates the use of two inlet and
available with variable displacement. two outlet chambers. These chambers are combined into one common inlet and one common outlet
within the motor housing. Most of the vane motors are bidirectional.
GEAR MOTOR:
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The operation of gear motor is shown in the figure. One of the gears is keyed to an output PISTON TYPE MOTORS:
shaft, while the other is simply an idler gear. Pump flow and pressure are sent to the inlet port of the Piston motor develops an output torque at its shaft by allowing hydraulic pressure to act on
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motor. The pressure is then applied to the gear teeth, causing the gears and the output shaft to rotate. pistons. Piston designs may be either axial piston type or radial piston type.
The pressure builds until enough torque is generated to rotate the output shaft against the load. Most Axial piston motors:
gear motors are bi-directional the direction of rotation can be reversed by simply reversing the Swash plate or bent axis type: It consists of a port plate, cylinder barrel, pistons, shoe plate,
direction of flow. swash plate and a shaft. The arrangement is similar to a swash plate type pump. When fluid pressure
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acts on a piston, a force is developed which pushes the piston out and causes the piston shoe to slide
across the swash plate surface. As the piston shoe slides, it develops a torque attached to the barrel.
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There will always be some internal fluid leakage across the vanes and these increases with the
operating pressure as the viscosity of the working fluid decreases. This causes problems where a
smooth speed control of the rotary motion is required. So, for the applications of vane type actuators,
the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding the operating pressure and type of fluid must be
followed.

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Bent Axis Type

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The amount of torque depends on the angle of slide caused by the swash plate and the pressure in the
system. Since the swash plate angle controls the stroke in pistons of an axial piston motor, changing
the angle will alter the stroke and motor displacement. The operating principle of an bent axis motor

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is similar to swash plate type. The angle of the cylinder block assembly with respect to drive shaft
determines the stroke or motor displacement. Both these motors are used in high speed application
only. Double Vane Semi Rotary Actuators
The maximum torque obtainable from the currently available single vane unit is approximately
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SEMI ROTARY ACTUATORS: 40X103 Nm and for double vane unit is 80X103 Nm.
These are used to convert fluid pressure energy into torque which turns through an angle
limited by the design of the actuator. With the majority of designs, the angle of rotation is within 360 PISTON TYPE SEMI ROTARY ACTUATORS:
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degrees although it is possible to considerably exceed this when using piston operated actuators. RACK AND PINION SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:
VANE TYPE ACTUATORS: In this design, the cylinder drives a pinion gear and the rack is an integral part of the piston
Vane type semi rotary actuator consists of one or two vanes connected to an output shaft rod. The angle of rotation depends upon the stroke of the cylinder, rack and the pitch circle diameter
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which rotates when hydraulic pressure is applied to one side of the vanes. A single vane is limited to of the pinion. The start and finish of the stroke is adjusted by means of an internal shop. The output
280o rotation and a double vane unit to approximately 100o. Power in a two vane design is doubled. torque available from the rack and pinion type is in an excess of 80X103 Nm at a pressure of 210 bar.
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Single Vane Semi Rotary Actuators

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PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics

LEVER ARM SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:

A double acting
cylinder can be made to
generate rotary motion by
using a lever arm. The
angle of rotation will be
less than 180o. The output
is the product of {Piston

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trust x Sin φ x length of
lever).

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GRAPHIC SYMBOLS:
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CHAIN AND SPROCKET SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:
In this design an endless chain and sprocket is used and it is suitable for multi revolution
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applications. The chain is anchored to two pistons, one large and the other small, which when in their
respective bores, separate the halves of the unit. The large cylinder is the power cylinder and the
small cylinder is the chain return or seal cylinder.
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The idler is automatically a tensioned one, so a constant tension is maintained. Pressure is applied to
one port of the actuator. The larger piston moves away from the port due to the differential area of the
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two pistons. Movement of the larger piston pulls the chain, causing the sprocket and output shaft to
rotate.
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HELICAL SCREW SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:
This type consists of a cylinder in which the piston is prevented from rotating by guide rods.
The piston rod and the piston contain a helical groove and they mate together analogous to a screw
and a nut. As the piston is driven along the barrel, it causes the rod to rotate.
Because of the difficulty in providing a hydraulic seal between the piston and rod, this design is
limited to low pressure applications. The self locking helix angle of the piston and rod eliminate the
possibility of external torque causing any rotary movement of the piston rod.

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UNIT III to give the required operation. In first position the port 1 and port 2 is opened and port 3 is blocked
so the flow is permitted between ports 1 and 2. In the second position the ports 2 and 3 are open and
HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS AND THEIR DESIGN
port 1 is blocked so the flow is permitted between 2 and 3.

3.1 INTRODUCTION: A fluid power system can be broken down into three segments. The power
input segment consisting of the prime mover and the pump. The control segment consisting of valves
that control the direction, pressure and flow rate. The power output segment, consisting of the
actuators and the load. This unit is devoted to each of the following categories of control valves.
1. Directional control valves

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2. Pressure control valves
3. Flow control valves

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DCVs control the direction of flow in a circuit, which among other things; can control the direction of
By using this type of valves different operations can be achieved with a common body and different
the actuator. PCVs control the pressure level, which controls the output force of a cylinder or the
spool. It is used for high pressure applications.
output torque of a motor. FCVs control the flow rate of the fluid which controls the speed of the
actuators.
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3.2.3 ROTARY SPOOL VALVES
These valves have a rotating spool which engages with ports in the valve casing to give the
3.2 VALVE CONFIGURATION: There are the essential types of control valves based on their
required operation. The Figure shows the cut section of a rotary spool valve. When the spool rotates,
configuration or modes of operation. They are
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it opens and closes ports to allows and prevent the fluid flow through it. There are four ports 1, 2, 3,
1. .Poppet or Seat Valves
and 4. In the first position there is flow between 1 and 3, 2 and 4. In second position flow between 2
2. Sliding Spool Valves
and 3, 1 and 4. In third position all the ports are blocked by the spool and there is no flow.
3. Rotary Spool Valves
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3.2.1 POPPET OR SEAT VALVES:
The Figure shows the construction of the poppet valve. Normally this valve is in the closed
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condition and hence there is no connection between port 1 and port 2. In poppet valves, balls are used
in conjunction with valves seats to control the flow.
When the push button is depressed the ball is pushed out
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of its seats and hence the flow is permitted from port1 to
port2. When the push button is released spring and fluid
pressure force the ball back up against its seat and so
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closes off the flow.
These types of valves are simple in design and less
expensive. The force required to operate the poppet
3.4 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES
valves are more, so they are suitable mostly for low
These valves are used to control the direction of flow in a hydraulic circuit. According to the
pressure applications.
construction of internal moving parts it is classified as poppet type and sliding spool type. It may be
3.2.2 SLIDING SPOOL VALVES:
further classified as one way, two way, three way and four way valves, depending upon the number of
These types of valves are most frequently used in hydraulic system. A spool moves
port connections available. On the basis of actuating devices, it can be classified as manually operated,
horizontally within the valve body to control the flow. The raised areas called lands block or open port
mechanically operated, solenoid operated and pilot operated.
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3.4.1 CHECK VALVES 3.4.2 PILOT OPERATED CHECK VALVE

