DistrictAdministration,ZillaPanchyatDharwad

DDPI Office, Department of School Education,Dharwad

Subject:Science
StudentfriendlyStudyResourceMaterial for
the Succes in S.S.L.C. Examination

Coordination
DDPI (Admin) and (Development), Education Officers,
DistrictPlanningandDeputyCoordinatingOfficer,BEOs,Subject
Inspectors and Science Subject Forum.
 DistrictAdministration Dharwad
SchoolEducationandLiteracyDepartmentDharwad

Vignan-VidyaVishwas

SSLCSTUDENTPASSINGPACKAGE

Conceptualizedby Smt.DivyaprabhuG.R.J,
HonorableDistrict Commissioner,Dharwad
Guidanceby Shri.S.S.Keladimath DDP(Admin)
DepartmentofSchoolEducationandLiteracy,Dharwad
Advisors Shri.Umesh Y.Bammakanavar,
BlockEducationOfficer, HubliRural
Encouragementby Smt.Dr.RenukaAmalzari,AssistantDirector,
DepartmentofSchoolEducationandLiteracy,Dharwad
Smt.Dr.GirijaLamani ScienceSubjectInspector,

ResourceCreationTeam

Shri.SanjeevkumarBhooshetti,GovernmentHighSchool,Kusugal
Shri. Keshav S. Londe, Government High School, Kuruvinkoppa
Smt. Rajashree Beedi, Government High School, Kurudikeri
Smt.SavitaShegavi,PresentationGirlsHighSchoolDharwad.
 GovernmentofKarnataka

Smt. Divyaprabhu G.R.J.IAS DistrictAdministrationDharwad

Honorable Deputy Commissioner and
District Magistrate, Dharwad District
Dharwad.
DearStudents,
IhopeyoureadthismessagewithattentionandfacetheSSLCexaminationwithconfidence,
achieving excellent results.
TheeducationalexpertsofDharwaddistricthavecometogetherandinitiatedaprogram
called“Mission Vidyakashi,”whichaims atimproving theexaminationresults and preparing
allSSLCstudentstoachievetheirdesiredgoals.Eachofyouhasthepotential,capability,and dreams
to achieve success, and the supportive environment will help you realize them. The SSLC
examination is a significant milestone for fulfilling your dreams and achieving your future
goals. To score well in this examination, consistent study is essential.
Youmight often wonder,“How shouldour daily study routine be structured?” To answer
this,MahatmaGandhioncesaid,“Wemustthinkaboutwhatweread,analyzeit,andmake
itanintegralpartofourdailylife.”Keepingthisthoughtinmind,understandandmemorize what
your teachers teach you daily and reinforce it through regular revision.
Thiseffortwillhelpshapethesuccessofyourfutureendeavors.Theeducationdepartment, with
the support of teachers, has prepared additional learning materials that are easy to
understandforallstudentsappearingfortheSSLCexamination.Studentsshouldmakegood use of
these resources to achieve excellent results.
Withthisinmind,wehopethatthedistrict ofDharwadwillachieve100%successatthe state
level as well.
Wishingyouallthebestforyourfutureendeavors!

Smt.DivyaprabhuG.R.J.
DistrictCommissionerandDistrictMagistrate,
Dharwad District, Dharwad
 .
GovernmentofKarnataka
DistrictAdministration,ZillaPanchayat,andDepartmentofschoolEducationDharwad"

"Preface"
A school aims to provide quality education to shape the future effectively. The school, with its
variousinitiatives,focusesonnurturingtheuniquequalitiesofeachchildandadaptingteaching
methods according to their needs to achieve excellence in education. Students' academic
performance is evaluated through exams.
TheSSLCexamisasignificantmilestoneinastudent'slife.Itisessentialforeverystudenttosucceed in this
examination. With the goal of helping all students achieve excellent marks and excel in their future
educational endeavors, teachers have prepared supplementary materials for all subjects to
supportstudents.Thesematerialsareexpectedtobehighlybeneficialinpreparingfortheupcoming exams.
Considering the individual learning pace of each student, teachers have structured these
supplementarymaterialsasamodel,guidingthemtoachieveexcellentresults.Itishopedthat
studentswillmakethebestuseoftheseresources,facetheexamswithconfidence,andachieve
success.

S.SKeladimath DDPI
( Admin)
"Physics"
"Therearecurrently4chaptersinPhysics,withquestionstotaling28marks. This
study guide is designed to help you easily score at least more than 15
marks.

Chapters:

1. Electricity
2. MagneticEffectsofElectricCurrent
3. Light,Reflection,andRefraction
4. TheHumanEyeandtheColorfulWorld
Chapter 1 – Electricity

"Four multiple-choice answers are provided for the following questions or

incompletestatements.Choosethecorrectanswerfromthemandwritethe
complete answer along with the corresponding option letter."
1. Themetalusedinelectricbulbs.
A) Manganese
B) Tungsten
C) Nickel
D) Chromium
Answer:B)Tungsten
2. Thedeviceusedtochangetheresistanceinanelectriccircuit:
a) Voltmeter
b) Ammeter
c) Galvanometer
d) Rheostat
Answer:d)Rheostat
3. Thedeviceusedtogenerateelectricity:
a) Galvanometer
b) Generator
c) Ammeter
d) Electric Motor
Answer:b)Generator

4. Thecorrectformulashowingtherelationshipbetweenpotentialdifference,
electric current, and resistance in an electric circuit:
a) I=R/V
b) I=VR
c) V=I/R
d) R=V/I
Answer:c)V= I/R
"Answerthefollowingquestionsinonesentence.(1markquestions)"
1. Whatistheinternationalunitofpotentialdifference?
Answer: Volt
2. Namethedeviceusedtomeasureelectriccurrent.
Answer: Ammeter
3. Defineelectricpotentialdifference.
Answer:Theelectricpotentialdifferenceistheamountofworkneededto
move a unit charge from one point to another in an electric circuit.
4. Howisanammeterconnectedinanelectriccircuit?
Answer: It is connected in series.
5. Howisavoltmeterconnectedinacircuit?
Answer: It is connected in parallel
6. Whatisaresistor?
Answer:Aconductorwithsignificantresistanceiscalledaresistor.
7. Whatistheinternationalunitofresistivity?
 Answer:Ohm-meter
8. Whyarealloysusedinheatingappliances?
Answer:Alloyshavehighresistivityanddonotburnoutathigh temperatures,
which is why theyare usedinheating appliances.

9. What are some devices that operate under the principle of heating effect?
Answer:Ironbox,electricoven,electricheater,electrickettle,hairdryer,etc.

10. Whatisthepracticalunitofelectricalenergy?
Answer: Kilowatt-hour

Answerthefollowingquestionsin2-3sentences2marks
1. StateOhm'sLaw.
Answer:Ataconstanttemperature,thepotentialdifference \(V\)acrossa
conductorisdirectlyproportionaltothecurrent\(I\)flowingthroughit.The
relationship is given by \( V = IR \).
2. Whatfactorsdoestheresistanceofaconductordependon?
Answer: The resistance of a conductor depends on 1) the length of the
conductor,2)thecross-sectionalareaoftheconductor,and3)thematerial's
inherent properties.
3. StateJoule'sLawofHeating.
Answer:Theheatproducedinaresistoris:
1) Directlyproportionaltothesquareoftheelectriccurrentpassingthroughit.
2) Directlyproportionaltotheresistanceoftheconductor.
3) Directlyproportionaltothetimeforwhichtheelectriccurrentflows
through the conductor.
TheformulaisH=I2Rt

4. Whatisafuse?Whatisitsfunction?
 Answer:Afuse isawire madeofametaloralloywitha suitable melting point.
It protects electrical devices by preventing excessive current from
flowingthroughthecircuit,meltingwhenthecurrentexceedsasafelevel.
5. Howdoesafusework?
Answer: When an electric current higher than the specified limit flows
throughthecircuit,thetemperatureofthefusewireincreases.Asaresult,the fuse
wire melts, breaking the circuit. This protects the electrical appliances in the
house from damage.
6. Whatiselectricpower?Whatisitsinternationalunit?
Answer:Electricpoweristherateatwhichelectricalenergyisconsumedor used.
Its international unit is the watt.

7. "Drawadiagramofasimpleelectriccircuit."

8. "Drawadiagramofresistorsconnectedinparallel,andlabeltheammeter,
voltmeter, and switch."

9. Drawadiagramofresistorsconnectedinseries,andlabelthecomponents."
10. Arefrigeratorwithapowerratingof400Wisusedfor8hoursaday.Ifthe cost
per 1 kWh is ₹3, what is the total energy cost for 30 days?
Answer:
Totalenergyconsumedbytherefrigeratorin30days:
At₹3perkWh,thetotalcostfor30days:
"400W*8hours*30days=96,000Wh=96kWh""But for 1
kWh, it is ₹3 for 30 days."
"Totalenergyusedbytherefrigerator=96kWh*₹3perkWh=₹288.00"

"Chapter2-TheMagneticEffectsofElectricCurrent"
"For the following questions or incomplete statements, four alternative
answersareprovided.Choosetheappropriateanswerfromthemandwritethe
complete answer with the corresponding letter."
1. InFleming'sLeft-HandRule,thedirectionindicatedbythemiddlefingeris:
a) Magnetic Field
b) ElectricCurrent
c) MovementoftheConductor
d) InducedElectricCurrent
Answer: Electric Current
2. Aconductorwirewoundintheformofacoiliscalled:
a) Coil
b) Solenoid
c) Commutator
d) Dynamo
Answer:Coil
3. Themagneticfieldinsidealongstraightsolenoidwithanelectriccurrent:
a) Isuniformatallpoints
b) Iszero
c) Decreasesasyoumovetowardstheends
d) Increasesasyoumovetowardstheends
Answer: Is uniform at all points

4. Themagneticfieldlinesinsideasolenoidareparallelstraightlinesbecause the
magnetic field inside a solenoid:
a) Isverystrong
b) Isuniform
c) Iszero
d) Containselectriccurrent
Answer: Is uniform

5. InFleming'sRight-HandRule,ifthethumbindicatesthedirectionofthe
electric current, the remaining fingers show the direction of:
a) InducedElectricCurrent
b) MagneticField
c) MovementoftheConductor
d) Mechanical Force
Answer:MagneticField

"Answerthefollowingquestionsinasinglesentence.(1markquestions)"
1. Magneticfieldlinesdonotintersecteachother.Why?
 Answer:Atthepointofintersection,thecompassneedlewouldhavetopointin two
directions simultaneously, which is impossible, so magnetic field lines do not
intersect each other.
2. Whatismeantby"overload"?
Answer:Overload refers to connecting multiple devices to anelectriccurrent
beyond the capacity of the conductor.
3. Mention two measures topreventoverloadin ahouseholdelectrical system.
Answer:1)Donotconnectmultipleappliancestoasingleoutlet(socket).
2)Ensurethatliveandneutralwiresdonotcomeintodirectcontact.

