General Chemistry

Principles and Modern Applications

Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th or 10thEdition
General Chemistry
Principles and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th or 10thEdition
 CHEMISTRY I

Text Book Web Page :

http://cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/

Grading:
First Midterm 25%
Second Midterm 25%
FINAL 50%
 CHEMISTRY I
COURSE TOPICS
1. Matter- Its properties and Measurement
2. Atoms and Atomic Theory
3. Chemical Compounds
4. Chemical Reactions
5. Reactions in aqueous solutions
6. Gases
7. Thermochemistry
8. Electrons in atoms
9. Periodic table and some atomic properties
Chapter 1: Matter—Its Properties and
Measurement
 Contents
1-2 The Scientific Method
1-3 Properties of Matter
1-4 Classification of Matter
1-5 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) System
1-6 Density and Percent Composition:
Their Use in Problem Solving
1-7 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
1-8 Significant Figures
 Chemistry
• Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and
properties of matter and of changes that occur in matter.

Why Study Chemistry?

1. To better understand the world: what it is made of and
how it works.

2. Chemistry is the study of EVERYTHING!

3. It is the “Central Science” - All other sciences

intersect at and depend on chemistry.
 Branches of Chemistry

1. Organic Chemistry
2. Inorganic Chemistry
3. Biochemistry
4. Physical Chemistry
5. Analytical Chemistry
6. Computational Chemistry
7. Quantum Chemistry
 1. Organic Chemistry

• Organic is the study of matter that contains carbon

• Organic chemists study the structure, function,

synthesis, and identity of carbon compounds

• Useful in petroleum industry, pharmaceuticals,

polymers
 2. Inorganic Chemistry

• Inorganic is the study of matter that does NOT contain

carbon
• Inorganic chemists study the structure, function,
synthesis, and identity of non-carbon compounds
• Polymers, Metallurgy
 3. Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the study of chemistry in living things

• Cross between biology and chemistry
• Pharmaceuticals and genetics
 4. Physical Chemistry

• Physical chemistry is the physics

of chemistry

• Much of p-chemistry investigates

structural properties, chemical
and physical behaviors of
chemical compounds in solution
and gas phase

• Develop theoretical ideas for

new compounds
 5. Analytical Chemistry

• Analytical chemistry is the study of high

precision measurement

• Find composition and identity of chemicals

• Forensics, quality control, medical tests

 1-2 The Scientific Method

• Scientific method is the combination of observation, experimentation, and the

formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories.
• In one of the most common scientific methods, we begin by constructing a
hypothesis – a tentative explanation of the facts and observations.
• Then we design and perform experiments to test the hypothesis; collect data
• The hypothesis is revised and the process continues.
• When our hypothesis successfully predicts what will happen, we designate it as a
scientific law – a (usually) mathematical description.
• A theory is the explanation for a law.
– Example: Boyle’s law says that PV = constant for a gas at constant temperature.
 1-3 Properties of Matter
Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of matter.

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Examples: chairs gasoline clothes
batteries people paint
paper oxygen water
salt aluminum air

Composition: Refers to the parts or components

of a sample and their relative proportions
H2O, 11.9% H and 88.81% O
H2O2, 5.93% H and 94.07% O

Properties: Distinguishing features

physical and chemical properties
 Matter and Property

• A physical property is displayed by a sample of Copper is red-

matter without undergoing any change in the brown, opaque,
composition of the matter. solid: physical
properties.
– Physical properties include mass, color, volume,
temperature, density, melting point, etc.

• Chemical property – displayed by a sample of

matter as it undergoes a change in composition.
– Flammability, toxicity, reactivity, acidity are all
chemical properties.

Ethanol is flammable:
a chemical property.
 Matter and Property
• In a physical change, there is no change in
composition.
• No new substances are formed.
– Examples include: evaporation; melting;
cutting a piece of wood; dissolving sugar in
water.

• In a chemical change or chemical reaction, the

matter undergoes a change in composition.
The liquid fuel
• New substances are formed. evaporates: a
– Examples include: burning gasoline; physical
change.
dissolving metal in acid; spoilage of food.
The vapor burns,
combining with oxygen:
a chemical change.
Physical Change
• Each substance involved in the change retains its original
identity and no new elements or compounds are formed.