The simplest direction control valve is a check valve. It allows flow in one direction and blocks flow in One commonly used type is the pilot to open check valve. Pilot lines are hydraulic lines that
the opposite direction. It consists of a ball with a light bias spring that holds the ball against the valve are used for control purposes. They typically send system pressure to component, so that the
seat. Flow coming into the inlet pushes the ball off the seat against the light force of the spring and component can react to pressure changes. The free flow in the normal direction from a port A to port
continues to the outlet. B is achieved in a usual manner. But the reverse flow is blocked as the fluid pressure pushes the
poppet into the closed position. In order to permit the fluid flow in the reverse direction that is from
port B to port A, a pilot pressure is applied through the pilot pressure port. The pilot pressure pushes
the pilot piston and the poppet down. Thus the fluid flow in the reversed direction is also obtained.

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The purpose of the drain port in the circuit is to prevent oil from creating a pressure building in the
bottom of the pilot piston. The pilot lines are shown in dashed lines.

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Symbols for Pilot Operated Check Valve
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3.4.3 TWO WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE
A spool valve consists of a cylindrical spool that slides back and forth inside the valve body to
either connect or block flow between ports. The larger diameter portion of the spool, the land, blocks
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flow by covering a port. This particular valve has two ports, labeled P and A. P is connected to the
pump line and A is the outlet to the system.
'Figure A' shows the valve in its normal state and its corresponding symbol. The valve is held in this
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position by the force of the spring. In this position,
the flow from the inlet port P is blocked from
going to the outlet port A.
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Application of Check Valve
If flow tries to comes in from left it cannot pass through the check valve. It is therefore forced to go
through the component. When the flow comes in from the right, however the flow goes through the
check valve and the component is bypassed. This occurs because the check valve is designed to have
less resistance to flow than the component in this direction.

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Application of Two way DCV valves
When valve2 is shifted to the open position and valve2 remains closed. This will drain the vessel. The
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above figure shows that valve1 and valve2 are in open position so that fluid is filled and drain from
the vessel. There are other types of construction for two way valves in addition to the spool type are
ball valves and gate valves.
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Two way, Two position normally closed DCV 3.4.4 THREE WAY DIRECTION CONTROL VALVES
As discussed earlier two way valves are used to start and stop fluid flow in a particular line.
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'Figure B' shows the valve in its actuated state and its corresponding symbol. The valve is shifted into They can either allow or block flow from a
this position by applying a force to overcome the resistance of the spring. In this position, the flow is pump to an outlet line for example. Three
allowed to go to the outlet port around the smaller diameter portion of the spool. The complete way valves also either block or allow flow
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symbol for this valve is shown in 'Figure C'. The symbol has two blocks, one for each position of the from an inlet to an outlet. They also allow
valve. Valves may have more than two positions. The spring is on the closed position side of the the outlet to flow back to the tank when
symbol, which indicates that it is a normally closed valve. The symbol for the method of actuation is the pump flow is blocked, while a 2 way
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shown on the opposite side of the valve. In this case, the valve is push button actuated. Thus, the does not. A three way valve have three
graphic symbol in 'Figure C' represents a two way, two positions, normally closed DCV with push ports a pressure inlet port (P), an outlet to
button actuation and spring return. the system (A), and a return to the tank
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The below Figure shows the example of an application for a two way valve. Here pair of two way (T). In its normal position, just as with the
valves is used to fill and drain a vessel. Although two tanks are shown in this schematic, there may in two way DCV, the valve is held in position
fact be only one tank in the actual system. When valve1 and valve2 are in the closed position then the with spring. In the normal position 'Figure
line from pump and tank are blocked to hold the fluid in the vessel. When the valve1 is shifted to the A' the pressure port (P) is blocked and the
open position and valve 2 remains closed. This will fill the vessel. outlet (A) is connected with the tank (T).
This depressurizes or vents the outlet port.
In the actuated position the pressure port
is connected with the outlet and the tank Three way, Two position normally closed DCV

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port is blocked. This sends flow and pressure to the system. The spring is shown on the normal side of in a mid-stroke position because the hydraulic fluid, which is relatively incompressible, is trapped
the valve symbol and the actuation type is shown in opposite side by push button. The symbol between the valve and the cylinder. Many cylinder applications require this feature. This introduces
indicates that this is a three way two position normally closed DCV with push button and spring another type of actuation manual lever and detent. A detent is a mechanism that holds the valve in any
return. position into which it is shifted. Detented valves have no normal position because they will remain
The most common application for a three way valve in a hydraulic circuit is to control a single acting indefinitely in the last position indicated.
cylinder. Part A shows the valve in normal position in which pressure port is blocked and the outlet is
return to the tank. This allows the force of the spring to act on the piston and retract the cylinder. The
cylinder will remain retracted as

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Application of Three Way Two Position DCV Application of Three way three position DCV
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(A) Extend Cylinder (B) Hold Cylinder (C) Retract Cylinder
long as the valve is in this position. In part B the valve is shifted so that the pressure port is connected
to the outlet and the tank port is blocked. This applies pump flow and pressure to the piston and 3.4.5 FOUR WAY DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVES
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extends the cylinder against the relatively light force of the spring. A two way valve could not be used Four way valves are the most commonly used directional control valves in hydraulic circuits
in this application. It would not allow the cylinder to retract when it is in the closed position because because they are capable of controlling double acting cylinders and bidirectional motors. Figure
the closed position of a two way does not have a return to the tank. A pressure relief valve, a device shows the operation of a typical four way, two positions DCV. A four way has four ports, usually
that limits the maximum pressure in a hydraulic circuit, is included in the previous circuit. These labeled P, T, A and B. P is the pressure inlet and T is the return to tank. A and B are outlets to the
valves are required components in every hydraulic system. The importance of the pressure relief system. In the normal position, pump flow is sent to outlet B and outlet A is connected to the tank. In
valves are discussed in upcoming topics. the actuated position, pump flow is sent to port A and port B is connected to the tank.
The next figure shows application of three way three position DCV using gravity return type single Four way DCV control two flows of fluid at the same time, while two way and three way DCV control
acting cylinder. A third valve position called neutral may be desirable for this application. This only one flow at the time.
position shown as the center position in the symbol blocks all the three ports. This holds the cylinder
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The most common application for a four way DCV is to control a double acting cylinder as shown in
below Figure. When the valve is in the normal position, the pump line is connected to the rod end of
the cylinder and the blind end is connected to the tank . The cylinder will therefore retracted, the
pump flow will go over the pressure relief valve back to the tank, as it must whenever the pump flow
cannot go to the system. In Figure B, the pump line is connected to the blind end of the cylinder and
the rod end is connected to the tank. This will cause the cylinder to extend. When the cylinder is fully
extended, pump flow will again go over the pressure relief valve to the tank.

