Transformations in the Plane

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

Copyright © McGraw Hill only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Lesson Goals

• Analyze figures to identify the types of rigid motions

represented.
• Calculate the coordinates of the vertices of images given the
coordinates of the preimages.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Identifying Transformations

A transformation is a function that takes points in the plane as

inputs and gives other points as outputs. In a transformation, the
preimage is mapped onto the image. A rigid motion, also called
a congruence transformation or an isometry, is a transformation
that preserves distance and angle measure.
The three main types of rigid transformations are shown on the
next few slides. The preimage is shown in blue, and the image is
shown in purple. Prime notation is used to indicate
transformations. If A is the preimage, then A′ is the image after
one transformation.
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Identifying Transformations
Key Concept: Reflections, Translations, and Rotations
A reflection or flip is a transformation
in a line called the line of reflection.
Each point of the preimage and its
image are the same distance from the
line of reflection.
A translation or slide is a
transformation that moves all points of
the original figure the same distance
in the same direction.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Identifying Transformations

Key Concept: Reflections, Translations, and Rotations

A rotation or turn is a transformation
about a fixed point (called the center
of rotation), through a specific angle,
and in a specific direction. Each point
of the original figure and its image are
the same distance from the center.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 1
Identify Transformations in the Real World

HOBBIES Identify the type of

rigid transformation shown in
the photo as a reflection,
translation, or rotation.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 1
Identify Transformations in the Real World

Check
CHECKERS In the game of checkers,
players move their pieces on the
diagonal. Identify the type of rigid
transformation shown as a reflection,
translation, or rotation.

The type of rigid motion is a

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 1
Identify Transformations in the Real World

Check
CHECKERS In the game of checkers,
players move their pieces on the
diagonal. Identify the type of rigid
transformation shown as a reflection,
translation, or rotation.

The type of rigid motion is a translation

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 2
Identify Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane

Identify the type of rigid transformation shown as a

reflection, translation, or rotation.

a. b. c.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 2
Identify Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane

a.

Each vertex and its image can be connected by lines with the
same length and slope. This is a translation.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 2
Identify Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane

b.

Each point and its image are the same distance from the
y-axis. This is a reflection.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 2
Identify Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane

c.

Each vertex and its image are the same distance from the origin.
The angles formed by each pair of corresponding points and the
origin are congruent. This is a rotation.
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 2
Identify Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane

Check
Which type of rigid
transformation is shown?

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 2
Identify Transformations on the
Coordinate Plane

Check
Which type of rigid
transformation is shown?
rotation

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Triangle ABC has coordinates 𝑨(𝟑, 𝟐), 𝑩(𝟐, −𝟐), and

𝑪(𝟒, −𝟓).

Part A Determine the coordinates of the vertices of

the image after a reflection in the 𝒙 − axis.

Part B Reflect △ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 in the 𝒚 −axis. Determine the

coordinates of the image.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Part A Determine the coordinates of the

vertices of the image after a
reflection in the 𝒙 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬.
PREDICT Graph the triangle. Before
performing the reflection, predict your
results.
The image of a reflection in the 𝑥 − axis will
be a triangle in the first and fourth
quadrants.
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Multiply the y-coordinate of each vertex by −1.

Find the coordinates of the vertices of the

image.

(𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥, −𝑦)

𝐴(3, 2) → 𝐴′(3, −2)
𝐵(2, −2) → 𝐵′(2, 2)
𝐶 4, −5 → 𝐶′(4, 5)
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

CHECK
The image matches the prediction.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Part B Reflect △ABC in the y-axis. Determine the

coordinates of the image.

PREDICT Before performing the reflection,

predict your results.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

CHECK
The image matches the prediction.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Multiply the x-coordinate of each vertex

by −1.

Find the coordinates of the vertices of

the image.
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑥, 𝑦)
𝐴(3, 2) → 𝐴′(−3, 2)
𝐵(2, −2) → 𝐵′(−2, −2)
𝐶(4, −5) → 𝐶′(−4, −5)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Part B Reflect △ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 in the 𝒚 −axis. Determine the

coordinates of the image.

PREDICT Before performing the reflection,

predict your results.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Part B Reflect △ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 in the 𝒚 −axis. Determine the

coordinates of the image.

PREDICT Before performing the reflection,

predict your results.

The image of a reflection in the 𝑦 −axis will be

a triangle in the second and third quadrants.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

CHECK The image matches the prediction.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Reflections

Key Concept: Reflections in the 𝒙 − 𝐨𝐫 𝒚 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬

Words Symbols Example
Reflections To reflect a point in (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥, −𝑦)
in the the 𝑥 − axis,
𝒙 − axis multiply its y-
coordinate by −1.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
 Learn
Representing Reflections

Key Concept: Reflections in the 𝒙 − 𝐨𝐫 𝒚 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬

Words Symbols Example
Reflections To reflect a point (𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑥, 𝑦)
in the in the 𝑦 − axis,
𝒚 − axis multiply its
𝑥 −coordinate by
−1.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Check

Triangle JKL has coordinates 𝐽(2, −8), 𝐾(6, −7), and

𝐿(4, −2). Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the
image after a reflection in the x-axis.