“ice”
H2O (s) H2O (l)
H 11.9% Melting H 11.9%
O 88.81% O 88.81%
 Some Physical Properties of Iron

• Iron is a silvery solid at room temperature with a metallic

taste and smooth texture.
• Iron melts at 1538 °C and boils at 4428 °C.
• Iron’s density is 7.87 g/cm3.
• Iron can be magnetized.
• Iron conducts electricity.
• Iron has thermal conductivity.
Chemical Change (Chemical Reaction)
• A change that involves a change in composition.
• Transformation of one or more atoms or molecules into
one or more different molecules.

 Burning hydrogen (H2) in oxygen (O2) gives H2O.

“Reacting”
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (l)

 Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (s) + H2 (g)

Au (s) + 2HCl (aq) → No reaction

 AgNO3 (aq) + HCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + HNO3 (aq)

 Some Chemical Properties of Iron

• Iron is easily oxidized in moist air to form rust.

• When iron is added to hydrochloric acid,

it produces ferric chloride and hydrogen gas.

Fe (s) + 3HCl (aq) → FeCl3 (s) + 3/2 H2 (g)

 Common Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties: Chemical Properties:
Melting Point Reaction with acids
Boiling Point Reaction with bases
Vapor Pressure Reaction with oxgen (combustion)
Color Ability to act as oxidizing agent
State of matter (s,l,g) Ability to act as reducing agent
Density, Solubility Reaction with other elements
Electrical conductivity Decomposition into simpler substances
Thermal Conductivity
Magnetism
Ductility, Malleability
 1-4 Classification of Matter
• Atom
Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms.
• Element
A substance made up of only a single type of atom.
There are 115 elements (90 of them are from natural sources)
Each element has a chemical symbol: O, H, Ag, Fe, Cl, S, Hg, Au, U, etc.
 Most known elements: Carbon, Iron, Silver
 Less known elements: Lutetium, Tulium
• Compound
A combination of two or more different elements in fixed ratios
by mass.
Water - H2O Carbon dioxide - CO2
Sodium Chloride – NaCl Iron(II) sulfide – FeS
• Molecule
The smallest entity having the same elemental combination as
the compound.

 One Water molecule has 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

 One Hydrogen Peroxide molecule has 2 hydrogen atoms and

2 oxygen atoms.

 Blood protein Gamma Globulin molecule has 19,996 atoms.

They are four types: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Substance
It has fixed composition that does not vary from one sample to
another. Pure elements and compounds are called substances.

• Mixture
Combination of elements and/or compounds.
 A homogeneous mixture has the same composition.
– Soda, salt water, seawater, sugar in water and air.
 A heterogeneous mixture varies in composition from one part of
the mixture to another.
– Adhesive tape, CD, pen, battery, chair, and people are
examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
 Mixtures and Compounds

Element Element Compound

(atoms) (molecules) (molecules) Mixture

He, Ne N2, O2, Cl2 CO2, H2O, NH3 Mix

A classification scheme for matter
Classifying Atoms Molecules

make up
Matter
ALL MATTER

No Can which
it be separated
exists as by Yes
physical means?

Substances Mixtures
Canwhich may be
it be decomposed Is it uniform
which may be
No Yes Yes throughtout? No
by chemical process?

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

 Separating Mixtures
• Filtration
Separates components of a mixture based upon differences in
particle size.

• Distillation
Separation is based upon differences in volatility.

• Chromatography
Separation is based upon differences in solubility in a solvent versus
a stationary phase.
 Separations
Physical Separation Techniques

• Filtration (a)
Separation of sand and water.

• Distillation (b)
Separation of Copper(II) sulfate and water.

• Chromatography (c and d)
Separation of the dye componets of black ink.
 Decomposing Compounds
It is easier to convert a compound into other compounds by
chemical reaction than separating a compound into its elements.

A chemical change: decomposition of ammonium dichromate

(NH4)2Cr2O7 (s) → Cr2O3 (s) + N2 (g) + 4H2O(g)

 Structure Determines Properties

• Matter is found in three states; solid, liquid or gas.