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Application of Four way, Two position DCV
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Four way, Two position DCV

Four way, Three position DCV

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3.4.6 SHUTTLE VALVES Foot pedal actuation, which could be used in

These valves allow two alternate flow sources to an application in which hands free shifting
be connected to one branch circuit. They have two inlets of the DCV is required. Cam actuated valves
(P1 and P2) and one outlet (A). Outlet A received flow shift when depressed by some mechanical
from whichever inlet is at a higher pressure. If the component of the machine. Pilot operated
Pressure at P1 is grater than that at P2, the ball slides to valves are shifted with system pressure. As
the right and allows P1 to send flow to outlet A. If the stated earlier, pilot operated check valves
pressure at P2 is grater than at P1, the ball slides to the use system pressure to hold a check valve

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left and P2 supplies flow to outlet A. The Figure shows a open or closed when pressure is applied to
circuit that utilizes a shuttle valve. This circuit allows the pilot line. Solenoid actuated DCV valves
either of two three way buttons to operate a single are shifted using electrical current, which

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acting cylinder. 'Figure A' shows both three ways in their normal position. The cylinder is vented to induces a magnetic force that shifts the
the tank and will remain retracted under the force of the spring. In 'Figure B' three way number 1 is valve spool. Solenoid valves are widely used
shifted and pump flow is sent to the cylinder through the path shown. in industrial applications on electronically

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controlled machinery. The pilot operated
solenoid valves are essentially two valves in
one package. The solenoid is used to actuate
a small pilot DCV, which in turn uses the
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pressure of the system to shift the main
valve. This method of actuation is necessary
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on large valves that operate in systems at
high pressures. They are necessary because the solenoid alone cannot generate enough force to shift a
large valve against a high pressure. The solenoid can, however, generate enough force to shift the
small pilot valve, which can then use the pressure of the system to shift the main valve.
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3.5 PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES
The force of a cylinder is proportional to the pressure in a system and the area over which the
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pressure is applied. Controlling the pressure level in a circuit will therefore allow us to control the
output force of a cylinder pressure control valves control the max pressure level and also protect the
circuit from excessive pressure, which could damage components and possibly cause serious injury.
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Shuttle Valve Circuit Some types of pressure control valves simply react to pressure changes rather than control the
pressure.

3.4.7 DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE ACTUATION

Various methods used to shift the valve are shown in Figure. All shown controlling a spring return 3.6 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

four way two position valve. Manual lever is a popular method of actuation for DCVs used in mobile Pressure relief valves limit the max pressure in a hydraulic circuit by providing an alternate

equipment applications such as back hoes, bulldozers and farm equipment. Push button actuation is path for fluid flow when the pressure reaches a preset level.

more prevalent in industrial applications. The basic types are

1 Direct acting pressure relief valve
2 Pilot operated pressure relief valve
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3.6.1 DIRECT ACTING PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES Just like the direct acting type, the pilot operated type has a pressure port that is connected into the
All relief valves have a pressure port that is connected to the pump line and a tank port that is pump line and a tank port that is connected to tank.
connected to the tank. The Figure shows the direct acting press relief valve, a ball or poppet is
subjected to pump pressure on one side and the force of a spring on the other. When the pressure in
the system creates a force on the ball that is less than the spring force, it remains on its seat and the
pump flow will go to the systems as shown in Fig. A. When the pressure is high enough to create a
force greater than the spring force, the ball will move off its seat and allow pump flow to go back to
the tank through the relief as shown in Fig. B. The pressure at which the relief valve opens can be

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adjusted by changing the amount of spring compression, which changes the amount of force applied
to the ball on the spring side.

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A - Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve – Closed
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Direct Acting Pressure Relief Valve
This is accomplished with an adjustment screw or knob. This type of relief valve is called
direct acting because the ball is directly exposed to pump pressure. The graphic symbol for an
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adjustable pressure relief valve, along with a pump is shown in Fig. C. The symbol shows that the B - Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve- Open
valve is normally closed on one side of the valve; pressure is fed in to try to open the valve, while on The pilot relief is usually a poppet type. The main relief consists of a piston and stem. The main relief
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the other side the spring is trying to keep it closed. The arrow through the spring signifies that it is piston has a hole called the orifice drilled through it. This allows pressure to be applied to the top side
adjustable, allowing adjustment of the pressure level at which the relief valve opens. of the piston, as well as the bottom side. The piston has equal areas exposed to pressure on the top
and bottom and is therefore balanced it will have equal force on each side. It will remain stationary in
3.6.2 PILOT OPERATED PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE the closed position. The piston has a light bias spring to ensure that it will stay closed. When the
The Figure A, B shows the pilot operated pressure relief valve, rather than a direct acting pressure is less that the relief valve setting, the pump flow goes to the system. The pressure is also
relief valve, is used to control the maximum pressure. A pilot operated relief valve consists of a small applied to the pilot poppet through the pilot line. If the pressure in the system becomes high enough,
pilot relief valve and a main relief valve. It operates in a two stage process. First the pilot relief valve it will move the pilot poppet off its seat. A small amount of flow begins to go through the pilot line
opens when a preset maximum pressure is reached, which then causes the main relief valve to open. back to tank. Once flow begins through the piston orifice and pilot line, a pressure drop is induced
across the piston due to the restriction of the piston orifice. This pressure drop then causes the piston

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and stem to lift off its seat and the flow goes directly from the pressure port to the tank. The symbol 3.7 UNLOADING VALVES
for the pilot operated relief valve is the same as that used for the direct acting relief valve. The In the case of pressure relief valve, the pump delivers full pump flow at the pressure relief
advantages are usually smaller than a direct acting type for the same flow and pressure ratings. They valve setting and thus operates at maximum horse power conditions.
also generally have a wider range for the maximum pressure setting. Another advantage is that they
can be operated remotely. This is achieved by connecting a direct acting relief valve to the vent port of
the pilot operated relief valve as shown in Figure C. Notice that the vent port is connected into the
pilot line. The direct acting relief valve, called the remote in this arrangement, acts as a second pilot
relief valve. Flow can now go back to tank through either the onboard pilot or the remote pilot.

