Fluid Mechanics I

Third Year, Mechanical Department.

Course Coordinator:
Dr. Mohamed Sayed Soliman
Mechanical Power Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Port-Said University.
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Port-Said 2023-2024
 Lecture 10

Chapter 3 Fluid Dynamics

Part 3

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 Energy equation (Bernoulli's equation) :
Integrating the Euler's equation gives:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� + � 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + � 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝜌𝜌

for incompressible flow, ρ= constant, so:

𝑝𝑝 𝑢𝑢2
+ + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = constant ÷ 𝑔𝑔
𝜌𝜌 2

𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

This is the Bernoulli’s equation, energy equation without any losses

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For incompressible fluid and steady flow with no heat transfer and other works
(shaft, pump, and turbine) the energy equation is:

𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔
where
𝑃𝑃
, pressure energy per unit weight or pressure head, [m]
𝛾𝛾
𝑢𝑢2
, kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head, [m]
2𝑔𝑔
𝑍𝑍, potential energy per unit weight or potential head, [m]
ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 , friction losses head, [m]

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 Example 1
In the figure the fluid is gasoline (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0.68) at a mass flow rate of 12 kg/s.
Assuming no losses, estimate the gage pressure at section 1.
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫: 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0.68 ∴ 𝜌𝜌 = 680 3 𝑚𝑚̇ = 12 ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 0.0
𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹: 𝑃𝑃1,𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 12 12
𝑚𝑚̇ = 12 = 𝜌𝜌1 𝐴𝐴1 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝜌𝜌2 𝐴𝐴2 𝑉𝑉2 ∴ 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉2 =
𝑠𝑠 𝜌𝜌1 𝐴𝐴1 𝜌𝜌2 𝐴𝐴2

12 12 × 4 12 12 × 4
𝑉𝑉1 = = = 3.67 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉2 = = = 9.4 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌1 𝐴𝐴1 680 × 𝜋𝜋 × 0.082 𝜌𝜌2 𝐴𝐴2 680 × 𝜋𝜋 × 0.052

𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔 𝛾𝛾 2𝑔𝑔

𝑝𝑝1 3.672 9.42

+ + 0.0 = 0.0 + + 12 + 0.0
9810 ∗ 0.68 2 ∗ 9.81 2 ∗ 9.81

𝑝𝑝1 = 64297.74 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 5

 Application of Bernoulli's Equation
1- Orifice
A well-rounded, small, simple nozzle acting as an
orifice for the tank is shown. A free jet of water is
exiting from the tank. It will be of interest to
determine the velocity of the water leaving the tank
through this orifice.

 Apply Bernoulli’s equation between free surface,

atmospheric pressure, of the tank (section 1) and
section 2, atmospheric pressure.
2 2
𝑝𝑝1 𝑉𝑉1 𝑝𝑝2 𝑉𝑉2
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 (1)
0 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 0
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

 and by applying continuity equation

𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐴𝐴2 (2) 6
But since sections 1 and 2 are both exposed to atmospheric pressure 𝑝𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑝2
= 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎 , the pressure terms cancel, leaving
𝑉𝑉2 2 − 𝑉𝑉1 2 = 2𝑔𝑔 𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 = 2𝑔𝑔. ℎ (3)
𝐴𝐴2
𝑉𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑉2 (4)
And from 3 and 4 𝐴𝐴1
2
2 2 𝐴𝐴2
𝑉𝑉2 − 𝑉𝑉2 = 2𝑔𝑔. ℎ
𝐴𝐴1
Generally, the nozzle area 𝐴𝐴2 is very much smaller than the tank area 𝐴𝐴1 , so that
𝐴𝐴2 2
the ratio is doubly negligible, and an accurate approximation for the outlet
𝐴𝐴1
velocity is:

𝑉𝑉2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2. 𝑔𝑔. ℎ 𝑉𝑉2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 . 𝑉𝑉2 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣 . 2. 𝑔𝑔. ℎ
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2- Venturi-meter
A venturi meter, as shown, is a carefully designed constriction whose pressure difference is a
measure of the flow rate in a pipe.

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 2- Venturi-meter
A venturi meter, as shown, is a carefully designed constriction whose pressure difference is a
measure of the flow rate in a pipe.
1- Apply Bernoulli's equation between the inlet pipe, 1, and the throat, 2.
𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 0
0
But, 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧2 .
𝑝𝑝1 𝑢𝑢1 2 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2
+ = +
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 . 𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 . 𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔
𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 𝑢𝑢2 2 − 𝑢𝑢1 2
= (1)
𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 . 𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔
2- And the continuity equation
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑢𝑢1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑢𝑢2 𝐴𝐴2
or 𝐴𝐴2
𝑢𝑢1 = 𝑢𝑢2 (2)
𝐴𝐴1 13
3- Also, at x-x the same pressure
𝑝𝑝1 + 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 . 𝑔𝑔. 𝑍𝑍 = 𝑝𝑝2 + 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 . 𝑔𝑔. 𝑍𝑍 − ℎ + 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 . 𝑔𝑔. ℎ ρf
or
𝑝𝑝1 − 𝑝𝑝2 = 𝑔𝑔. ℎ. 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 − 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 (3) Z
Hence, from equations (1,2, and 3) x x
𝐴𝐴2 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 ρm
𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = . 2𝑔𝑔ℎ −1
2 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴2
1−
𝐴𝐴1
However, since there is some loss of energy between sections 1 and 2 in actual cases, the above
equation is:
𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 . 𝐴𝐴2 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = . 2𝑔𝑔ℎ −1
2 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴2
1−
𝐴𝐴1 where Cd is the coefficient of discharge
=0.96. 14
3- Weir and Notch

V-notch Rectangular weir

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3- Weir and Notch
A notch may be defined as a sharp-edged obstruction over which flow of a liquid occurs. As the
depth of flow above the base of the notch is related to the discharge, the notch forms a useful
measuring device. The area of flow is most commonly either rectangular or V-shaped. A large
rectangular notch is more often termed a sharp-crested weir.

(b) V-notch

Consider a sharp-edged, rectangular notch, the analysis requires the following assumptions:
1. Upstream of the notch, the velocities of particles in the stream are uniform and parallel
2. The free surface remains horizontal.
3. The pressure throughout the nape is atmospheric.
4. The effects of viscosity and surface tension are negligible. 16
 2 3�
𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ = . 𝑏𝑏. 2𝑔𝑔. 𝐻𝐻 2 Rectangular weir
3
8 𝜃𝜃 5�
𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡𝑡 = . tan . 2𝑔𝑔. 𝐻𝐻 2 V-notch
15 2

𝑄𝑄𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐶𝐶𝑑𝑑 . 𝑄𝑄𝑡𝑡ℎ

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 Quiz
1- Determine the resultant force
acting on the 0.7-m-high and
0.7-m-wide triangular gate
shown in figure and its line of
action.

2- A semicircular 12 m diameter tunnel is

to be built under a 150 m deep, 240 m long
lake. Determine the total hydrostatic force
acting on the roof of the tunnel.

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