4. Whatcausesanoverloadinanelectrical system?

Answer:Overloadcanbecausedbyasuddenincreaseinvoltage,
connecting multipleappliances toa singleoutlet (socket),anddirectcontactbetween live
andneutralwires.

5. Howshouldhouseholdelectricalappliancesbeconnected?
Answer:Householdelectricalappliancesshouldbeconnectedinparallel,which helps in
saving electricity.

Answerthefollowingquestionsin2-3sentences.(2markquestions)."
1. Drawadiagramshowingconcentriccircularlinesofmagneticforcearounda

straightcurrent-carryingconductor.
2. Whatarethefunctionsofanearthwire?
Answer:Theearthwireis usedforthesafetyof electricalapplianceswithmetallic
surfacesinresidentialandcommercialelectricalsystems.Itchannelsexcesscharge
flowingthroughthesystemsafelytotheground,therebyneutralizingit.

3. Whyisitnecessarytoearthelectricalapplianceswithmetallicsurfacesinhousehold electrical
systems?

Answer:Itreducesresistance,ensuresthatanyelectricleakageintheappliancesis
equalizedwiththeearthpotential,andprovidesprotectionfromelectricshocks.

4. Howdoyouidentifythemagneticfieldlinesaroundabarmagnet?

Answer: Place a bar magnet and a compass on a sheet of white paper. Starting
fromanypoint,movethecompasstodifferentpositions,markingthedirection
withapencil.Connectingallthesepointswillrevealthemagneticfieldlines.

5. Writethecharacteristicsofmagneticfieldlines.

Answer:
1) Theydonotintersecteachother.
2) Theyoriginatefromthenorthpoleandendatthesouthpole.
3) Thedensityoflinesishighernearthemagneticpoles.
4) Whiletheyappearto move fromnorth tosouth outside the magnet,they travel
from south to north inside the magnet.

6. Drawasolenoidandlabelitsparts.

7. Whatisasolenoidandwhatisitsuse?
Answer:Asolenoidisacylindricalshapeformedbytightlywoundcoilsofcopperwire
carryingan electric current. Solenoids are usedto generateelectromagnetic
fields,controlelectricalcircuits(turningthemonoroff),andinhydraulicmachines.

8. DefineFleming'sRight-HandRule.

Answer:"Whenyouholdastraightconductorwithelectriccurrentinyourrighthand,with
thethumb,indexfinger,andmiddlefingermutuallyperpendicular,theindexfinger
indicatesthedirectionofthe magneticfield,themiddle finger indicatesthedirectionof
theelectriccurrent,andthethumbindicatesthedirectionoftheforceontheconductor."

9. DefineFleming'sLeft-HandRule.

Answer:"Whenyouholdyourlefthandwiththethumb,indexfinger,andmiddlefinger
mutuallyperpendicular,theindexfinger indicatesthe directionof the magneticfield, the
middle finger indicates thedirectionof the electriccurrent,andthe thumbindicates the
direction of theforce acting ontheconductor."

10. Whatisashortcircuitandhowcanitbe prevented?

Answer:Ashortcircuitoccurswhenliveandneutralwiresaccidentallycomeinto direct
contact, or during anoverload, causinganinterruption in theelectricconnection.Itcan be
prevented by installing fuses and taking precautions to avoid overloads.
Chapter–3.Light,Reflection,andRefraction
Forthefollowingquestionsorincompletestatements,fouralternativeanswersare
provided.Choosetheappropriateanswerfromthemandwritethecompleteanswerwith the
corresponding letter.

1. Whichofthefollowingmaterialsisnotusedinthemanufactureoflenses?

a) Water b) Glass c) Plastic d)Clay

Answer:Plastic

2. Theimageformedbyaconcavemirrorisvirtual,erect,andlargerthantheobject. Thus, the

position of the object is:

a) Betweentheprincipalfocusandthecenterofcurvature

b) Atthecenterofcurvature

c) Beyondthecenterofcurvature

d) Betweenthepoleandtheprincipalfocus

Answer:Betweenthepoleandtheprincipalfocus

3. Whattypeofmirrorisusedasarear-viewmirrorinvehicles?

a) Plane

b) Concave

c) Convex

d) Plane or Convex

Answer:Convex

4. Whenlightstrikesasmoothsurfaceandreturnstothesamemedium,itiscalled:
 a) Refraction

b) Reflection

c) Dispersion

d) Noneoftheabove

Answer:Reflection

5. Theprocessoffocusingordefocusingoflightinalensisknownas:

a) Power

b) Strength

c) Magnification

d) Dispersion

Answer:Power

Answerthefollowinginonesentence(onemark)

1. Whatisreflectionoflight?

Answer:Reflectionof lightiswhen lightstrikesa smooth surfaceandreturns to the same

medium.

2. Whereareconcavemirrorsused?

Answer:Concavemirrorsareusedintorches,searchlights,and vehicleheadlightsto
obtainapowerfulparallelbeamoflight,andinshavingmirrorsanddentalinstruments.

3. Whatisthereasonacoinplacedinwaterappearstoberaised?

Answer:Thereasonislightrefraction.

4. Whatistherefractiveindex?
 Answer:Therefractiveindexisthemeasureofthechangeindirectionthatoccurs when light
passes from one medium to another, relative to the two media.

5. Whatistheinternationalunitofpowerofalens?

Answer:Diopter(D)

Answerthefollowing2-3sentences(2marks)

1. Whatisrefractionoflight?

Answer:Refractionoflightoccurswhenlightchangesdirectionasit passesfromone medium

with a differentdensityto another medium.Thisbendingoflightisknown as refraction.

2. Whatarethecharacteristicsoftheimageformedbyaplanemirror?

Answer:

1. Theimagesformedbyaplanemirrorarealwaysvirtualanderect.

2. Thesizeoftheimageisequaltothesizeoftheobject.

3. Theimageislocatedasfarbehindthemirrorastheobjectisinfrontofit.

3. Statethelawsofreflectionoflight.

Answer:

1. Theincidentray,thepoint ofincidence,and the reflected rayalllie inthe same plane.

2. Theangleofincidenceisequaltotheangleofreflection.
4. Statethelawsofrefractionoflight.

Answer:

1. Theincidentray,therefracted ray,and thenormal atthepoint ofincidenceall lie in the same

plane.

2. For a given pair of media and a specific color of light, the ratio of the sines of the
angleofincidenceandtheangleofrefractionis constant.Refractiveindex =sini/ sinr

5. Statethemirrorformula.

Answer:The mirror formula relates the objectdistance (u),theimagedistance(v),and the

focal length (f) of a mirror. The formula is 1/v + 1/u = 1/f

6. Whatismagnificationofamirror?

Answer:Themagnificationofa mirrorindicateshowmuchlargeror smalleran image

appears relative to thesize of theobject.Itisexpressed asthe ratiooftheheightofthe image to
the height of the object.

7. Drawadiagramoflightrefractionthrougharectangularglassslabandlabelitsparts.
8. Eyedoctorssometimesprescribe+2.0Dor-2.5Dlenses.Whatdoesthismean?

Answer:Thisindicatesthepowerofcorrectivelensesneededforvisioncorrection.
+2.0 D means a convex lens is required for farsightedness, while-2.5 D means
aconcave lens is needed for nearsightedness.

Chapter-4:TheHumanEyeandtheColorfulworld

Forthefollowingquestionsorincompletestatements,fouralternativeanswersare
provided.Choosetheappropriateanswerfromthemandwritethecompleteanswerwith the
corresponding letter.

1. Throughwhichpartofthehumaneyedoeslightenter?

a) Retinab) Cornea c) Iris d)Pupil

Answer: Cornea

2. Theabilityofthehumaneyetoadjusttodifferentfocallengthsiscalled:

a) Papilla

b) DistanceVision

c) Accommodation

d) BlindSpot

Answer:Accommodation

3. Theminimumdistanceatwhichanobjectmustbefromtheeyetobeseenclearlyis:
 a) 17cm

b) 25cm

c) 25m

d) 17m

Answer:25cm

4. Theabilitytoseenearbyobjectsclearlyisreferredtoas:

a) Nearsightedness

b) Farsightedness

c) Cataract

d) Noneoftheabove

Answer:Nearsightedness

5. Nearsightednesscanbecorrectedusing:

a) Convexlens

b) Concavelens

c) Planelens

d) Convex-concave lens

Answer:Concavelens
6. Farsightednesscanbecorrectedusing:

a) Convexlens

b) Concavelens

c) Planelens

d) Convex-concave lens

Answer:Convexlens

7. Inthedispersionoflight,thecolorthatbendstheleastis:

a) Blue b) Red c) Violet d)Green

Answer: Red

8. Inthedispersionoflight,thecolorthatbendsthemostis:

a) Blue

b) Red

c) Violet

d) Green

Answer:Violet

9. Thefirstscientisttouseaglassprismtostudythedispersionofsunlightwas:

a) Albert Einstein

b) ThomasAlvaEdison

c) SirIsaacNewton

d) AlfredNobel

Answer:SirIsaacNewton
Answerthefollowinginonesentence(1Mark)

1. Whatisacataractinthe eye?

Answer: Acataract is whenthe retinaappears swollen orcloudy, resemblinga milk-

whitefilm orfoggy atmosphere,oftenseen in olderindividuals.

2. Whatarethecausesofnearsightedness?

Answer:

1. Excessivecurvatureoftheeye'slens

2. Theeyeballbeingtoolongfromfronttoback

3. Whatisfarsightedness?

Answer: Farsightedness is a conditionwhereapersoncanseedistant objects clearly but

has difficulty seeing nearby objects.

4. Whatisthecauseoffarsightedness?

Answer: Farsightedness is usually caused by the lens of the eye being too flat or the
eyeballbeingtooshort.

5Whatispresbyopia?

Answer:Presbyopiaisaconditioncommonlyseeninolderindividualswheretheability of the
eye to focus on nearby objects is diminished, making it difficult to see close
objectsclearlywithout glasses.

6Whatcausespresbyopia?

Answer: Presbyopia is caused by the loss of elasticity in the eye's lens or weakening
oftheciliarymuscles.

7. Whatisdispersionoflight?
 Answer:Dispersionoflightistheprocessbywhichwhitelightisseparatedintoits
component colors, each having different wavelengths.

8. Whatisarainbow?

Answer:Arainbowisanaturalspectrumoflightappearinginthesky,createdbythe
dispersion of light through tinywater dropletsin the atmosphereafter rainfall.

9. Whydostarstwinkle?

Answer:Starstwinkledueto the refractionoftheir lightbythe Earth'satmosphere, which

causes the stars to appear to flicker.