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Whichever pilot is set to a lower pressure will cause the relief valve to open. Flow through either pilot
will cause the main poppet to lift off its seat and allow full flow back to the tank. The advantage of this
type of arrangement is that the on board pilot can be set to the absolute maximum pressure that the

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circuit is designed for, while the remote can be set for a lower

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Unloading Valve

The ‘In’ port of the unloading valve is connected to the line which is to be unloaded. The pilot
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port is connected to the line which is supposed to send the pressure impulse for unloading the valve.
As soon as the system pressure reaches the setting pressure which is available at the pilot port, it lifts
the spool against the spring force. The valve is held open by pilot pressure and the delivery from the
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pump starts going into the reservoir. When the pilot pressure is released, the spool is moved down by
the spring and the flow is directed through the valve into the circuit. The unloading valve is useful to
control the amount of flow at any given time in systems having more than one fixed delivery pump.
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C - Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve with Remote Control The symbol for each is shown in 'Figure A' for comparison. Both send flow back to the tank
pressure dictated by the current operating parameters. This method of pressure control has two key when a preset pressure is reached. However, an unloading valve reads the pressure in an external
advantages line, rather than in its own line, as indicated by the dashed pilot lines. 'Figure B' shows the application
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1. The on board pilot can be made in accessible so that if the machine operator were to for an unloading valve. This circuit can be used in an application in which high flow (speed) and low
inadvertently set the pressure of the remote too high, the pressure would never rise above
the absolute maximum setting determined by the on board pilot.
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2. The remote pilot can be located away from the circuit in a safe location that is easily
accessible to the operator. In the symbol the lines associated with the remote are dashed
because they are control pilot lines.
The pressure at which the relief valve begins to open is known as the cracking pressure. At this
pressure, the poppet just begins to lift off its seat and some of the pump flow begins to go through the
relief valve back to the tank. The rest of the flow goes to the system. The pressure at which the relief
valve is completely open is known as the full flow pressure. The difference between the cracking A - Symbol Comparison
pressure and the full flow pressure is often called the pressure over ride in manufacture’s literature.

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B - Unloading Valve Circuit

pressure (force) is required for a part of the cylinder’s stroke, while low flow and high pressure are
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required for the rest for example a metal stamping machine. In this machine it may be desirable for
the cylinder to move into position very quickly, and then slow down when it reaches the work piece.
Pressure Reducing Valve
The first part of the cycle requires only minimal pressure because the only resistance is the flow
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resistance of the components and the friction of the cylinder. The second part of the cycle requires
The below Figure compares the symbol for a relief valve and a reducing valve. The reducing valve is
high pressure because the cylinder is deforming the metal. This circuit supplies the cylinder with from
normally open, while relief valve is normally closed.
both the high flow pump and the low flow pump when the pressure is below 500 bar. When the
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pressure reaches 500 bar, the unloading valve opens and unloads the high flow pump back to tank at
low pressure. Only the low flow pump supplies the cylinder with flow at pressure from 500 bar to
1500 bar. If the pressure reaches 1500 bar, flow from the low flow pump is forced over the relief valve
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at this pressure. Check valve 1 isolates the high flow pump from the system pressure while it is being
unloaded. Check valve 2 prevents the flow the high flow pump from flowing into the low flow pump
line. This would reverse the low flow pump, which would cause damage to the power unit.
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3.8 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
This type of valve is used to maintain reduced pressure in specified locations of hydraulic Symbol Comparison
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systems. It is normally an open valve. It is actuated by down stream pressure and tends to close as this
pressure reaches the valve setting. The figure shows the construction of the valve. This valve is one The reducing valve reads the pressure down stream while the relief valve reads the pressure
which uses a spring loaded spool to control the down stream pressure. If down stream pressure is upstream. The reducing valve has an external drain line, while a relief valve does not. When a valve
below the valve pressure, fluid will flow freely from the inlet to the out let. When the outlet pressure has an external drain, a line must be connected from the valves drain port to the tank. Drain lines, like
increases the valve setting, the spool moves to partially block the outlet port. If the valve is closed pilot lines are shown as dashed lines.
completely by the spool, it could cause the down stream pressure to build above the valve setting. To
avoid this, a drain line is provided to drain the fluid to the tank.

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The sequence valve is to direct

flow in a predetermined of
sequence. The sequence valve
operates on the principle that
when system pressure over comes
the spring setting, the valve spool
moves up allowing flow to the
secondary port that is connected

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with the second operating
hydraulic cylinder.
The figure shows the symbol

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comparison of pressure relief
valve and sequence valve.
Instead of sending flow back to the tank, however, a sequence valve allows flow to a branch circuit

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Pressure Reducing Valve Application when a preset pressure is reached. The check valve allows the sequence valve to be by passed in the
reverse direction. The
The above figure shows an application for a pressure reducing valve. Here, two cylinders are component enclosure line
connected in parallel. The circuit is designed to operate at a maximum pressure of 1500 bar, which is indicates that the check is
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determined by the relief valve setting. This is the maximum pressure that cylinder will see. For a an integral part of the
reason determined by the function of the machine, cylinder 2 is limited to a maximum pressure of component. The sequence
1000 bar. This is accomplished by placing a pressure reducing valve in the circuit in the location as
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valve has an external drain
shown. line, therefore a line must
If the pressure in the circuit rises above 1000 bar, the pressure reducing valve will close be connected from the
partially to create a pressure drop across the valve. The valve then maintains the pressure drop so sequence valves drain port
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that outlet pressure is not allowed to rise above 1500 bar setting. The disadvantage of this method of to the tank.
pressure control is that the pressure drop across the reducing valve represents lost energy that is
converted to heat. If the pressure setting of the reducing valve is set very low relative to the pressure
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The below figure shows the circuit of tube bending machines uses sequence valve for clamping and
in the rest of the system, the pressure drop will be very high, resulting in excessive heating of the bending tubes in sequence. As per the required sequence first the work piece has to be clamped, then
fluid. When the hydraulic fluid becomes too hot, its viscosity reduces, causing increased component bend to required shape, bending cylinder retract and clamping cylinder retract to unclamp the work
wear.
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piece. In this circuit, the bending cylinder will extend only after the clamp cylinder is fully extended
and the clamp cylinder will retract only after the bending cylinder is fully retracted.
3.9 SEQUENCE VALVES
When the operation of two hydraulic cylinders is required to be performed in sequence by
using a single direction valve, a special valve is required for this purpose and it is known as the
sequence valve.

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more controllable situation of the cylinder driving load. This can cause damage to the load, or even to
the cylinder itself, when the load is stopped quickly at the end of its travel. This can be remedied by
placing a counter balance valve on the rod end of the cylinder as shown in below figure.