• The atoms or molecules have different structures in

solids, liquids and gases-leading to different properties.
 Solids
• The particles in a solid are packed close together.

• Solids are incompressible.

• Solids retain their shape and volume when placed in

a container.

• Some solids arranged in an orderly geometric pattern-

called crystalline solids.
 Salt and diamonds.

• Other solids arranged in a irregular geometric pattern

–called amorphous solids.
 Plastic and glass.
 Liquids

• The particles in a liquid are packed losely, but they have

some ability to move around.

• Moving ability of the particles allows liquids to take the

shape of the container and to flow.

• Liquids are incompressible.

 Gases

• In gases, the particles have complete freedom

from each other.

• In the gas state, there is a lot of empty space

between the particles.

• Gas particles can be squeezed closer together.

Therefore, gases are compressible.

• Gases are moving freely, gases expand to fill and

take the shape of their container.
 View of Matter

• Macroscopic level is how we percieve matter with our eye.

• Microscopic level describes matter in terms of atoms and molecules.

 Atomic and Molecular Concepts

Plasma
Nuclei Electrons

Gas

Atoms or Molecules

Liquid

Atoms or Molecules

Crystalline Solid
 Energy Involved in Phase Changes
Liberates
Gas Energy

Boiling Condensation

Liquid

Melting Freezing

Requires
Solid
Energy
 1-4 The Measurement of Matter
• Chemistry is quantitative science. A property of a substance is
measured and compared with a standard.

• The measurement is expressed with a number and a unit.

All measurements have two parts:
26.976 g
number unit

• The unit indicates standard against which the measured quantity

is being compared.

• The length of playing field in football is 100 yd. 100 times longer
than a standard of length called yard.
 1-4 The Measurement of Matter:
SI (metric) Units
• SI is the International System of Units.
• In SI, there is a single base unit for each type of measurement.
 Rules for Using the SI Systems
1. Use only singular form of units and do NOT use a period after the
symbol for the unit. 1 mm not 1 mm,

2. Use a dot on the base line for the decimal point.

23.6 m not 23,6 m

3. Group digits in threes around the decimal point and do NOT use commas.
1 000 000.000 003 km

4. Do NOT use spaces for four-digit measurements.

1645 mL or 0.2367 mg

5. Do NOT use the degree sign (o) for temperature recorded for the Kelvin
Temperature scale.
78.6 K not 78.6 o K
 Scientific Measurements: SI Prefixes

• Prefixes are used to indicate powers of ten

of common units that are much smaller or
larger than the base unit.

• Although there are many prefixes, only a

few are in very common use.

• In measurements, kilo-, centi-, and milli-

are the three most common prefixes.

• Examples: Gigahertz (GHz)

Megabytes (MB)
Terawatts (TW)
 Mass and Weight

• Mass(m): the quantity of matter in an object.

 The mass of an object does not change as its position changes.

 The base unit of mass is the kilogram (1kg=1000g).

Common mass units include g and mg (1mg=0.001 g).

• Weight(W): The force of gravity on an object.

Wm W=gm

 The weight of an object changes with its distance from the

center of earth.
 Weight

Weight of an object in Russia is 100g. 100 g

Weight of an object in Panama is 99.6g.

99.6g

Weight of an object in Moon is 17g.

17g
 Time and Length
• The SI base unit of time is the second (s).

• Smaller units of time include the millisecond (ms), microsecond

(µs), and nanosecond (ns).

• Larger units of time usually are expressed in the nontraditional units

of minutes, hours, days, and years.

• The base unit of length is the meter, a little longer than a yard.
• Common units:
–kilometer (km; 1000 m),
–centimeter (cm; 0.01 m) and millimeter (mm; 0.001 m)
 Temperature
•The base unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).

•We often use the Celsius scale (°C) in scientific works.

0 °C is the F.P. of water, and 100 °C is the B.P.

• The Fahrenheit scale (°F) is most commonly

encountered in the U.S.
Freezing and boiling water are 32 °F and 212 °F,
respectively.