10. Whydoplanetsnottwinkle?

Answer: Planets do not twinkle because they are closer to Earth and appear as
extended sources oflightrather than pointsoflight,reducing theeffectofatmospheric
distortion.

11. WhatistheTyndall effect?

Answer:The Tyndalleffectisthe scatteringoflightbyparticlesina colloid or infine suspensions,

which makes the path of light visible.

Answerthefollowingin2-3sentences(2marksonly)

1. Givereasonsforthefollowing:

a) Whyisthecoloroftheskyblue?

Answer: The sky appears blue because the air molecules and small particles in the
atmosphere scatter shorter wavelengthsof light (blue) moreeffectivelythanlonger
wavelengths.

b) Whydoestheskyappearblacktoastronauts?
 Answer: Astronauts see the sky as black because, at high altitudes beyond the Earth's
atmosphere, there is no atmosphere to scatter sunlight, so no scattering of light occurs.

2Drawandlabelthedispersionoflightinaglassprism.

3. Drawandlabelthedispersionoflightthroughatriangularprism.

4. Drawandlabeladiagramshowingnear-sightednessanditscorrection.
5. Drawandlabeladiagramshowingfar-sightednessanditscorrection.

“Chemistry”
ChapterQuestions:
Chapter-1ChemicalReactionsandEquations
I. Foreachofthefollowingquestions,fouroptionsareprovided.Choosethe
correct answer and write it with the corresponding letter. (1 mark for each
question)
1. In a chemical equation, the reactants are a)Writtenbeforethe
arrow sign
b)Writtenafterthearrowsign c)Writtenabovethearrowsign
d) Written before the products Answer:b)Writtenafterthe
arrow sign
2. Theoutcomeofachemicalreactioniscalled a)Reactantb)Catalyst
c) Productd)HeatAnswer:c)Product
3. Intheequation"Zinc+SulfuricAcid→ZincSulfate+Hydrogen,"the
products formed are
a) Zincb)ZincSulfatec)Hydrogend)Bothbandc
Answer: d) Both b and c
4. Inachemicalequation,thesymbol(s)representsthestate
a) Solidb)Liquidc)Gasd)Plasma Answer:a)Solid
5. Thesymbols(l)&(g)inachemicalequationrepresentthestates
a) Solid & Gasb) Liquid & Solid c) Liquid & Gas d)Gas&Molten
Answer: c) Liquid & Gas
6. Thechemicalformulaforquicklimeisa)CaOb)CaCO3c)CO2d)CO
Answer: a) CaO
7. Thechemicalnameandformulaforslakedlime
a) CalciumOxide–CaO b)CalciumHydroxide-Ca(OH)2
c) Calcium Carbonate - CaCO3 d)CarbonDioxide-CO2
Answer: b) Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2

8. Thecolorofferroussulfatecrystalsis
 a) Greenb)Yellowc)Liquid&Gasd)Gas&Molten
Answer: a) Green

9. Thebrownfumesproducedwhenleadnitrateisthermallydecomposed
a) LeadOxide–PbO b)Oxygen-O2 c)NitrogenDioxide-NO₂
d) Bothb&c

Answer:NitrogenDioxide-NO₂
10. Chemicalreactionthatoccurswiththehelpofsunlight:
a) AgCl→Ag+Cl₂
b) AgBr→Ag+Br₂
c) C₆H₁₂O₆+O₂→CO₂+H₂O
d) Botha&b
Answer:d)Botha&b

II. Answerthefollowingquestionsinonesentence(1markeach):
11. Whatisachemicalcombination?
Answer:Achemicalreactioninwhichtwoormorereactantscombineto form
a single product.
12. Definechemicaldecomposition.
Answer:Achemicalreactioninwhichasinglereactantbreaksdowninto two
or more products.
13. Whatarethetypesofchemicalreactions?
Answer:Chemicalcombination,chemicaldecomposition,chemical
displacement, and double displacement.
14. Whattypeofchemicalreactionisthecombustionofcoal?
Answer: Chemical combination.
15. Whydoesferroussulfateloseitsgreencolorwhenheated?
Answer: Due to thermal decomposition, it loses water.
16. Whatisathermaldecompositionreaction?
Answer:Achemicaldecompositionreactionthatoccursthroughheating.
17. Whydoessilverchlorideturngreyinsunlight?
Answer:Silverchloridedecomposesintosilverandchlorineinsunlight.
18. Whatisanendothermicreaction?
Answer:Achemicalreactioninwhichheatorenergyisabsorbed.
19. Whatisoxidation?
Answer:Achemicalreactioninwhichasubstancegainsoxygen.
20. Whatisreduction?
Answer:Achemicalreactioninwhichasubstancelosesoxygen.
21. Why is nitrogen gas passed into chip packets?
Answer:Topreventthechipsfrombecomingsoggy.
22. What change occurs when copper undergoes corrosion?
Answer:Agreencoatingappearsonthesurfaceofcopper.
23. Whatchangeoccurswhensilverundergoescorrosion?
Answer: A black coating appears on the surface of silv
24. Whatchangeoccurswhenironundergoescorrosion?
Answer: Iron forms rust.
25. Whatisrust?
Answer:Theaqueousoxideofironiscalledrust.
26. Whatisaprecipitate?
Answer:Asubstancethatisformedduringachemicalreactionandis insoluble
in water is called a precipitate.
III. Answerthefollowingquestionsintwosentences(2markseach)

27. Writethedifferencebetweenchemicalcombinationandchemical
decomposition (mention any two points):
Answer:
ChemicalCombination ChemicalDecomposition
1. Twoormorereactants. Onereactant.
2. Oneproduct. Twoormore
products
3. Example: H₂ + O₂ → H₂O Example:FeSO₄→
Fe₂O₃ + SO₂ + SO₃

28. Writethedifferencebetweenoxidationandreduction(mentionanytwo
points):
Answer: Oxidation Reduction
1. Theprocessoflosingoxygen. 1)Theprocessofgainingoxygen.
1. Theprocessofgainingelectrons. 2)Theprocessoflosingelectrons
2. Theprocessofgaininghydrogen. 3)Theprocessoflosinghydrogen.
3. Example:CuO+H₂→Cu+ H₂O 4)Example:C+O₂→CO₂

29. Whatisaredoxreaction?Giveanexample.
Answer:Areactioninwhichonereactantundergoesoxidationwhileanother
undergoes reduction.
Example:CuO+H₂→Cu+H₂OorZnO+C→Zn+CO

30. Whatarecorrosionandrancidity?
Answer:Corrosionistheprocessbywhichmetalsareattackedbysubstances like
moisture and acids from their surroundings. Rancidity is the process of
oxidation of fats and oils.

31. Writeoneequationeachforachemicaldisplacementandadouble
displacement reaction.
Answer:
DisplacementReaction:Fe+CuSO₄→FeSO₄+Cu
DoubleDisplacementReaction:Na₂SO₄+BaCl₂→BaSO₄+2NaCl

32. Writethedifferencebetweenendothermicandexothermicreactions:
Answer:
EndothermicReaction ExothermicReaction
1. Thereactionabsorbsheat/energy. Thereactionreleasesheat/energy
2. Example:AgCl→Ag+Cl₂ Example:CH₄+2O₂→CO₂+2H₂O

IV. Answerthefollowingquestion(3/4markseach):
33. Drawaneatdiagramoftheelectrolysisofwaterandlabeltheparts.

Chapter-SpecificQuestions:Chapter2–Acids,Bases,andSalts
I. Choosethecorrectanswerfromthegivenoptionsandwritetheanswer with
the appropriate letter. (1 mark each):
1. ThepHvaluerangeofanacid:
A) 0-7
B) 2 -12
C) 7-14
D) 12-14
Answer:A)0- 7
2. Asthenumberofhydrogenionsincreasesinasolution:
A) Itbecomesneutral
B) Thebasicityincreases
C) Theacidityincreases
D) Theaciditydecreases
Answer:C)Theacidityincreases
3. Thegasreleasedwhendilutesulfuricacidisaddedtoametal:
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Hydrogen
D) Carbon
Answer:C)Hydrogen
4. Theproductsformedwhenanacidismixedwithametal:
A) Metaloxide&water
B) Metaloxide&hydrogengas
C) Salt&water
D) Salt&hydrogengas
Answer:D)Salt&hydrogengas

5. Themolecularformulaofsodiumzincate:
A) NaZnO
 B) NaZn
C) NaZnO₂
D) NaZnO₃
Answer:D)NaZnO₃
6. Themolecularformulaoflimewater:
A) CaO
B) Ca(OH)₂
C) CaCO₃
D) CO₂
Answer:B)Ca(OH)₂
7. Thechemicalequationthatrepresentsneutralization:
A)H₂+ O₂→H₂O
B) C+O₂→CO₂
C) HCl+NaOH→ NaCl+H₂O
D) Mg+O₂→MgO
Answer:C)HCl+NaOH→ NaCl+H₂O
8. Thereasonfortheblue-greencolorwhenhydrochloricacidisaddedto
copper oxide solution:
A) Copperoxide
B) Copperhydroxide
C) Water
D) Copperchloride
Answer:D)Copperchloride

9. Theproductsformedwhensodiumhydroxideismixedwithwater:
A) Sodium&water
 B) Hydroxide&water
C) Sodium&hydroxide
D) Sodium&oxide
Answer:C)Sodium&hydroxide
10. Acidshouldbeaddedtowaterandnotwatertoacidbecause:
A) Itisanexothermicreactionandcancauseanexplosion.
B) Itisanendothermicreactionandcancauseanexplosion.
C) Itwillnotmix.
D) Itmixesveryslowly.
Answer:A)Itisanexothermicreactionandcancauseanexplosion.
11. Theacidproducedinthestomach:
A) Sulfuricacid
B) Hydrochloricacid
C) Nitricacid
D) Methanoic acid
Answer:B)Hydrochloricacid
12. Amildbaseusedasanantacidtoneutralizeexcessacidityinthestomach:
A) Magnesiumhydroxide
B) Sodiumhydroxide
C) Potassiumhydroxide
D) Calciumhydroxide
Answer:A)Magnesiumhydroxide

13. Theacidfoundinnettleplants:
A) Ethanoicacid
 B) Methanoic acid
C) Propanoicacid
D) Tartaricacid
Answer:B)Methanoicacid
14. Thereasonforusingtoothpasteonteeth:
A) Itisanacid
B) Itsweetensthemouth
C) Itisabase
D) Fortaste
Answer:C)Itisabase
15. Brinesolutionrefersto:
A) Sodiumhydroxidesolution
B) Sodiumchloridesolution
C) Potassiumhydroxidesolution
D) Potassiumchloridesolution
Answer:B)Sodiumchloridesolution
16. TheproductoftheChlor-Alkaliprocessusedintheproductionofartificial
butter:
A) Chlorinegas
B) Sodiumhydroxide
C) Sodiumchloride
D) Hydrogengas
Answer:D)Hydrogengas