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Sequence Valve For Tube Bending Machine

Counterbalance Circuit
3.10 COUNTER BALANCE VALVES
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When the DCV is shifted to lower the weight, the cylinder will not extend until a preset
A counter balance valve is used to maintain back pressure on a vertical cylinder to prevent it from
pressure is reached in the rod end. This provides a back pressure against the rod end of the piston,
falling due to gravity.
which acts to stabilize the downward movement of the cylinder. The check valve allows the counter
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This valve operates on the principle that the line of flow from the bottom of the vertical cylinder into
balance valve to be passed when the cylinder is retracted. A counter balance valve has an internal
the valve remains closed till a pilot
drain, unlike the sequence valve, which has an external drain.
pressure is achieved. As soon as the
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pressure is developed, it over comes the
3.11 BRAKE VALVES
spring force and the line of flow finds a
Brake valves, like counter balance valves, are used to prevent loads from accelerating
free passage between primary port and
uncontrollably. Counter balance valves are used with cylinders, brake valves are used with hydraulic
secondary port. When the DCV is shifted
motors. Brake valves are most commonly used in circuits in which the motor must lower a large
to extend the cylinder, the weight may
weight, such as in a winch application. A simple winch circuit is shown in Figure.
cause the cylinder to accelerate too
When the weight is lowered, it may tend to drive the motor, instead of the motor lowering the
quickly. When this occurs, the load is
weight. This is known as an over running load. In this situation, the load will probably accelerate too
driving the cylinder, as apposed to the
quickly. The motor is being driven by the load and is basically acting as a pump. When this occurs, the

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pressure at the outlet will be higher than the pressure at the inlet. The brake valve senses the 1. Needle flow control valve
pressure in both the inlet and outlet lines of the motor, just as it is with a pump. 2. Pressure compensated flow control valve
3.12.1 NEEDLE VALVE
The simplest type of flow control valve is needle valve as shown in Figure.

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Needle Valve
This valve is basically just an adjustable orifice than can be closed to reduce the flow rate in a
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circuit. The orifice size is adjustment by turning the adjustment knob, which raises or lowers the valve
stem and needle. The first figure shows the valve fully open, allowing nearly unrestricted flow. The
valve is partially closed and is restricting the flow in the next figure. In the last figure, the valve is
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completely closed and is therefore allowing no flow. The symbol for a needle valve is shown in D.
Needle valves are often used as manual shut-off in applications that require good metering
Brake Valve In Winch Application characteristics. In most fluid applications, a needle valve with an integral check valve is used to
Whenever the pressure at the outlet is lower than the pressure at the inlet, the motor is functioning
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control the flow rate as shown in below Figure. Part A shows the flow going through the valve from A
normally and the brake valve allows nearly unrestricted flow out of the motor. When the pressure at to B. In this direction, it cannot go through the check and must therefore go through the restriction. In
the outlet is higher than at the inlet, however, the brake valve closes partially to provide enough of a part B, the flow is coming from the opposite direction B to A and can pass through the check valve.
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back pressure on the outlet of the motor to keep the load in control. The check valve allows the valve The flow is virtually unrestricted in this direction. This flow control valve therefore only controls the
to be by passed when the weight is being raised. flow rate from A to B. From B to A, the flow is uncontrolled because the restriction is by passed
3.12 FLOW CONTROL VALVES through the check.
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Flow control valves control the flow rate of fluid in a circuit. They accomplish this by
incorporating a variable orifice into the circuit that acts like a faucet; closing the flow control valve
orifice reduces the flow rate and opening the orifice increases the flow rate. The speed of an actuator
depends directly upon the flow rate in the system. Controlling the flow rate therefore allows us to
control the speed of actuators. A variable displacement pump’s flow output can be varied, even while
it is being driven at a constant speed. This will also control the actuator’s speed. In spite of this, flow
control valves are commonly used because they are much less expensive and easier to control than
variable pumps.
Types
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This type of flow control valves automatically adjusts the size of the orifice in response to changes in
system pressure. It accomplishes this through the use of a spring loaded compensator spool that
reduces the size of the orifice when the upstream pressure increases relative to the downstream
pressure. Once the valve is set, the pressure compensator will act to keep the pressure drop across the
valve nearly constant. This in turn keeps the flow rate through the valve nearly constant. This valve
consists primarily of a main spool and a compensator spool. The adjustment knob controls the main
spool’s position, which controls the orifice size at the outlet. The pressure upstream of (before) the
main spool is ported to the left side of the compensator spool through pilot line A. Pressure

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downstream of (after) the main spool is ported to the right side of the compensator spool through
pilot line B. The compensator spring bases the compensator spool to the fully open position. If the
pressure upstream of the main spool increases too much relative to the downstream pressure (ie the

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pressure drop becomes too high), the compensator spool will move to the right against the force of
the spring. Thos acts to keep the pressure drop across the main spool and consequently the flow rate
nearly constant.
Needle Valve with Integral Check Valve
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3.13 METER-IN FLOW CONTROL
3.12.2 PRESSURE COMPENSATED FLOW CONTROL VALVE
A cylinder with meter-in flow control of the extend stroke is shown is below Figure.
The flow control valves blocks the flow in term there is a pressure drop across the valve. This
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pressure drop affects the motion of the actuators and also increases the temperature of the fluid. To
eliminate the above problems pressure compensated flow control valve is designed as shown in
below Figure .
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Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve

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When the cylinder is extending, the flow coming from the pump cannot pass through the check 3.15 BLEED-OFF CONTROL VALVE
valve and is forced to go through the metering orifice (part A). When the cylinder is retracting, the In addition to meter-in and meter-out flow control, there is a less commonly used flow control
needle valve is being by passed through the check (part B). The net result is that the flow control valve configuration known as bleed-off.
is controlling the extend speed, while the retract speed of the cylinder is uncontrolled. It is common to
control only the working stroke of a cylinder, while allowing the return stroke move at full speed.

3.14 METER-OUT FLOW CONTROL

The Figure shows a cylinder with meter-out flow control of the extend stroke.

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Cylinders with Bleed- Off Control
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In this type of flow control, an additional line is run through a flow control back to the tank. To
slow down the actuator, some of the flow is bled off through this line, thereby reducing the flow to the
actuator 'Figure A' shows bleed off control of the extend stroke, 'Figure B' shows control of the retract
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stroke. Note that the operation of a bleed-off flow control valve is opposite to a meter-in or meter-out
flow control valve. Opening a bleed-off flow control valve slows down an actuator, while opening a
meter-in or meter-out flow control valve increases actuator speed.
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3.16 FLOW DIVIDER
Flow dividers divide the flow from a pump into two or more streams of equal flow rates. They
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maintain equal flow rates in the branch circuits even if the pressures in the branches are not equal.
Without flow divider, the flow from the pump would follow the path of least resistance.
There are two commonly used flow divider designs balanced spool and rotary. The Figure
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shows a simplified cut away of a balanced spool flow divider. The spool is free to slide back and forth
in the housing and will naturally assume a position so that the pressure on either side of the spool will
Cylinders with Meter-Out Flow Control be equal. The spool is therefore pressure balanced. For example if the pressure at outlet 1 was greater
The flow control valve in this circuit is placed in the rod end line. When the cylinder is than the pressure at outlet 2, the spool would slide to the right to partially cover outlet 2.
extending, the flow coming from the cylinder cannot pass through the check and is forced to go By partially restricting the more lightly loaded outlet, the flow divider adds more resistance to this
through the metering orifice (part A). When the cylinder is retracting, the metering orifice is being by path. This acts to equalize the resistance of each path.
passed through the check (part B). The net result is the same as with the previous circuit. The extend
speed is controlled, while the retract speed is uncontrolled. However, in this circuit we control the
flow rate act of the cylinder, while in the previous circuit we controlled the flow rate into the cylinder.
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Balanced Spool Flow Divider
Outlet 1 Outlet 2

The rotary flow divider is basically two gear pumps are in one housing Weight Loaded Accumulator
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whose inlets are joined together as shown in Figure. When hydraulic fluid is pumped into this accumulator, the weight is raised. The weight then
applies a force to the piston, which generates a pressure on the fluid side of the piston. The advantage
of this type of accumulator over all of the other, it applies a constant pressure on the fluid throughout
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Their shafts are also coupled together so that they must turn at the its entire range of motion. The disadvantage is that a very large weight must be used to generate

same speed. Because they are forced to turn at the same speed, they will enough pressure. Because of that this type is seldom used.

supply equal flow to their outlets when placed in a pump line.