 Kelvin from Celsius T (K) = t (C) + 273.15

 Fahrenheit from Celsius (F) = 9/5[t (C) + 32]
 Celsius from Fahrenheit (C) = 5/9[t (F) – 32]
Sample Calculations Involving Temperatures

Convert 73.6oF to Celsius and Kelvin temperatures.

oC = (5/9)(oF - 32)
oC = (5/9)(73.6oF - 32) = (5/9)(41.6)

= 23.1oC

K = oC + 273.15

K = 23.1oC + 273.15 = 296.3 K

 Derived units

Derived units Other Common Units

Force Newton, kg m s-2 Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2 Volume Litre, L, 10-3 m3
Eenergy Joule, kg m2 s-2 Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Pressure
1 Atm = 1.064 x 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg
 Volume
• The derived unit of volume (space taken up
by an object) is the cubic meter (m3).

• A very common unit of volume, not SI but

still used, is the liter (L).

• The milliliter (mL; 0.001 L) is also used, as

is the cubic centimeter (cm3).
1m3 = 1000 dm3
1dm3 = 1L
= 1000cm3
1 cm3 = 1 mL

• There are about 5 mL in one teaspoon.

 Unit Conversion: Conversion Factors
Conversion factors are ratios used to express a measured quantity in different
units.
desired unit
start unit   desired unit
start unit
Example: 2.54 cm = 1 in.

We can write two conversion factors:

2.54 cm 1 in.
––––––– –––––––
1 in. 2.54 cm

• We use these conversion factors to convert in. to cm

and to convert cm to in.
 Dimensional Analysis

Using units as a guide to problem solving is called dimensional analysis.

• What is the mass in grams of a 325 mg aspirin tablet?

• Step 1: We want grams.
• Step 2: We write down the given: 325 mg.
• Step 3: We apply a unit factor (1 mg = 0.001 g) and round to three
significant figures.

0.001 g
325 mg × = 0.325 g
1 mg
How many meters are in each of the following?

21 km 1023 570 mm

(21 km)(1 x 103 m) = 21 x 103 m = 2.1 x 104 m

km

(1023 570 mm)( 1 m ) = 1.023 570 m

(106 mm)
Sample Calculations Involving Masses

How many mg are in 2.56 kg?

(2.56 kg)(103 g)(106mg)

= 2.56 x 109 mg
(1 kg) ( 1 g)

How many g are in 2.578 x 1012 ng?

(2.578 x 1012 ng) (1 g)

= 2578 g
(109 ng)
Sample Calculations Involving Volumes

1.3 How many mL are in 3.456 L?

(3.456 L)(1000 mL) = 3456 mL

L

1.4 How many mL are in 23.7 cm3?

(23.7 cm3)( 1 mL )( 1 L_ _)(106 mL)

(1 cm3)(1000 mL)( 1L )

= 23 700 mL = 2.37 x 10 4 mL
 Density
Density is the ratio of mass to volume: Styrofoam Brick
mass (m)
d = –––––––––
volume (V)

• EXTENSIVE property
–depends on quantity of matter.
–mass and volume.

• Density is an INTENSIVE property of matter.

–does NOT depend on quantity of matter.
–depend on temperature Mercury
Platinum Aluminum

13.6 21.5 2.7

 Effect of Temperature on Density
g/cm3 or g/mL

• At 4ºC 1.000 L water is 1.000 kg

d= 1000g/1000 mL or 1.000 g/mL

• At 20ºC 1.007 L water is 1.000 kg

d= 1000g/1.007 mL d= 0.9922 g/mL

• Density is a function of Temperature.

 Effect of State of Matter on Density

• Solid densities: about 0.2 g/cm3 to 20 g/cm3

• Liquid densities: about 0.5 g/cm3 to 3-4 g/cm3

• Gas densities: few grams per liter, 3-4 g/L

 Density in Conversion Pathways

What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25 inches

on each side?
Have volume, need density = 22.48 g/cm3
1.25 in.
1 in.= 2.54 cm V=l3

in Os → cm Os → cm3 Os → g Os
 Density in Conversion Pathways

At 25ºC density of mercury (Hg) is 13.5 g/mL.