17. Thesaltusedasarawmaterialinglassmanufacturing:
A) Chalkpowder
 B) Washingsoda
C) Bakingsoda
D) Tablesalt
Answer:B)Washingsoda

18. ThechemicalnameofPlasterofParis:
A) Calciumsulfate
B) Calciumsulfatehemihydrate
C) Calciumsulfonate
D) Potassiumsulfate
Answer:B)Calciumsulfatehemihydrate
19. Thereasonwhyblue-coloredcoppersulfateturnswhitewhenheated:
A) Duetogainingwater
B) Duetoexcesswater
C) Duetolosingwater
D) Duetodissolvinginwater
Answer:C)Duetolosingwater
20. Thecauseoftoothdecay:
A) Acidproducedinthemouth
B) Baseproducedinthe mouth
C) Saltproducedinthemouth
D) Drinkingwater
Answer:A)Acidproducedinthemouth

II. Answerthefollowingquestionsinonesentence: (1markeach)

21. Howcanyoudetectanacidusinglitmuspaper?
Answer:Bluelitmuspaperturnsredinacid,whileredlitmuspaperdoesnot
change color in acid.
22. Whatisan acid?
Answer:AsolutionwithapHrangefrom0to7iscalledanacid.
23. Write a chemical equation showing the reaction of a metal with a
base. Answer: 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2
24. What precipitate is formed when air is blown into
limewater? Answer: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
25. Whichgasisreleasedwhenacidsreactwithmetalcarbonatesandmetal
hydrogen carbonates?
Answer:Carbondioxide(CO2)
26. Whataretheproductsformedwhencarbonatesandhydrogencarbonates
react with acids?
Answer:Salt,carbondioxide,andwater.
27. Whyaremetaloxidescalledbasicoxides?
Answer:Metaloxidesarecalledbasicoxidesbecausetheyreactwithacidsto form
salt and water, similar to a base.
28. Whyarenon-metaloxidescalledacidicoxides?
Answer:Non-metaloxidesarecalledacidicoxidesbecausetheyreactwith bases
to form salt andwater, similar to an acid.
29. Whatarealkalis?
Answer:Alkalisarebasesthatdissolveinwater.
30. Whichionisproducedwhenanaciddissolvesinwater?
Answer: Hydronium ion (H3O+)
31. Whathappenswhenthenumberofhydroxideionsina solution
increases?
Answer:Thebasicity(oralkalinity)ofthesolutionincreases,orthepHvalue
increases.
32. WhatisthepHvalueofacidrain?
Answer: Less than 5.5
33. Whatisthechemicalnameofbleachingpowder?
Answer: Calcium oxychloride
34. Writethechemicalequationforthepreparationofbleachingpowder.
Answer: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → CaOCl2 + H2O
35. Whatisbakingpowder?
Answer:Bakingpowderisamixtureofbakingsodaandtartaricacidusedin
cooking.
III. Answerthefollowingquestionsintwosentences:(2markseach)
39. Writetwodifferencesbetweenacidsandbases.
Answer: Acids Bases
1. Haveasourtaste Haveabittertaste
2. pHrangefrom0to7 pHrangefrom7to14
3. Have excess hydrogen ions Haveexcesshydroxide
ions
4. Bluelitmusturnsred Redlitmusturnsblue
5. Example:HCl Example:NaOH
40. Whataretheusesofchlorinegasproducedinthechlor-alkaliprocess?
Answer:Waterpurification,PVC production, disinfectants,CFC production,
insecticide manufacturing.
41. Writetwousesofsodiumhydroxide.
Answer:Removingstubbornstainsfrommetals,manufacturingsoapsand
detergents, paper and synthetic fiber production.

IV. Answerthefollowingquestions:(3/4markseach)
42. Listthreeusesofwashingsoda.
Answer:
A) Usedinglass,soap,andpaperindustries
B) Usedintheproductionofsodiumcompoundslikeborax
C) Usedasahouseholdcleaner
D) Usedintheremovalofpermanenthardnessofwater
43. Listthreeusesofbleachingpowder.
Answer:
A) Usedtobleachcottonandlineninfabric industries
B) Usedtobleachwoodpulpinpaperindustries
C) Usedtobleachlaundryinlaundries
D) Usedasanoxidizingagentinchemicalindustries topurifydrinking
water from germs.
44. Writethechemicalequationforthepreparationofgypsumandlisttwo uses.
Answer:
ChemicalEquation:CaSO4.1/2H2O+1½H2O→CaSO4.2H2O
Uses:
 Manufactureofplaster
 Productionofdecorativeitems
 Creatingsmoothsurfaces
45. Drawthediagramforthereactionofsulfuricacidwithironfilingsandthe test
for hydrogen gas through combustion. Label the parts.

46. Drawthediagramfortheelectrolysisofanacidicsolutionandlabelthe parts

.

Chapter-wiseQuestions:Chapter-3:MetalsandNonMetals
I. Choosethecorrectanswerforeachofthefollowingquestions,selectingfrom the
four options given. (1 mark per question)
1. Themetalwiththehighestdensity
a) Gold
b) Copper
c) Iron
d) Lead
Answer:a)Gold

2. Metalswiththehighestductility
a) Gold
b) Copper
c) Silver
d) Bothaandc
Answer:d)Bothaandc

3. Thebestconductorsofheat
a) Gold
 b) Copper
c) Silver
d) Bothbandc
Answer:d)Bothbandc

4. Thepoorconductorsofheat
a) Lead
b) Rubber
c) Silver
d) Bothaandb
Answer:d)Bothaandb

5. Theinsulationonelectricalwiresismadeofplasticorrubberbecause
a) Theylookattractive
b) Theyhaveinsulatingproperties
c) Theyarereadilyavailable
d) Theyaremoreexpensive
Answer:b)Theyhaveinsulatingproperties

6. Thesubstancethatglows
a) Iodine
b) Dye
c) Sulfur
d) Carbon
Answer:a)Iodine

7. Thegroupofalkalimetals
a) Sodium,Iron,Lithium
 b) Sodium,Potassium,Iron
c) Sodium,Dye,Potassium
d) Sodium, Lithium, Potassium
Answer:d)Sodium,Lithium,Potassium

8. Aformofcarbonwithahard,crystallinestructure
a) Graphite
b) Diamond
c) Fullerene
d) Charcoal
Answer:b)Diamond

9. Metalswiththelowestmeltingpoints
a) GalliumandCesium
b) SodiumandPotassium
c) SodiumandGallium
d) Potassium and Cesium
Answer:a)GalliumandCesium

10. Productsformedwhenmetalsdissolveinwater
Answer: b) Acidic oxides

11. Amphotericoxideis
a) Potassiumoxide
b) Sodiumoxide
 c) Magnesiumoxide
d) Aluminumoxide
Answer:d)Aluminumoxide

12. Productsformedwhenmetalsreactwithoxygen
a) Alloyoxides
b) Metalhydroxides
c) Metaloxides
d) Alloy hydroxides
Answer:c)Metaloxides

13. Metalsthatreactwithair
a) Iron b) Aluminumc) Zinc d)Alloftheabove
Answer: d) All of the above

14. Thereasoncalciumfloatsonwateristhatcalciumreactswithwaterto
produce
a) Hydrogen
b) Oxygen
c) Chlorine
d) Heat
Answer:a)Hydrogen

15. Metalsthatreactwithcoldwatertoreleaseheat
a) SodiumandIron
b) SodiumandPotassium
c) IronandCopper
d) CopperandZinc
Answer:b)SodiumandPotassium

16. Metalthatreactswithhotwater
a) Iron
b) Gold
c) Copper
 d) Magnesium
Answer:d)Magnesium

17. Themostpowerfuloxidizingagent
a) HNO3
b) H2SO4
c) CO
d) KMnO4
Answer:a)HNO3

18. Themostreactivemetals
a) Sodium
b) Titanium
c) Potassium
d) Bothaandc
Answer:d)Bothaandc

19. Theleastreactivemetalschemically
a) Lead
b) Gold
c) Silver
d) Allofthe above
Answer:d)Alloftheabove

20. Theequationindicatingthereactionbetweenmetalsandacids
a) Na+Cl2→NaCl
b) H2+Cl2 → HCl
c) H2+ O2→H2O
d) H+ +OH-→H2O
Answer:a)Na+ Cl2→ NaCl

21. Metalsfoundintheirfreestate
a) Gold,Silver,Iron,andCopper
b) Gold,Silver,Lead,andCopper
 c) Gold,Silver,Platinum,andCopper
d) Gold,Silver,Tin,andCopper
Answer:c)Gold,Silver,Platinum,andCopper

22. TheoreofMercuryanditsformula
a) Chalcopyrites-CuSO4
b) CopperGlance -CuO
c) Hematite-Fe2O3
d) Cinnabar-HgS
Answer:d)Cinnabar-HgS

23. Electrolyticsolutionusedinthepurificationofcopper
a) CuSO4
b) CuO
c) Cu2O
d) CuCl2
Answer:a)CuSO4

24. Chemicalprocessusedtoweldrailwaytracks
a) Electrolysis
b) Thermitereaction
c) Metallurgy
d) Electroplating
Answer:b)Thermitereaction

II. Answerthefollowingquestionsinonesentence.(1markperquestion)
25. Whatarealkalimetals?
Answer:Alkalimetalsarethosethatreactwithwatertoproducealkalis.

26. Whatisanallotrope?
Answer:Anallotropeisaphenomenonwhereanelementoccursinmore than
one form in nature.
27. Whatistheallotropeofcarbonthatisagoodconductor
Answer Graphite

28. Whichmetalisinliquidformatroomtemperature
Answer: Mercury

29. Whatisasonorousmetal
AnswerAmetalthatproducesasoundwhenstruckonahardsurfaceis called a
sonorous metal.

30. Whatisanamphotericoxide?
Answer:Amphotericoxidesaremetaloxidesthatreactwithbothacidsand bases
to produce saltsand water.

31Stateonepropertyofalkalimetals
AnswerAlkalimetalsareverysoftandcanbecutwithaknife.

32. Whatisanodemud?
Answer:Inelectrolysis,theinsolubleimpuritiesthatsettleatthebottomofthe anode
are calledanode mud.

33. Whatisgalvanization?
Answer:Galvanizationistheprocessofcoatingironandsteelwitha layer
of zinc to protect them from rusting.

III. Answerthefollowingquestionsintwosentences.(2marksperquestion)
34. Writetheelectronconfigurationfortheformationofsodiumchloride.
35. Writetheconfigurationfortheformationofmagnesiumchloride.