A. 𝐽′(2, 8), 𝐾′(6, 7), 𝐿′(4, 2)

B. 𝐽′(−2, −8), 𝐾′(−6, −7), 𝐿′(−4, −2)
C. 𝐽′(−2, 8), 𝐾′(−6, 7), 𝐿′(−4, 2)
D. 𝐽′(2, −8), 𝐾′(6, −7), 𝐿′(4, −2)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 3
Reflection in the 𝑥 − or 𝑦 −Axis

Check

Triangle JKL has coordinates 𝐽(2, −8), 𝐾(6, −7), and

𝐿(4, −2). Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the
image after a reflection in the x-axis.

A. 𝐽′(2, 8), 𝐾′(6, 7), 𝐿′(4, 2)

B. 𝐽′(−2, −8), 𝐾′(−6, −7), 𝐿′(−4, −2)
C. 𝐽′(−2, 8), 𝐾′(−6, 7), 𝐿′(−4, 2)
D. 𝐽′(2, −8), 𝐾′(6, −7), 𝐿′(4, −2)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Translations

A translation is a function in which all of the points of

a figure move the same distance in the same
direction.
A preimage is translated along a translation vector.
The translation vector describes the magnitude and
direction of the slide if the magnitude is the length of
the vector from its initial point to its terminal point.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Translations

To describe a translation in the coordinate plane, it is

helpful to write the vector in component form. A vector
in component form is written as 𝑥, 𝑦 , which
describes the vector in terms of its horizontal
component x and vertical component y.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 4
Translations

For quadrilateral QRST with vertices

𝑸(−𝟖, −𝟐), 𝑹(−𝟗, −𝟓), 𝑺(−𝟒, −𝟕), and 𝑻(−𝟒, −𝟐), find
the coordinates of the vertices of the image after
a translation along the vector 𝟕, 𝟏 .

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 4
Translations

PREDICT Graph the quadrilateral.

Before performing the translation,
predict your results.

The image of a translation along

the vector 7,1 will be a
quadrilateral in the third and fourth
quadrants.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 4
Translations

A translation along 7,1 will move the figure 7 units to the

right and 1 unit up.

Find the coordinates of the vertices of the image.

(𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥 + 7, 𝑦 + 1)
𝑄(−8, −2) → 𝑄′(−8 + 7, −2 + 1) or 𝑄′(−1, −1)
𝑅(−9, −5) → 𝑅′(−9 + 7, −5 + 1) or 𝑅′(−2, −4)
𝑆(−4, −7) → 𝑆′(−4 + 7, −7 + 1) or 𝑆′(3, −6)
𝑇(−4, −2) → 𝑇′(−4 + 7, −2 + 1) or 𝑇′(3, −1)
CHECK The image matches the prediction.
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Translations

Key Concept: Translations

Words To translate a point along the vector 𝑎, 𝑏 , add a to
the 𝑥 −coordinate and b to the 𝑦 −coordinate.
Coordinate (𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑥 + 𝑎, 𝑦 + 𝑏)
Rule
Example 𝑃(−2, 3) translated along
the vector 7,4 is
𝑃′(−2 + 7, 3 + 4)
or 𝑃′(5, 7).

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 4
Translations

Check
Quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has vertices 𝐴(−3, 1), 𝐵(−5, 3), 𝐶(−2, 5), and
𝐷(−1, 3). What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image
after a translation along the vector 5, −3 ?

A. 𝐴′(2, −2), 𝐵′(0, 0), 𝐶′(3, 2), and 𝐷′(4, 0)

B. 𝐴′(−8, −2), 𝐵′(−10, 0), 𝐶′(−7, 2), and 𝐷′(−6, 0)
C. 𝐴′(2, 4), 𝐵′(0, 6), 𝐶′(3, 8), and 𝐷′(4, 6)
D. 𝐴′(−8, 4), 𝐵′(−10, 6), 𝐶′(−7, 8), and 𝐷′(−6, 6)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 4
Translations

Check
Quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has vertices 𝐴(−3, 1), 𝐵(−5, 3), 𝐶(−2, 5), and
𝐷(−1, 3). What are the coordinates of the vertices of the image
after a translation along the vector 5, −3 ?