What is the volume of 1.000 kg mercury at 25ºC?

kg Hg → g Hg → mL Hg
 EXAMPLE
Mass, Volume and Density
What is the density of 2.52 kg wood stick bar ?

6.2 cm

5.1 cm
1.08 m

V= l x w x h

Density
 EXAMPLE
Mass, Volume and Density

What is the mass of 275 mL ethyl alcohol at 25ºC?

Density of ethyl alcohol is 0.789 g/mL.

 Percent Composition as a Conversion
Factor
• Composition of a matter is commonly referred as percent.

• Percent is the number of the parts of a constituent in 100 parts of the

whole.

• Percent (per centum) Latin

Per (meaning"for each") centum (meaning "100 ")

 Seawater contains 3.5% sodium chloride by mass.

 Uncertainties in Measurements

• Systematic Errors: measuring instruments

• Random Errors:

• Accuracy:
How close to the ‘true’ value a given measurement is.
 Single measurement: percent error

• Precision:

 Characterized by the standard deviation.

 Accuracy and Precision

Darts are close together

Darts are close together
(precise) but they aren’t
AND they are “bullseyes.”
“bullseyes” (accurate).
 Accuracy and Precision

Pan Balance Analytical Balance

Three measurements 10.5, 10.4, 10.6 g 10.4978, 10.4979, 10.4977 g
Average 10.5 g 10.4978 g
Reproducibility ± 0.1 g ± 0.0001 g
Precision Low high
Accuracy and Precision

Mass of a Tennis Ball

good accuracy
good precision
Accuracy and Precision

Mass of a Tennis Ball

good accuracy
poor precision
Accuracy and Precision

Mass of a Tennis Ball

poor accuracy
poor precision
 Significant Figures
• Zeroes in numbers without a decimal (100 mL, 5000 g) may or may not be
significant.
– To avoid ambiguity, such numbers are often written in scientific notation:
– 1000 mL (?? sig fig) 1.00 × 103 mL (3 sig fig)

7500 m
2 SF 3 SF 4 SF
7.5 x 103 m 7.50 x 103 m 7.500 x 103 m
 Significant Figures
• All non-zero digits are significant.
 1.5 has 2 significant figures.
• Interior zeros are significant.
 1.05 has 3 significant figures.
• Trailing zeros after a decimal point are significant.
 1.050 has 4 significant figures.
• Leading zeros are NOT significant.
 0.001050 has 4 significant figures. 1.050 x 10-3
• Zeros at the end of a number without a written decimal point are
NOT significant
 If 150 has 2 significant figures, then 1.5 x 102,
 but if 150 has 3 significant figures, then 1.50 x 102.
 Example-Determine the Number of Significant Figures

• How many significant figures are in each of the following

numbers?

0.0035 2 significant figures—leading zeros are not significant.

1.080 4 significant figures—trailing and interior zeros are significant.

2371 4 significant figures—All digits are significant.

2.97 × 105 3 significant figures—Only decimal parts count as significant.

Example-Determine the Number of Significant Figures

• 12000 2 • 0.0012 2

• 120. 3 • 0.00120 3

• 12.00 4 • 1201 4

• 1.20 x 103 3 • 1201000 4

 How many sig figs?

45.8736 6 •All digits count

.000239 3 •Leading 0’s don’t

.00023900 5 •Trailing 0’s do

48000. 5 •0’s count in decimal form

48000 2 •0’s don’t count w/o decimal

3.982106 4 •All digits count

1.00040 6 •0’s between digits count as well as

trailing in decimal form
 Significant Figures in Numerical Calculations
• The results of multiplication or division may contain the fewest number of
significant figures known in the calculation.

14.79 cm x 12.11 cm x 5.05 cm = 904 cm3

4 SF 4 SF 3 SF 3 SF

• The results of addition or subtraction may have the same number of decimal
places as the measurement with the fewest number of decimal places.

15.02 g
9986.0 g
+ 3.518 g
10 004.538 g
 Rounding Off Numerical Results

• If the digit dropped is 5,6,7,8, or 9, increase the final digit one

unit.
 Express the folloving numbers as 3 Significant Figures.