36. Whatisanalloy?Giveoneexample.
Answer:Analloyisahomogeneousmixtureoftwoormoremetals.An
example is bronze, which is a mixture of copper and tin.

37. Whichcomponentmetalsarepresentinsolderusedforelectrical
connections? Why is solder used in electrical connections?
Answer : Solder typically contains lead and tin. It is used in electrical
connectionsbecauseitmeltsatalowtemperatureandsolidifiesquickly,
creating a strong, conductive joint.
 38. Writethechemicalequationsforobtainingcopperfromcinnabar.

Answer:2HgS+3O2 2HgO+2SO2

2HgO 2 Hg + O2

39. Writethechemicalequationsforseparatingcopperfromcoppersulfide.
Answer:

2Cu2S+ 3O2 2CuO+2SO2

2Cu2O+Cu2S 6Cu+ SO2

40. Writethedifferencebetweenroastingandcalcination.
Answer:
Roasting Calcination
1. Converting sulfide ores into oxides. 1.Convertingcarbonate
ores into oxides.
2. Performed in the presence of excess air. 2.Performedinthe
presence of limited air.
3. Example:ZnS+3O2→2ZnO+2SO2 3.Example:ZnCO3→ZnO+CO2

41PhysicalDifferencesBetweenMetalsandAlloys
Metals Alloys
1. Theyshineorhavealuster. 1.Donotshine.
 2. Solidatroomtemperature.2.Canbeinsolid,liquid,orgaseousstate at
room temperature
3. Good conductors of electricity. 3.Poorconductorsofelectricityor
non-conductors.
4. Good conductors of heat. 4.Poorconductorsofheator
insulators.
5. Malleable. 5.Notmalleable.
6. Ductile. 6.Notductile.

42. Whatisthermitereaction?Giveexamples
Thermite Reaction
Definition: The thermite reaction is a high-temperature reaction that
involvesmixingamorereactivemetalwithmetaloxidestoseparatethe metal
from the compound, releasing a significant amount of heat.
Equation:
Fe₂O₃+2Al→2Fe+Al₂O₃+Heat or
3MnO₂+4Al→3Mn+2Al₂O₃

IV. Answerthefollowingquestions.(Eachquestioncarries03/04marks)
43. WritethepropertiesofIoniccompounds
Properties of Ionic Compounds:
 Theyexistassolidsandarehard.
 Theyhavehighmeltingandboilingpoints.
 Theydissolveinwaterbutnotinorganicsolvents.
 Theiraqueoussolutionsconductelectricity,buttheydonotconduct
electricity in the solid state.

44. DiagramofElectrolysisofCopper(II)SulfateSolution:
45. DiagramofTestingtheConductivityofaSaltSolution:

46. DiagramofMetalReactingwithsteam
Chapter-wiseQuestions:Chapter4-CarbonandItsCompounds
I. Foreachofthefollowingquestions,fouroptionsareprovided.Choosethe
correct answer and write it with the sequence letter. (1 mark per question)

1. ValencyofCarbon
a)1
b)2
c) 3
d)4
Answer:d)4
2. AromaticCarbonCompound
a) Carbonatomsarebondedbytriplebonds
b) Carbonatomsarebondedbydoublebonds
c) Carbonatomsarebondedbysinglebonds
d) Therearenobondsbetweencarbonatoms
Answer:c)Carbonatomsarebondedbysinglebonds

3. MaximumnumberofbondsasingleCarbonatomcanformwith
Hydrogen atoms
a)1
b)2
c) 3
d)4
Answer:d)4
4. NumberofCarbonatomsinEthene
a)1
b)2
c) 3
d)4
Answer:b)2
5. FirstmemberofAlkanes
a) Methane
b) Ethane
c) Propane
d) Butane
Answer:a)Methane
 6. FirstmemberofAlkenes
a) Methane
b) Ethane
c) Ethene
d) Propene
Answer:c)Ethene
7. FirstmemberofAlkynes
a) Propyne
b) Ethyne
c) Butyne
d) Pentyne
Answer:b)Ethyne
8. DifferencebetweenanytwoconsecutiveAlkanes/Alkenes/Alkynes
a) CH2
b) CH
c) CH3
d) CH4
Answer:a)CH2
9. SuffixofAromaticCarbonCompounds
a) -ene
b) -ine
c) -ane
d) -ol
Answer:c)-ane
10. SuffixofNon-AromaticCarbonCompounds
a) -ene
b) -ine
c) -ane
d) Bothaandb
Answer:d)Bothaandb

11. SuffixforcarboncompoundshavingtheAldehydefunctionalgroup
a) -ol
b) -one
c) -al
d) -oic acid
Answer:c)-al
12. Catalystusedinthehydrogenationofoils
a) Nickel
b) Chromium
c) Cobalt
d) Lead
Answer:a)Nickel

13. Oxidizingagentsusedtoconvertethanoltoaceticacid
a) KMnO4
b) K2Cr2O7
c) Eitheraorc
d) Nickel
Answer:c)Eitheraorc

II. Answerthefollowingquestionsinonesentenceeach(1markperquestion)
14. Whatisthesimplestcarboncompound?
Answer: Methane

15. Functionalgrouppresentinaceticacid
Answer: Carboxylic group

16. Whatisglacialaceticacid?
Answer:Aceticacidthatsolidifiesincoldweatheriscalledglacialacetic acid.

17. Writethemolecularandstructuralformulaofmethane.
Answer: CH4

18. Howmanycovalentbondsarethereinethane?
Answer: 7
19. Generalformulaforalkanes
Answer: CnH2n+2

20. Generalformulasforalkenesandalkynes
Answer: CnH2n & CnH2n-2

21. Whatissaponification?
Answer:Saponificationistheprocessofproducingorganicsaltsbyreacting fatty
acids with alkalis.

22. Whatisamicelle?
Answer:Amicelleisthestructureformedwhentheionicendsofsoap
moleculesinteractwithwaterwhilethecarbonchainsinteractwithoil.

23. Whatisesterification?
Answer:Esterificationistheprocessofforminganesterbyreactingan alcohol
with a carboxylic acid.
23. Whatisesterification?
Answer:Esterificationistheprocessofformingestersfromthereaction
between an acid and an alcohol.
24. Whatisasubstitutionreaction?
Answer:Asubstitutionreactionisaprocesswhereatomsorgroupsofatomsin a
molecule are replaced by different atoms or groups of atoms.
25. Whatarethepossibleproductswhencarboncompoundsareburned?
Answer:Carbondioxide,water,heat,andlight.

III. Answerthefollowingquestionsintwosentenceseach(2marksper
question)
26. Writethedifferencesbetweensaturatedandunsaturatedcarbon
compounds.
Answer:
SaturatedCarbon Compounds
1. Singlebondsbetweencarbonatoms
2. Firstmemberismethane
3. Generalformula:CnH2n+2
UnsaturatedCarbonCompounds
1. Doubleortriplebondsbetweencarbonatoms
2. Firstmembersareethene/ethyne
3. Generalformulas:CnH2norCnH2n-2
27. Whatareisomers?Whoisthefirstmemberofisomers?
Answer:Isomersarecarboncompoundswiththesamemolecularformulabut
different structural formulas. The first member of isomers is iso-butane.
28. Whatarehaloalkanes?Giveanexample.
Answer:Haloalkanesarecarboncompoundsthatcontainhalogengroups.
Example: Chloro-methane.
29. Whatarefunctionalgroups?
Answer:Functionalgroupsaregroupsofdifferentatomsthatreplacehydrogen in
carbon compounds and determine the type of chemical reaction the
compound undergoes.
30. What are hydrocarbons? How many types are there? Name them.
Answer:Hydrocarbonsarecompoundsmadeofcarbonandhydrogen.There are
three types: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
“Biology”

"Chapter:LifeProcesses"
1. Theroleofchlorophyllinphotosynthesisis
a) Applyingupwardpressure
b) Absorbingcarbondioxide
c) Releasingoxygen
d) Absorbing light energy.
Answer:d)Absorbinglightenergy.

2. Inphotosynthesis,carbondioxideisconvertedinto .
a) Carbohydrates
b) Proteins
c) Vitamins
d) Lipids.
Answer:a)Carbohydrates.

3. Thisnutrientisessentialforautotrophyinplantsandisusedinprotein
synthesis.
a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Carbon
d) Phosphorus.
Answerb)Nitrogen.
4. Thesalivainthemouthbreaksdownstarchintosugarwiththehelpofthis
enzyme
a) Pepsin
b) Amylase
c) Renin
d) Trypsin
Answer:b)Amylase.

5. Theacidsecretedbythestomachis
a) Nitricacid
b) Sulfuricacid
c) Aceticacid
d) Hydrochloric acid
Answer:d)Hydrochloricacid.
6. Birdsexcretenitrogenouswastesinthisform
a) Carbondioxide
b) Urea
c) Ammonia
d) Uric acid
Answer:d)Uricacid.
7. Theenzymethatsecretesmucustoprotectthestomachliningfromtheacid
secreted in the stomach is
a) Pepsin
b) Amylase
c) Renin
d) Trypsin
Answer:a)Pepsin.
8. Duetothesesubstancesintheirdiet,thesmallintestineofherbivoresis
longer than that of carnivores.
a) Protein
b) Carbohydrate
c) Cellulose
d) Lipid
Answer:c)Cellulose.

9. Thepartofthedigestivesystemwherecarbohydrates,fats,andproteinsare fully
digested.
a) Mouth
b) Smallintestine
c) Largeintestine
d) Stomach
Answer:b)Smallintestine.