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3.17.2 SPRING LOADED ACCUMULATOR
A spring loaded accumulator stores energy in the form of a compressed spring as shown in
figure.
3.17 ACCUMULATORS
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Accumulators are devices that store hydraulic fluid under pressure. Storing hydraulic fluid
under pressure is a way of storing energy for later use. Perhaps the most common application for an
accumulator is supplementing the pump flow in a hydraulic system in which a high flow rate is
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required for a brief period of time.
Types;
1. Weight loaded accumulator
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2. Spring loaded accumulator
3. Gas charged accumulator
4. Piston type
5. Bladder type
6. Diaphragm type
Spring Loaded Accumulator
3.17.1 WEIGHT LOADED ACCUMULATOR Hydraulic fluid is pumped into the accumulator, causing the piston to move up and compress the
It is basically a vertically mounted cylinder with a large weight as show in Figure. spring. The spring then applies a force on the piston that exerts a pressure on the hydraulic fluid. The

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pressure is constantly decreasing as hydraulic fluid is drawn out because the spring decompresses port cover is a small piece of metal that protects the bladder from damage as it expands and contacts
and therefore exerts less force on the piston. This type is not commonly used in hydraulic circuit the hydraulic fluid port.
because a large spring must be used to generate enough pressure.

3.17.3 PISTON TYPE ACCUMULATOR

The basic construction of a piston type, gas charged accumulator is shown in Figure.
Its operation begins when the gas chamber is filled with a gas to some predetermined pressure called
the pre-charge, which causes the free-sliding piston to move down. Once the accumulator is pre-

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charged, hydraulic fluid can be pumped into the hydraulic fluid port.

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Bladder Type Accumulators
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3.17.5 DIAPHRAGM ACCUMULATOR
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As the hydraulic fluid enters the accumulator, it causes the piston to slide up, thereby compressing the
gas. Compressing the gas increases its pressure, and this pressure is then applied to the hydraulic
fluid through the piston. Because the piston is free sliding, the pressure on the gas and the hydraulic
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fluid is always equal. Whenever the pressure in the system drops below the pressure in the
accumulator, fluid will flow out of the accumulator and into the system. As the hydraulic fluid flows
out of the accumulator, the gas decompresses and loses pressure, which in turn causes the pressure
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on the hydraulic fluid to be reduced. The gas used to pre-charge accumulator is usually nitrogen
because it is an inert gas and does not support combustion.
Diaphragm Accumulators
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3.17.4 BLADDER TYPE ACCUMULATOR
The basic construction of a bladder type accumulator is shown in Figure. These The vessel is separated into two components by a flexible diaphragm. One compartment is

accumulator functions in the same way as a piston accumulator, storing energy in the form of a connected to the hydraulic system and the other to the high pressure gas system. Thus the diaphragm

compressed gas. However, instead of the gas and hydraulic fluid being separated by a piston, they are serves as an elastic barrier between the oil and the gas. When the oil is delivered into the accumulator,

separated by a synthetic rubber bladder. The bladder is filled with nitrogen until the desired pre- it deforms the diaphragm. The gas is compressed when the charged oil pushes the diaphragm against

charge pressure is achieved. Hydraulic fluid is then pumped into the accumulator, thereby it. This gas pressure is used as the potential energy to force the oil out when it is required in the

compressing the gas and increasing the pressure in the accumulator, just as with the piston type. The circuit. The advantage of bladder and diaphragm accumulators over the piston type is that they have
no sliding surface that requires lubrication and can therefore be used with fluids with poor lubricating

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qualities. They are also less sensitive to contamination due to lack of any close fitting sliding work piece on the press and shifts handle of the 4/2 DC valve. Now the oil flows to blank end of
components. cylinder and piston extends. The pressure builds up and oil fills the accumulator. When maximum
pressure is reached, the pressure switch stops the pump motor. In these applications, the cylinder and
3.17.6 NON-SEPARATED TYPE ACCUMULATOR piston arrangement is required to press the work piece for a longer period of time. During this period,

It consists of a fully enclosed shell containing a gas charging valve on the top and an oil port on the internal and external leakage may reduce the cylinder pressure. The leakage oil is replaced with
the oil from the accumulator. This leakage replacement of oil is carried for a longer period of time. The
the bottom. The confines at the top and oil remain at the bottom and there is no physical separator
maximum length of time is determined by the volume of the accumulator and the rate of leakage in
between them. Since the gas has direct contact with the oil, this type is termed as non separator type
the cylinder. When the pressing cycle has been completed, the operator shifts the handle of the 4/2
accumulator. Due to the absence of separator, the gas is absorbed and also entrapped in the oil. This
DC valve to original position. Thus a cycle is completed.

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accumulator type is not preferred for use with high speed pumps because the entrapped gas in the oil
may cause cavitations and damage to the pump. The problems of aeration of the oil often limit their
3.18.2 ACCUMULATOR AS AUXILIARY POWER SOURCE
use in hydraulic system.

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As we know, the electric motor or pump motor is a primary power source. In this application,
the accumulator stores the oil during one portion of the work cycle and releases the oil during the
3.18 APPLICATIONS OF ACCUMULATORS
remaining cycle. Thus accumulator serves as a secondary power source. Figure shows the circuit
Accumulators are used as
using accumulator as a secondary power source. After placing the work piece on slide table and shifts
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1. Leakage compensator
handle of 4/2 DC valve. Now oil flows from the accumulator to blank end of slide cylinder. This
2. Auxiliary power source
extends the piston until slide table reaches end of stroke. When the cylinder is in the fully extended
3. Emergency power source
position, the accumulator is charged with the oil by the pump. Then the operator shifts the handle of
4. Hydraulic shock absorber
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5. Fluid make-up device 4/2 DC valve for the retraction of the cylinder. Now the oil flows from the pump as well as from the

3.18.1 ACCUMULATOR AS LEAKAGE COMPENSATOR accumulator to retract the cylinder quickly.

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The stored energy of the accumulator can be used to compensate any possible loss of energy
due to internal or external leakage in a system. This application is extremely helpful in circuits, such
as are used for hydraulic presses, which require high pressure for long periods. First operator places
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3.18.3 ACCUMULATOR AS EMERGENCY POWER SOURCE

In some hydraulic applications, it is necessary to retract the pistons of cylinder to their
starting position; even there may be an electrical power failure. In such applications, the accumulator
can be used as an emergency power source to retract the piston of the cylinder.