A. 𝐴′(2, −2), 𝐵′(0, 0), 𝐶′(3, 2), and 𝐷′(4, 0)

B. 𝐴′(−8, −2), 𝐵′(−10, 0), 𝐶′(−7, 2), and 𝐷′(−6, 0)
C. 𝐴′(2, 4), 𝐵′(0, 6), 𝐶′(3, 8), and 𝐷′(4, 6)
D. 𝐴′(−8, 4), 𝐵′(−10, 6), 𝐶′(−7, 8), and 𝐷′(−6, 6)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Rotations

A rotation is a function that moves every point of

a preimage through a specified angle and
direction about a fixed point, called the center of
rotation. Under a rotation, each point and its
image are the same distance from the center of
rotation. In this lesson, you can assume that the
origin is the center of rotation. The specified
angle is called the angle of rotation.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Rotations

The direction of a rotation can be clockwise

or counterclockwise. In this course, you
can assume that all rotations are
counterclockwise unless stated otherwise.
When a point is rotated 90°, 180°, or 270°
counterclockwise about the origin, you can
use the following rules. A rotation of
360° will map the image onto the preimage.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Rotations

Talk About It!

Would two successive 90° rotations counterclockwise
about the origin result in the same image as a 180°
rotation clockwise about the origin? Explain.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Rotations

Key Concept: Rotations in the Coordinate Plane

𝟗𝟎° Rotation Example

To rotate a point 90° counterclockwise
about the origin, multiply the
𝑦 −coordinate by −1 and then
interchange the 𝑥 − and
𝑦 −coordinates.
Coordinate Rule
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑦, 𝑥)
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Rotations

𝟏𝟖𝟎° Rotation Example

To rotate a point
180° counterclockwise about the
origin, multiply the 𝑥 − and
𝑦 −coordinates by −1.

Coordinate Rule
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑥, −𝑦)
This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Learn
Representing Rotations

𝟐𝟕𝟎° Rotation Example

To rotate a point 270° counterclockwise
about the origin, multiply the
𝑥 −coordinate by −1 and then
interchange the 𝑥 − and
𝑦 −coordinates.

Coordinate Rule
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑦, −𝑥)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 5
Rotations

Parallelogram 𝑭𝑮𝑯𝑱 has vertices 𝑭(𝟐, 𝟏), 𝑮(𝟕, 𝟏),

𝑯(𝟔, −𝟑), and 𝑱(𝟏, −𝟑). What are the coordinates of
the vertices of its image after a rotation of 180°
about the origin?

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 5
Rotations

PREDICT Graph parallelogram 𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐽.

Before performing the rotation, predict
your results.

The image of the parallelogram rotated

180° will be a parallelogram in the
second and third quadrants.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 5
Rotations

Think About It!

Describe the figure after the rotation.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 5
Rotations

To rotate a point 180° counterclockwise about the origin,

multiply the 𝑥 − and y-coordinates by −1. Find the
coordinates of the vertices of the image.
(𝑥, 𝑦) → (−𝑥, −𝑦)
𝐹(2, 1) → 𝐹′(−2, −1)
𝐺(7, 1) → 𝐺′(−7, −1)
𝐻(6, −3) → 𝐻′(−6, 3)
𝐽(1, −3) → 𝐽′(−1, 3)

CHECK The image meets the prediction.

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use
McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 5
Rotations

Check
Quadrilateral 𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀 has coordinates 𝐽(1, 2), 𝐾(4, 3), 𝐿(6, 1), and
𝑀(3, 1). Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the image
after a 270° rotation about the origin.

A. 𝐽′(2, −1), 𝐾′(3, −4), 𝐿′(1, −6), and 𝑀′(1, −3)

B. 𝐽′(2, 1), 𝐾′(3, 4), 𝐿′(1, 6), and 𝑀′(1, 3)
C. 𝐽′(−2, 1), 𝐾′(−3, 4), 𝐿′(−1, 6), and 𝑀′(−1, 3)
D. 𝐽′(−2, −1), 𝐾′(−3, −4), 𝐿′(−1, −6), and 𝑀′(−1, −3)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.
Example 5
Rotations

Check
Quadrilateral 𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀 has coordinates 𝐽(1, 2), 𝐾(4, 3), 𝐿(6, 1), and
𝑀(3, 1). Determine the coordinates of the vertices of the image
after a 270° rotation about the origin.

A. 𝐽′(2, −1), 𝐾′(3, −4), 𝐿′(1, −6), and 𝑀′(1, −3)

B. 𝐽′(2, 1), 𝐾′(3, 4), 𝐿′(1, 6), and 𝑀′(1, 3)
C. 𝐽′(−2, 1), 𝐾′(−3, 4), 𝐿′(−1, 6), and 𝑀′(−1, 3)
D. 𝐽′(−2, −1), 𝐾′(−3, −4), 𝐿′(−1, −6), and 𝑀′(−1, −3)

This material may be reproduced for licensed classroom use

McGraw Hill | Transformations in the Plane only and may not be further reproduced or distributed.