10. Thefinger-likestructurethathelpsintheabsorptionofdigestedfoodfrom the

small intestine is
a) Enzymes
b) Villi
c) Appendix
d) Liver
Answer:b)Villi.
11. Theorganthatproducesureais
a) Pancreas
b) Excretorysystem
c) Lungs
d) Skin
Answer:b)Excretorysystem.
12. Theexchangeofsubstancesbetweenbloodandcellstakesplacethrough
.
a) Veins
b) Arteries
c) Capillaries
d) Valves
Answer:c)Capillaries
13. Thecomponentofbloodthathelpsintransportis .
a) Plasma
b) Redbloodcells
c) Whitebloodcells
d) Platelets
Answer:a)Plasma

14. Theroleofstomataintransportationinplantsis .
a) Creating upwardpressure
b) Absorbingcarbondioxide
c) Releasingoxygen
d) Absorbinglightenergy
Answer:b)Absorbingcarbondioxide

15. Theacidreleasedinmusclesduetothebreakdownofglucoseinthe
absence of oxygen is .
a) Aceticacid
b) Citric acid
c) Lacticacid
d) Tartaric acid
Answer:c)Lacticacid
16. Therespiratorypigmentinhumansis
a) diaphragm
b) Airsac
c) Alveoli
d) Hemoglobin
Answer:d)Hemoglobin

17. Thiscomponentofbloodtransportsfood,carbondioxide,andnitrogenous
wastes.
a) Plasma
b) Redbloodcells
c) Whitebloodcells
d) Platelets
Answer:a)Plasma

18. Oxygen-richbloodentersthischamberoftheheart.
a) Leftatrium
b) Rightatrium
c) Leftventricle
d) Right ventricle
Answer:a)Leftatrium

19. Oxygen-depletedbloodentersthischamberoftheheart.
a) Leftatrium
b) Rightatrium
c) Leftventricle
d) Right ventricle
Answer:b)Rightatrium
20. Thepartoftheheartthatpreventsthebackflowofbloodwhentheatria and
ventricles contract is
a) Septum
b) Arteries
c) Veins
d) Valves
Answer:d)Valves

21. Thewallthatseparatestheleftventricleandrightventricleoftheheartis

a) Septum
b) Arteries
c) Veins
d) Valves
Answer:a)Septum

22. Inthisanimal,bloodpassesthroughtheheartonlyonce.
a) Reptiles
b) Fish
c) Mammals
d) Amphibians
Answer:b)Fish
23. Thebloodcomponentresponsibleforclottingis
a) Plasma
b) Redbloodcells
c) Whitebloodcells
d) Platelets
Answer:d)Platelets
24. Thefundamentalfiltrationunitofthekidneysis
a) Ureter
b) Kidney
c) Nephron
d) Urethra
Answer:c)Nephron

25. Nametheenzymessecretedbypancreaticjuice.
Answer:Trypsin,whichdigestsproteins,andLipase,whichbreaksdownfats.

26. Namethefinalproductsformedbyproteins,carbohydrates,andfats.
Answer:
- Proteins:Aminoacids
- Carbohydrates:Glucose
- Fats:Glycerolandfattyacids

27. Whatispyruvate?
Answer:Theprocessofbreakingdownthesix-carbonmoleculeofglucoseinto two
three-carbon molecules.

28. Whatarethedifferentprocessesofglucosebreakdown?
Answer: The different processes of glucose breakdownare:
1) Aerobicrespirationinthepresenceofoxygen
2) Anaerobicrespirationintheabsenceofoxygen
3) Respirationinlowoxygenconditions
29. Whatsubstancesarereleasedwhenglucoseisbrokendownintheabsence of
oxygen?
Answer:Whenglucoseisbrokendownintheabsenceofoxygen,ethanol, carbon
dioxide, and a small amount of energy are produced.

30. Whydoaquaticorganismshaveahigherrateofrespiration?
Answer: Aquatic organisms have a higher rate of respiration because the
amountofoxygenavailableinwaterislow,sotheybreatherapidlytomeet their
oxygen requirements.

31. Duringrespiration,thechestcavityexpandsandairisdrawnintothelungs.
Which body parts are responsible for this effect?
Answer:Duringrespiration,theexpansionofthechestcavity,allowingairtobe
drawn into the lungs, is caused by the ribs and the diaphragm.
32. Howiscarbondioxidetransportedinthebody?
Answer:Carbondioxidedissolvesinwaterandcombineswiththeblood,
allowing it to be transported.

33. Howisoxygentransportedinthebody?
Answer:Oxygenistransportedbybindingtohemoglobinintheblood.

34. Birdsandmammalshavefourchambersintheirhearts.Whatisthe
significance of this?
Answer: The body requires a high amount of energy to maintain its complex
biologicalfunctions.Thisisonlypossiblewhenoxygen-richbloodandoxygen-
poorbloodareseparated.Therefore,theyhavefourchambersintheirhearts.

35. Whatisdoublecirculation?
Answer:Theprocesswhereoxygen-richandoxygen-poorbloodpassthrough the
heart twice, which is referred to as double circulation.
36. Whydoesaperson'sbloodpressuredecreasewheninjured?
Answer:Thebloodpressuredecreasesduetobloodlossfromtheinjury,which leads
to a reduction in the heart's pumping capacity.

37. Name the types of blood vessels.

Answer:Arteries,veins,andcapillaries.

38. Howisanarterydifferentfromavein,andwhy?
Answer: Arteries have thick walls and are elastic to withstand high pressure
frombloodpumpedbytheheart.Incontrast,veinshavethinnerwallsbecause they
carry blood at lower pressure as it returns to the heart.
39. Howislymphformedinthebody?
Answer:Lymphisformedwhenplasma,proteins,andbloodcellspassthrough the
walls of capillaries into the intercellular space of tissues.

40. Whatisthefunctionoflymph?
Answer:Lymphtransportsdigestedandabsorbedfatsfromtheintestineand
returns excess fluid from tissues back into the bloodstream.

41. Howarewaterandmineralsabsorbedbyrootstransportedtotheleavesat the

top of the plant?
Answer:Thestomataintheleavesreleaseexcesswaterthroughtranspiration,
creatinganupwardpressurethathelpsinthemovementofwatertowardsthe
leaves.

42. Whatisexcretion?
Answer:Excretionisthebiologicalprocessofremovingnitrogenouswaste
products produced during metabolic activities from the body.
43. Howdoesexcretionoccurinplants?
Answer:Plantsreleaseexcesswaterthroughtranspiration.Theystorewaste
productsindeadcellsortissues,whicheventuallyfalloff.Additionally,some
waste is excreted in the form of gums and resins.

Diagramswegetfromthischapter

ControlandCoordination
1. Inanimals,controlandcoordinationareprovidedbythe and
systems.
a) Bone&muscle
b) Nerves&muscles
c) Bone&nerves
d) Blood&muscles
Answer:b)Nerves&muscles
2. The information sensed by sensory organs is stored in the partofthe
neuron.
a) Dendrites
b) Axon
c) Nerveending
d) Cell body
Answer:a)Dendrites
3. The chemicals released at the axon cross the andreachthedendrites
of another neuron.
a) Nerveending
b) Axon
c) Synapse
d) Cell body
Answer:c)Synapse
4. Reflexactionoccursinthe .
a) Brain
b) Spinalcord
c) Neuron
d) Cranial nerve
Answer:b)Spinalcord
5. Thepartofthebrainthatcontrolsactivitieslikeridingabicycleorwriting neatly
with a pen is the .
a) Cerebrum
b) Cerebellum
c) Medulla
d) Pons
Answer:b)Cerebellum
6. Whenyouseeatamarind,yourmouthwaters.Thispartofthebrainis
responsible for it:
a) Cerebrum
b) Cerebellum
c) Medulla
d) Pons
Answer:c)Medulla

7. Thebonystructurethatprotectsthespinalcordisthe:
a) Skull
b) Rib cage
c) Skeleton
d) Vertebralcolumn
Answer:d)Vertebralcolumn
8. Themovementofpollentowardstheovaryinplantsisdueto:
a) Phototropism
b) Geotropism
c) Hydrotropism
d) Chemotropism
Answer:d)Chemotropism

9. Thehormonethatinhibitsplantgrowthis:
a) Auxin
b) Cytokinin
c) Abscisicacid
d) Gibberellin
Answer:c)Abscisicacid
10. Thehormoneresponsibleforphototropisminplantsis:
a) Auxin
b) Cytokinin
c) Abscisicacid
d) Gibberellin
Answer:a)Auxin

11. Theinformationsensedbyreceptorsinthebodyistransmittedthrough:
a) Electricalimpulses
b) Blood
c) Lymph
d) Tubes
Answer:a)Electricalimpulses

12. Thehormonedeficiencythatcausesdiabetesis:
a) Adrenaline
b) Insulin
c) Glucagon
d) Thyroxine
Answer:b)Insulin

13. Thishormoneisknownasthe"emergencyhormone":
a) Adrenaline
b) Insulin
c) Glucagon
d) Thyroxine
Answer:a)Adrenaline
14. ThedeficiencyofthishormonecausestheGoiterdisease:
a) Adrenaline
b) Insulin
c) Glucagon
d) Thyroxine
Answer:d)Thyroxine

15. ThepresenceofthissubstanceinfoodkeepsusawayfromGoiterdisease:
a) Carbohydrate
b) Sodium
c) Iodine
d) Iron
Answer:c)Iodine

16. Theinjectiondoctorsgivetodiabeticsis:
a) Insulin
b) TetanusToxoid(T.T.)
c) UUU
d) Estrogen
Answer:a)Insulin

17. Whatisareflexaction?
Answer:Areflexactionisanimmediate
response to a stimulus.
18. Whatisareflexarc?
Answer:Fromthetimeanactionoccursuntilaresponseisgiven,theneural
pathway followed is called a reflex arc.
19. Howdomusclecellscreatemovement?
Answer:Musclecellschangetheirshapetocreatemovement.
20. Howdolivingcellschangetheirshape?
Answer: Muscle cells contain special proteins that respond to electrical
impulsesfromnerves,alteringboththeshapeandstructureofthecells.
21. Explainthedifferencebetweenvoluntaryandinvoluntarymuscles.
Answer:
Voluntary Muscles Involuntary Muscles
Muscles that operate under our control Musclesthatfunctionwithoutour
consciouscontrol
Found in the arms and legs Foundin the respiratory tract,
oesophagus,andbloodvessels
22. Whydoesthe"Touch-Me-Not"plantfolditsleaveswhentouched?
Answer:Theplant'scellschangetheirwatercontent,alteringtheirshape.This
causes a reduction in the water supply to the leaves, leading to the folding of
the plant's leaves.
23. Howisphototropismbeneficialtoplants?
Answer: Intwo types of movement, shoots respond by bendingtowardthe
light,whilerootsbendawayfromthelight.Leavesneedsunlighttoproduce food,
and roots are required to absorb water and minerals.
24. Nametheplanthormonesandexplaintheirfunctions.
Answer:Auxin,Cytokinin,Gibberellin,andAbscisicacidareplanthormones.
Plant Hormone Function
Auxin Stimulatesgrowth
Cytokinin Promotescelldivision
Gibberellin Aidsinstemgrowth
AbscisicAcid Inhibitsplantgrowth
25. Whatis phototropism?
Answer:Itisthebehaviourofaplantbendingandgrowingtowardsthelight.
26. Whatisgeotropism?
Answer:Geotropismisthedownwardgrowthofplantrootsduetotheeffectof
gravitation
27. Whatisthefunctionofreceptorsinthehumanbody?Nametheirtypes.
Answer:Receptorsperformthefunctionofperceivingvariousexternalstimuli. They
are also called sensory organs. Their types are:
1) Olfactoryreceptorsinthenosedetectsmell.
2) Visualreceptorsintheeyesdetectsight.
3) Auditoryreceptorsintheearsdetectsound.
4) Gustatoryreceptorsonthetonguedetecttaste.
5) Touchreceptorsintheskindetecttouch.