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Accumulators as a Hydraulic Shock Absorber
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The accumulator installed near the shut-off point in order to be more effective in quickly absorbing
the shock wave. When the system demands to shut-off the supply suddenly, a 2/2 shut-off valve is
used for the purpose. When operator shifts handle of the 2/2 emergency shut-off valve, the fluid flow
Accumulators as Emergency Power Source
is stopped suddenly. This results in high-pressure pulsations or hydraulic shock. The pressure
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pulsation is blocked by check valve. The surges between the check valve and the shut-off valve are
When operator depresses push button energizing solenoid of the 3/2 DCV, oil flows to blank end of
used to store the oil in accumulator and thus the pressure pulsations of the oil in the pipe line are
cylinder. At the same time, the oil also unseats check valve. So the oil under pressure flow to rod end
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absorbed.
of cylinder and into the accumulator. When there is a power failure, the solenoid will de-energize. In
the absence of solenoid energy, the spring pressure forces the valve to shift to its spring offset mode.
Now the oil stored under pressure is forced from the accumulator to the rod end of the cylinder. Thus
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3.19 INTENSIFIER
the piston of the cylinder retracts to the starting position.
Pressure intensifier or boosters are devices used to generate pressure greater than
those achievable with standard hydraulic pumps alone. They take the inlet flow from the pump and
3.18.4 ACCUMULATOR AS HYDRAULIC SHOCK ABSORBER
intensify the pressure. A simplified cut way of an intensifier is shown in Figure.
In many high pressure hydraulic systems, the sudden stoppage of a hydraulic fluid flowing at
high velocity in pipelines can cause considerable damage to the piping. This hydraulic shock, also
known as water hammer, may snap heavy pipes, loosen fittings and cause leaks. By installing an
accumulator, this high pressure pulsations or hydraulic shocks can be absorbed. Figure shows the
circuit employing accumulator for serving as a hydraulic shock absorber.

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Pressure Intensifier Circuit
Single Acting Intensifiers

When the 4/2 DCV is shifted to the left side position, the oil flows to the rod end of the cylinder. When
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The intensifier is shown on the forward stroke. In this situation, the pump flow (Q pump) is fed into it builds-up the pressure, the pilot signal opens the check valve. Thus the cylinder is retracted to the
port A of the intensifier, which applies a pressure (P pump) to the piston, causing it to more right. This starting position.
in turn generates a force that is applied to the rod. The force on the rod then creates pressure and
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flow at the outlet to the system. When the four way directional control valve is shifted to the opposite 3.20 AIR-OVER-OIL INTENSIFIER CIRCUIT
position, the pump flow is sent to port B of the intensifier, causing the piston to move left. This causes In some applications, the hydraulics and pneumatics circuits are coupled to best use of the
fluid to be drawn into the rod chamber which completes one cycle. The Figure shows the usage of advantage of both oil and air mediums. This combination circuit is also known as hydro-pneumatic or
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intensifier in the punching machine. After placing the work piece in the fixture and shifts handle of dual pressure systems. Figure shows a typical air-over-oil intensifier. This circuit can be used for
4/2 DCV to the right side, the oil flows to the blank end of the cylinder through the check valve. When drawing a cylinder over a large distance at a low pressure and then over a small distance at high
the pressure in the cylinder reaches the sequence valve pressure setting, the sequence valve opens pressure. This circuit consists of two lines- air lines and oil lines. In the circuit the air lines are shown
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and supplies the flow to the intensifier. Now the intensifier starts to operate and gives high pressure by single lines and oil lines by double lines. When the first 4/2 DCV valve1 is shifted to left mode, the
output. This high pressure output of the intensifier closes the pilot check valve and pressurizes the air from the reservoir flows to the approach tank. In the approach tank, the air forces the oil to the
blank end of the cylinder to perform the punching operation. blind end of the cylinder through the bottom of the intensifier, as shown by double lines. Now the
cylinder extends. When the cylinder experiences its load, the second 4/2 valve2 is actuated to the left
mode. This valve position sends air to the top end of the intensifier. Now the intensifier moves down,
and the piston of the intensifier blocks the path of oil from the approach tank. Now the cylinder
receives high pressure oil at the blind end to perform the useful work such as punching operation.

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speed of extension in the regenerative circuit is greater than that for a regular double acting cylinder.
But the speed of retraction is similar to the regular double acting cylinder. This is because oil flow
from the rod end regenerates with the pump flow to provide a total flow rate, which is greater than
the pump flow rate to the blank end of the cylinder.

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Air-Over-Oil Intensifier Circuit
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When the valve2 is released, the air flow from the reservoir is blocked. The air from the top
end of the intensifier is vented to the atmosphere. This completes the high pressure portion of the
cycle. When valve1 is released, the air flow is diverted to return tank and also the air in the approach
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tank is vented. The diverted air flow pushes the oil to the rod end of the cylinder. This causes the
Regenerative Circuit
cylinder to retract. The oil from the piston end of the cylinder is diverted back to the approach tank
through the bottom end of the intensifier. This completes the entire cycle of operation.
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3.21.2 AUTOMATIC CYLINDER RECIPROCATING SYSTEM
The sequence valves can also be used to produce continuous reciprocation of a hydraulic
3.21 INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC CIRCUITS
cylinder. Figure shows a circuit that automatic reciprocation of the hydraulic cylinder. This can be
3.21.1 REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT
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achieved by using two sequence valves and a pilot pressure operated spring-centered 4/3 DCV. When
It is used to speed up the extending speed of the double acting cylinder. Figure shows a
the 4/3 DCV is shifted to the flow path configuration, oil flows from the pump to the rod end of the
regenerative circuit that can be used to speed up the extending speed of the double acting cylinder.
cylinder. This pump flow retracts the cylinder. The check valve1 prevents shifting of the 4/3 DCV until
This circuit uses a manually operated, three position, four way DCV and a double acting cylinder. It
the full retraction stroke completes. As the piston reaches its end of stroke, the pressure builds up in
should be noted in this circuit that the pipelines to the cylinder are connected in parallel and one of
the sequence valve1 and it opens. This allows the pilot pressure signal to shift the DCV to the right
the ports of the DCV is blocked. When the 4/3 DCV is shifted to the left mode, the oil flows from the
mode. When the pilot signal shifts the 4/3 DCV to the right mode, the oil flows to the blank end of the
pump to the blank end of the cylinder. This pump flow extends the cylinder. When the 4/3 DCV is
cylinder. This pump flow extends the cylinder. The check valve 2 prevents shifting of the DCV until the
shifted to the right mode, the oil from the pump bypasses the DCV and enters into the rod end of the
full extension stroke completes. As the piston reaches its end of stroke, the pressure builds up in the
cylinder. Oil in the blank end drains back to the tank through the DCV as the cylinder retracts. The

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sequence valve2 and it opens. This allows the pilot pressure signal to shift the DCV to the left mode DCV is shifted to the right mode, oil flows from the pump to the rod end of cylinder2 and thus the
again. Thus the sequence repeats and the cylinder reciprocates continuously. cylinder2 retracts. As the same time, oil from the blank end of cylinder2 is forced to the rod end of
cylinder1 and thus the cylinder1 also retracts.