28. Whathappensifreceptorsstopfunctioningproperly?
Answer:Receptorcellsarelocatedinsensoryorgans.Theyperceivechangesin the
environment and trigger appropriate responses. If they stop functioning,
actions and reactions do not occur. For example, when we touch something
hot, we immediately pull our hand back to avoid injury. If this response fails,
the hand may get burned.

29. Namethepartthathelpsintransmitnerveimpulsesinaneuron. The

part that helps transmit nerve impulses in a neuron:
a) Towardsthecell:Dendrite
b) Awayfromthecell:Axon
30. Brieflyrepresentthetransmissionofnerveimpulsesinthebodyusinga flow
chart.
Answer:
Information→ Reaches the dendrites of the neuron →Electrical signals→
Cellbody→Axon→Axonterminal→Informationissharedatthesynapse
→Finally,impulsesreachthetargetorganfromtheneuron,initiatinga response.
31. Astudent,duetoanaccident,isexperiencingthefollowingissues:
1) Unabletostandproperly.
2) Losttheabilitytosensesmell.
3) Unabletotastefood.
Indicatewhichpartofthebrainisaffectedineachcase. Answer:
1) Unabletostandproperly–Thecerebellumisaffected,causingalossofbody
balance.
2) Losttheabilitytosensesmell –Thefrontallobe,whichisresponsibleforthe sense
of smell, is affected.
3) Unabletotastefood–Thefrontallobe,whichisresponsibleforthesenseof taste,
is affected

32. Explainthedifferencebetweennervoussystemcontrolandchemical
control.
Answer:

Nervous System Control Chemical Control

Control is achieved through specific Therearenospecificorgans;
organs such as nerves. controlisachievedthroughsecreted
chemicals called hormones.
The information received by receptors Informationreachesthetargetorgan
reaches the target organ through throughhormones.
33. Howdoesadrenalinehelpanathleteprepareforarace?
Answer: Adrenaline increases the heart rate,whichsupplies more oxygento
themuscles,preventingthemfromtiringeasily.Itdilatesthebloodvesselsin
thelegsandredirectsbloodfromthestomachtothemusclecellsinthelegs,
enhancing performance.
Diagramsofthischapter

Chapter:Howdoorganismsreproduce?
1. Thechromosomesinthe nucleusofacellcontain molecules.
a) DNA
b) Chromatin
c) RNA
d) Centromere
Answer:a)DNA
2. Anexampleofreproductionbybinaryfissionis .
a) Leishmania
b) Spirogyra
c) Hydra
d) Planaria
Answer:a)Leishmania
3. Anexampleofreproductionbyregenerationis .
a) Leishmania
b) Spirogyra
c) Hydra
d) Planaria
Answer:d)Planaria

4. Anexampleofreproductionbybuddingis .
a) Leishmania
b) Spirogyra
c) Hydra
d) Planaria
Answer:c)Hydra

5. Anexampleofreproductionbyvegetativepropagationis .
a) Leishmania
b) Spirogyra
c) Sugarcane
d) Planaria
Answer:c)Sugarcane

6. Anexampleofreproductionthroughsporeformationis .
a) Leishmania
b) Spirogyra
c) Sugarcane
d) Rhizopus
Answer:d)Rhizopus
7. Thereproductivepartofa plantis .
a) Root
b) Stem
c) Flower
d) Leaf
Answer:c)Flower
8. Thepartoftheflowerthatproducespollenis .
a) Stigma
b) Petals
c) Anther
d) Style
Answer:c)Anther

9. Anexampleofreproductionbyfragmentationis .
a) Leishmania
b) Spirogyra
c) Sugarcane
d) Rhizopus
Answer:b)Spirogyra

10. Thecorrectreasonwhythetestesinmalesarelocatedoutsidethebodyis
.
a) Tofacilitatethesmoothmovementofsperm
b) Sothatspermcanmovesmoothlyduetobody heat
c) Theproductionofspermrequiresatemperaturelowerthanbody
temperature
d) Theproductionofspermrequiresatemperaturehigherthanbody
temperature
Answer:c)Theproductionofspermrequiresatemperaturelowerthanbody
temperature

11. Infemales,theovary produces eggseverymonth.

a) 10
b) 1
c) 20
d) 15
Answer:b) 1
12. Whenthefoetusisinthewomb,itreceivesnutrientsfromthemother
through ----.
a) Amniotic fluid
b) Placenta
c) Umbilical cord
d) Bloodvessels
Answer:c)Umbilicalcord

13. Thevirusthatcausessexuallytransmitteddiseasesis
a) HIV
b) HPV
c) Syphilis
d) Gonorrhoea
Answer:a)HIV
14. Thehormonalcontraceptivemethodusedtopreventpregnancyis
a) Condom
b) Birthcontrolpills
c) Surgery
d) Copper-T
Answer:b)Birthcontrolpills
15. Whichofthefollowingisnotapartoffemalereproductioninhumans?

a) Ovaries
b) Uterus
c) Vasdeferens
d) Fallopian tubes
Answer:c)Vasdeferens
16. The pollensacisassociatedwith
a) Petals
b) Ovules
c) Stigma
d) Pollengrains
Answer:d)Pollengrains

17. The partthatproducesspermis

a) Vasdeferens
b) Testis
c) Fallopian tube
d) Ovaries
Answer:b)Testis
18. Theorganismsthatcausecholeraandmalariareproducebythemethodof
.
a) Binaryfission
b) Regeneration
c) Fragmentation
d) Budding
Answer:a)Binaryfission
19. WhatisthefunctionofDNA?
Answer:DNAisthesourceofinformationforsynthesizingproteins.Itis
responsible for the inheritance of traits from parents to offspring.
20. Whatistheimportanceofdiversityinlivingorganisms?
Answer:Organismscangoextinctduetochangesintheenvironment.Ifthere is
diversity among some organisms in a community, their chances of survival
increase.
21. Explainthemethodsofreproductionwithanexampleforeach.
Answer: The methods of reproduction are:
- Binaryfission:Amoeba,Leishmania,Plasmodium
- Fragmentation:Spirogyra
- Regeneration:Hydra,Planaria
- Budding:Hydra
- Vegetativereproduction:Sugarcane,Rose,Cabbage,Banana,Bryophyllum
- Sporeformation: Rhizopus, Hyphae

22. Whatis zygote

Answer:Zygoteisthestagewhenthemaleandfemalegametesfuseandthe egg
matures.
23. Namethepartsinvolvedinthereproductionofaplant'sflower.
Answer:Thepartsinvolvedinthereproductionofaplant'sflowerarethe anther
and stigma.
24. Namethemaleandfemalereproductivepartsinaplant'sflower.
Answer:Themalereproductivepartinaplant'sfloweristheanther,andthe female
reproductive part is the stigma.
25. Whatisself-pollination?
Answer:Self-pollinationoccurswhenthepollenfromafloweristransferredto the
stigma of the same flower.
26. Whatiscross-pollination?
Answer:Cross-pollinationoccurswhenthepollenfromonefloweris transferred
to the stigma of another flower.
27. Explainthedifferencebetweenself-pollinationandcross-pollination.
Answer:
- Self-pollination:Thisoccurswhenthepollenfromafloweristransferredto the
stigma of the same flower.
- Cross-pollination:Thisoccurswhenthepollenfromonefloweristransferred to
the stigma of another flower.
28. Howdoesthepollenreachtheovaryaftercontactingthestigma?
Answer:Afterthepollencontactsthestigma,itreachestheovarythroughthe style.
29. Howisanembryo formed?
Answer:Thezygoteundergoesseveraldivisionstoformtheembryo.

30. Howisaseedformed?
Answer:Thefertilizedovuledevelopsahardouterlayerarounditself,andthen it
gradually grows into a seed.

31. Whatarethecommonchangesobservedinfemalesduringpuberty?
Answer: The voice becomes softer, the size of the breasts begins to increase,
themenstrualcyclestarts,andhairgrowthisobservedaroundthearmpitsand
genitalia.
32. Whatarethecommonchangesobservedinmalesduringpuberty?
Answer:Thevoicebreaks,facialhairbeginstogrow,andgrowthbecomesmore
pronounced than in females. Hair growth is also seen around the armpits and
genitalia.

33. Whatis puberty?

Answer:Pubertyistheperiodofadolescence,typicallybetweentheagesof13 to 19.

34. Whathormoneisresponsibleforphysicalchangesinmalesduringpuberty?
Answer:Thehormoneresponsibleforphysicalchangesinmalesduringpuberty is
testosterone.

35. Whatglandsarefoundalongthepathofthevasdeferens?
Answer:Theglandsfoundalongthepathofthevasdeferensaretheprostate and
seminal vesicles.

36. Whathappenstoanovumreleasedinfemalesifitisnotfertilized?
Answer:Iftheovumreleasedinfemalesisnotfertilized,itcansurviveforupto one
day. During this time, the uterus prepares to receive the ovum through a
spongystructure.However,iftheovumisnotfertilized,theliningoftheuterus
gradually breaks down, leading to the release of blood and tissue through the
vagina. This process occurs every month when an ovum is released, soit is
called the menstrual cycle.

37. Whatisthepurposeofadvisingpurityuntilmarriage?
Answer: A woman must be physically and mentally capable of handling the
important responsibility of pregnancy. Moreover, multiple partners in sexual
relationshipscanleadtoseveralseriousdiseases,includingAIDS,gonorrhoea, and
syphilis.
38. Whatarethemethodsavailabletopreventpregnancy?
Answer: There are various methods designed to prevent pregnancy, including
theuseofcondoms,hormonalcontraceptivepillsthatalterhormonalbalance, and
the insertion of devices like IUDs or Copper-T into the uterus. Pregnancy can
also be prevented through surgical methods.

39. Howdoestheembryoreceivenourishmentinsidethemother'swomb?
Answer:Theembryoreceivesnourishmentthroughtheplacentainthe mother's
womb.
40. IfawomanisusingaCopper-T,doesithelpprotectherfromsexually
transmitted diseases?
Answer: The Copper-T prevents sperm from reaching the egg, but it does not
protectagainstdiseasestransmittedbybacteriaandviruses.Ifthesepathogens
come into contact with bodily fluids, they can multiply and spread diseases.
"Imagesincludedinthischapter.