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Synchronizing Hydraulic Cylinders

Now the oil returns to the tank from the blank end of cylinder1 through DCV. Thus both extension and
Ci

Ci
Automatic Cylinder Reciprocating System
retraction operations of both cylinders are synchronized by connecting them is series. But for the two
cylinders to be synchronized, the piston area of cylinder2 should be equal to the difference between
3.21.3 SYNCHRONIZING HYDRAULIC CYLINDERS
the areas of the piston and rod for cylinder1.
w.

w.
There are many industrial applications require nearly perfect synchronization of movement of
two or more cylinders in order to complete some phase of operation. To accomplish the identical task
3.21.4 FAIL-SAFE CIRCUIT
from the cylinders at the same rate, synchronizing circuits are employed. This is achieved by using
Fail-safe circuit is designed to safeguard the operator, the machine and work piece. These
ww

ww
double-end cylinders in series, by using mechanically linked pistons, by using hydraulic motors as
circuits prevent any possible injury to the operator or damage to the machine and the work piece. One
metering devices and by using flow control valves. Figure shows a circuit to synchronize two
such fail safe circuit is explained below. It is also called as two handed safety circuit. Figure shows the
cylinders by connecting them in series. This circuit uses a solenoid-operated, spring-offset 4/3 DCV
two handed safety control circuit. This circuit uses a pilot-operated spring-offset 4/3 DCV and two
and two double acting cylinders. When the 4/3 DCV is shifted to the left envelope flow path
push buttons. When the 4/3 DCV valve is in its centre position, the oil flows is diverted back to tank
configuration, oil flows from the pump to the blank end of cylinder1 and thus the cylinder1 extends.
through the pressure relief valve. Therefore the cylinder is hydraulically locked. When operator
At the same time, oil from the rod end of cylinder1 is forced to the blank end of cylinder2 and thus the
pushes down both left and right push buttons, the oil flows in through port R of pilot valve1 and out
cylinder2 also extends. Now the oil returns to the tank from the rod end of the cylinder2 through DCV.
through ports, then through port V of pilot valve 2 and out port U. but check valve Z stops flow. At the
Once full extension of cylinder1 and 2 are over the DCV is shifted to the right mode. When the 4/3
same time, the oil also flows to pilot connection A of 4/3 DCV causing the DCV to shift to its left mode.

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 77 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 78 of 79

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PEC / DoME /IV Year- Mech.Engg. / VI Sem / ME 6021- Hydraulics and Pneumatics

When the cylinder and thus the cylinder extends. Thus extension of cylinder takes place only when
the operator depresses both the push buttons. When the operator pushes the right button only, oil
flows in through port R to port S of pilot valve1, then through port V to port N of pilot valve2. Thus the
oil is drained to the tank through the pilot valve2. This allow the 4/3 DCV to return to neutral
position, thus the cylinder is hydraulically locked. When the operator pushes the left push button only,
oil flows in port R of pilot valve1 and out port T, then unseats ball in check valve Z, then on to port U of
pilot valve2, and out port V. Oil follows the path of least resistance so it passes in port S of pilot valve1,
out port M and into sump. It does not build up enough pressure to keep pilot pressure on pilot

m
connection A so 4/3 DCV shifts back to neutral position, thus the cylinder is hydraulically locked.
When the operator releases both left and right push buttons, oil flows in port R of pilot valve1 and out
port T, then through check valve Z and into port U of pilot valve2. Now the oil flows out port W into

.co
pilot connection B of 4/3 DCV shifting its position to right mode. When the 4/3 DCV is shifted to its
right mode, the oil from the pump flows into the rod end of the cylinder and hence the cylinder
retracts. Thus the retraction of cylinder takes place only when the operator releases both the push
buttons. tas
da
vil
Ci
w.
ww

Two Handed Safety Control Circuit

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 79 of 79

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Hydraulics and Pneumatics - Notes

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TYPES OF FLUID SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS OF FLUID POWER:

2. Multiplication of small forces to achieve greater forces for performing work

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COMPARISON BETWEEN HYDRAULIC, PNEUMATIC AND ELECTRO MECHANICAL POWER

PNEUMATIC POWER SYSTEM: Hydraulic System Pneumatic System Electro-Mechanical System

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Limited force can be Large force can be realized but

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9. Neutralization Number: The neutralization number is a measure of the acidity or

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PASCAL’S LAW : UNIT II

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Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 13 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 14 of 79

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 15 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 16 of 79

Advantages Disadvantages Advantages: Disadvantages:

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 17 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 18 of 79

Pressure Compensated Variable Delivery Pump:

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 19 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 20 of 79

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 21 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 22 of 79

Important Formulas: HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

QT = DANY tan  Plate bore.

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 23 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 24 of 79

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 25 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 26 of 79

Velocity equations: TANDEM CYLINDER:

D 2 because flow must go to both pistons.

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 27 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 28 of 79

HYDRAULIC MOTORS: VANE MOTORS:

ww Swash Plate Type

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 31 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 32 of 79

Single Vane Semi Rotary Actuators

LEVER ARM SEMI ROTARY ACTUATOR:

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 35 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 36 of 79

3.4.1 CHECK VALVES 3.4.2 PILOT OPERATED CHECK VALVE

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 39 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 40 of 79

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Four way, Three position DCV

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 45 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 46 of 79

3.4.6 SHUTTLE VALVES Foot pedal actuation, which could be used in

3.4.7 DIRECTIONAL CONTROL VALVE ACTUATION

more prevalent in industrial applications. The basic types are

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 49 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 50 of 79

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The sequence valve is to direct

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Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 57 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 58 of 79

Pressure Compensated Flow Control Valve

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 61 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 62 of 79

3.14 METER-OUT FLOW CONTROL

supply equal flow to their outlets when placed in a pump line.

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 65 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 66 of 79

3.17.3 PISTON TYPE ACCUMULATOR

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 67 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 68 of 79

3.18.1 ACCUMULATOR AS LEAKAGE COMPENSATOR accumulator to retract the cylinder quickly.

3.18.3 ACCUMULATOR AS EMERGENCY POWER SOURCE

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 71 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 72 of 79

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 73 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 74 of 79

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 75 of 79 Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 76 of 79

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Two Handed Safety Control Circuit

Co mp il e d b y D r. M. Pu vi y ar a s an , F acu l t y i n M ech a ni cal En gi n ee r in g Page 79 of 79

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