Heredity
1. Individualswithacompletepairofsexchromosomesare .
a) Femaleonlyb)Male onlyc)Bothmaleandfemaled)
Dependent on other factors
Answer:a)Femaleonly

2. OnwhichplantdidMendelconducthisstudyofthelawsof
inheritance?
a) Roseb)Peaplantc)Tomatod)Potato
Answer: b) Pea plant
3. Inmonohybridcrosses,theplantsMendelobtainedintheF1
generation were .
a) Alldwarfb) Alltallc)Sometallonlyd)Somedwarfonly
Answer: b) All tall

4. TheratioofplantsobtainedintheF2generationinadihybridcross is
.
a) 9:3:1:3b) 9:3:3:1 c)1:3:3:9 d) 3:1
Answer:b)9:3:3:1

5. Thesexchromosomeinfemalesis .
a) XX b)XY c)YY d)XO
Answer:a)XX

6. Thesexchromosomeinmalesis .
a) XX b)XY c)YY d)XO
Answer:b)XY
7. Thesexchromosomethatdeterminesthebirthofamalechildis
.
a) X b)Y c)XX d)YY
Answer:b)Y

8. Whatisgenetics?
Answer:Geneticsreferstothescientificstudyandresearchrelated to
the reproduction of animals and plants.
9. Howisthesexofachilddeterminedinhumans?
In humans, there are sex chromosomes present, which are X in
females and XY in males. In a fertilization context, either the X or Y
chromosomefromthemalecombineswiththeXchromosomefrom
thefemale.IfthecombinationisXY,a malechildisborn; ifitisXX,a female
child is born. Thus, the sex of the child is determined.
10. Whatismonohybridcross?
Answer:Monohybridcrossreferstothegeneticcrossbetween
parents that differ in only one trait.
11. Whatisadihybridcross?
Answer:Adihybridcrossreferstotheoffspringresultingfromthe
crossing of plants that have two different traits.
12. Whyarethetraitsacquiredbyanorganismduringitslifetimenot
hereditary?
Answer: The traits acquired by an organism during its lifetime do
notcausechangesintheDNAofthe gametes,sothesetraitsarenot
hereditary.
13. Createacheckerboardtoshowthephenotypicratioina
monohybrid cross.
Answer:
InthisF1generation,allplantsexhibitthetalltrait. In
this F2 generation:
T t

T TT Tt

T Tt tt

(Note:ThelettersTandtrepresentthedominantandrecessive traits,
respectively.)
14. Createacheckerboardtoshowthephenotypicratioinadihybrid
cross.

Answer:

Thephenotypicratiois9:3:3:1.

15. If one trait has a frequency of 10% in an asexual reproduction

groupandanothertraithasafrequencyof60%inthesamegroup, which
trait could have arisen first?
Answer: The trait that is present in a higher percentage of the
population(60%)islikelytohavearisenfirstandspreadthroughout the
population, while the trait with 10% is newer and less
widespread.

16. Howdoesthevariationamongspeciespromotetheirsurvival?
Answer:Reproductiveprocesses,especiallysexualreproduction,lead
tonewvariationsthataresimilarbut subtlydifferent.Thus,different
variations emerge within a species. Variations that are suited to the
current environment survive through natural selection, while less
suited variations may disappear. As the environment changes, only
thosevariationsthataresuitableforthenewconditionswillsurvive,
ensuring the continuity of the species.

17. HowdoMendel'sexperimentsshowthattraitscanbedominant or
recessive?
Answer:Afterself-fertilization,inthesecondgeneration,75%ofthe
individuals exhibited the dominant trait, while 25% displayed the
recessive trait.
18. HowdoMendel'sexperimentsshowthattraitsareinherited
independently?
Answer:Mendelcrossedtwopairsofcontrastingtraitsinpeaplants.
Thefirstgeneration (F1)showedonly thedominanttraitsfrom each pair.
In the second generation (F2), the offspring displayed both parental
traits as well as new trait combinations not present in the parents.
This suggested that pairs of contrasting traits behave
independentlyfromeachotherandareinheritedindependently.

19. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O.
TheirdaughterhasbloodgroupO.Doesthisinformationallowyouto
determine whether the A or O trait is dominant? If yes, why? If not,
why not?
Answer:
(i)IfAisconsidereddominantoverO,thefollowingcombinationsare
possible:
Man:A/OandWoman:O/O
18. HowdoMendel'sexperimentsshowthattraitsareinherited
independently?
Answer:Mendelcrossedtwopairsofcontrastingtraitsinpeaplants.
Thefirstgeneration (F1)showedonly thedominanttraitsfrom each pair.
In the second generation (F2), the offspring displayed both parental
traits as well as new trait combinations not present in the parents.
This suggested that pairs of contrasting traits behave
independentlyfromeachotherandareinheritedindependently.
19. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group O.
TheirdaughterhasbloodgroupO.Doesthisinformationallowyouto
determine whether the A or O trait is dominant? If yes, why? If not,
why not?
Answer:
(i)IfAisconsidereddominantoverO,thefollowingcombinationsare
possible:
Man:A/OandWoman:O/O
A O

O AO OO

O AO OO

SincethedaughterhasbloodgroupO,itindicatesthatthemanhas the
genotype A/O, meaning O is recessive to A.
A A

O OA OA

O OA OA

O OA OA

A AA AA
 Thus,itisnotpossibletodeterminewhichbloodgroupisdominant based
on the information provided in the question.
20. Whatarethevariouswaysinwhichorganismswithspecifictraits
increase in a population?
Answer: When a change occurs in a population, and that change
contributes to the better survival of organisms in existing natural
conditions,thetraitisthennaturallyselected.Consequently,more
organisms possessing that trait survive in the population.
21. Whyarethetraitsacquiredbyanorganismduringitslifetimenot
heritable?
Answer:Thetraitsacquiredduringanorganism'slifetimearechanges in
the somatic cells and are not capable of being passed on to the
nextgeneration.OnlychangesthatoccurintheDNAofgermcells can
be heritable.
22. Whyisthesurvivalofasmallnumberoftigersaconcernfroma
conservation perspective?
Answer:Tigershaveverylittlevariationintheirgenetictraits,andif
natural conditions change drastically, any tiger may struggle to
survive. For example, if a deadly disease infects tigers, the lack of
genetic diversity in the population means that all tigers could
potentiallydie.Thedeclineinthetigerpopulationsuggeststhatthe
existing variations may not be suited to the changing environment
and could soon face extinction.
23. Isgeographicseparationasignificantfactorintheclassificationof
plantspeciesthatundergoself-pollination?Ifyes,why,andifno,why not?
Answer: No, since the population is self-pollinating, it is less
influencedbyfactorsresultingfromgeographicseparation.In
contrast,geographicseparationisasignificantfactorincross-
pollinated species because it leads to rapid accumulation of
differencesbetweentwogeographicallyseparatedorganisms.
24. Isgeographicseparationasignificantfactorintheclassificationof
asexual reproducing organisms? If yes, why, and if no, why not?
Answer:Anyorganismthatreproducesasexuallydoesnothave
significantvariationsamongitsgenerations.Anychangescausedby
geographic separation cannot be passed on to future generations
becausethesevariationsinDNAarenotsufficienttocreatenew
species.

26.Whycanallhumanbeings,despitehavingdifferentsizes,colors, and
shapes, be said to belong to the same species?
Answer:Althoughtheremaybeslightdifferencesinthegenetic
makeup of individuals from different ethnic groups, there is no
reproductiveisolation.Reproductiveisolationseparatesonespecies
fromanother.Humanswhodifferinsize,color,andappearancecan
interbreed and produce viable offspring.

Chapter:OurEnvironment
1.A goodAquarium isdescribedas
a)Biomeb)Ecosystemc)Communityd)Biosphere
Answer: b) Ecosystem

2. Thepercentageofenergyreleasedintotheenvironmentinthe
form of biological activity and heat by primary consumers is
.
a) 60%b)70%c)80%d)90%
Answer:d)90%
3. Theozonelayerisessentialbecauseitabsorbs
a) Ultravioletradiationb)Heatc)Solarradiationd)Infrared
radiation
Answer:a)ultravioletradiation

4. Wastethatisnotsubjectedtobiologicaldegradationiscalled

a) Organicwasteb)Manurec)Plasticd)Kitchenwaste
Answer: c) Plastic

5. Thefactorresponsibleforthedestructionoftheozonelayeris

a) Nitricacidb)CFCc)Carbond)Oxygen
Answer: b) CFC

6. Theradiationthatsplitsoxygenmoleculesintheatmosphereinto
atoms is
a) Betaradiationb)Gammaradiationc)Alpharadiationd)
Ultraviolet radiation
Answer:d)Ultravioletradiation
7. Inthesequenceofgrass→grasshopper→frog→snake→eagle, the
producers are
a) Grassb)Grasshopperc)Frogd)Snake
Answer: a) Grass
8. Ifgrassprovides5000kJofenergyinthefoodchainofgrass→
deer→tiger,theamountofenergythetigercanobtainis .
a) 5000 J b)500 J c)50J d)50,000 J
Answer:c)50J

9. Thechemicalsubstanceusedinfireextinguishersis .
a) Nitrogenb)Oxygenc)Carbondioxided)Hydrogen
Answer: c) Carbon dioxide

10. Thegasproducedfromtheincompletecombustionoffossilfuels is
.
a) Carbondioxideb)Carbonmonoxidec)Nitrogend)Hydrogen
Answer: b) Carbon monoxide

11. Theamountofenergythatherbivoresreceivewhenthey
consume green plants is .
a) 40%b)10%c)20%d)90%
Answer:b)10%

12. Theprimaryconsumerinfoodchainsis .
a) Tigerb)Crocodilec)Liond)Frog
Answer: b) Crocodile.
13. Thecomponentthatblocksultravioletradiationfromthesunis

a) Plantsb)Cloudsc)Ozoned)Sea
Answer: c) Ozone
14. Thediseaseseeninhumansduetothedepletionofozoneinthe
atmosphere is .
a) Diabetesb)Tuberculosisc)Cholerad)Skincancer
Answer: d) Skin cancer

15. Whenaharmfultoxinistransferredfromonetrophiclevelto
another through food, it increases. This is called .
a) Pesticideb)Poisoningc)Biologicalmagnificationd)Toxic
accumulation
Answer:c)Biologicalmagnification.
16. Givetwoexamplesofhuman-madeecosystems
Answer:Gardensandpondsareexamplesofhuman-made
ecosystems.

17. Nametwodecomposersinourecosystem.
Answer: Bacteria and fungi.

18. Whyaregreenplantscalledproducers?
Answer:Becauseproducershavetheabilitytocapturesolarenergy
through photosynthesis.

19. Nametheacid-formingoxidesthatcauseacidrain.
Answer: Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides.
20. Whydoenzymesthatbreakdowncarbohydratesnotbreakdown
rocks?
Answer: The enzymes produced in the body perform specific
functions.Therearenoenzymesinourbodythatcanbreakdownor
decompose rocks, so it is not possible to decompose them.

21. Whatisthereasonforanyfoodchainnothavingmorethanfour
trophic levels?
Answer:Sinceonly10%ofenergyistransferredfromonetrophic level to
the next, it becomes very limited as it moves from level to level,
making it insufficient for more than four trophic levels.