15.55 15.6
14.775 1.48 x 101

• If the digit dropped is 0,1,2,3, or 4, leave the the final digit

unchanged.
 Express the folloving numbers as 3 Significant Figures.

15.543 15.5
15.54 15.5
Solution

0.0364583

0.036 2 SF

3.6 x 10-2 2 SF
Solution

3 SF
 Rounding
• When rounding to the correct number of
significant figures, if the number after the place
of the last significant figure is:
1. 0 to 4, round down.
 Drop all digits after the last significant figure and
leave the last significant figure alone.
2. 5 to 9, round up.
 Drop all digits after the last significant figure and
increase the last significant figure by one.

Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 83

Chapter 2
 Examples of Rounding
For example you want a 4 Sig Fig number

4965.03 4965 0 is dropped, it is <5

780,582 780.6 8 is dropped, it is >5; Note you

must include the 0’s

1999.5 2000 5 is dropped it is = 5; note you

need a 4 Sig Fig
Multiplication and Division with
Significant Figures
• When multiplying or dividing measurements with
significant figures, the result has the same number of
significant figures as the measurement with the
fewest number of significant figures.
5.02 × 89,665 × 0.10 = 45.0118 = 45
3 sig. figs. 5 sig. figs. 2 sig. figs. 2 sig. figs.
5.892 ÷ 6.10 = 0.96590 = 0.966
4 sig. figs. 3 sig. figs. 3 sig. figs.

Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 85

Chapter 2
 Determine the Correct Number of
Significant Figures for Each Calculation and

1. 1.01 × 0.12 × 53.51 ÷ 96 = 0.067556 = 0.068

3 sf 2 sf 4 sf 2 sf Result should 7 is in place
have 2 sf. of last sig. fig.,
number after
is 5 or greater,
so round up.
2. 56.55 × 0.920 ÷ 34.2585 = 1.51863 = 1.52
4 sf 3 sf 6 sf Result should 1 is in place
have 3 sf. of last sig. fig.,
number after
is 5 or greater,
so round up.
Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 86
Chapter 2
 Addition/Subtraction

25.5 32.72 320

+34.270 - 0.0049 + 12.5
59.770 32.7151 332.5
59.8 32.72 330
 Addition and Subtraction with
Significant Figures
• When adding or subtracting measurements with
significant figures, the result has the same number of
decimal places as the measurement with the fewest
number of decimal places.
5.74 + 0.823 + 2.651 = 9.214 = 9.21
2 dec. pl. 3 dec. pl. 3 dec. pl. 2 dec. pl.
4.8 - 3.965 = 0.835 = 0.8
1 dec. pl 3 dec. pl. 1 dec. pl.

Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 88

Chapter 2
 Determine the Correct Number of
Significant Figures for Each Calculation and
Round and Report the Result, Continued
1. 0.987 + 125.1 – 1.22 = 124.867 = 124.9
3 dp 1 dp 2 dp Result should 8 is in place
have 1 dp. of last sig. fig.,
number after
is 5 or greater,
so round up.
2. 0.764 – 3.449 – 5.98 = -8.664 = -8.66
3 dp 3 dp 2 dp Result should 6 is in place
have 2 dp. of last sig. fig.,
number after
is 4 or less,
so round down.
Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 89
Chapter 2
 Addition and Subtraction

.56
__ + .153
___ = .713 __.71 Look for the
last
82000 + 5.32 = 82005.32 82000 important
10.0 - 9.8742 = .12580 .1 digit

10 – 9.8742 = .12580 0
 Both Multiplication/Division and
Addition/Subtraction with
Significant Figures
• When doing different kinds of operations with
measurements with significant figures, evaluate the
significant figures in the intermediate answer, then
do the remaining steps.
• Follow the standard order of operations.
 Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally.    n     -
3.489 × (5.67 – 2.3) =
2 dp 1 dp
3.489 × 3.37 = 12
4 sf 1 dp & 2 sf 2 sf
Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 91
Chapter 2
 Example 1.6—Perform the Following Calculations
to the Correct Number of Significant Figures,
Continued
a) 1.10  0.5120  4.0015  3.4555  0.65219  0.652

0.355
b)
 105.1
 100.5820
4.8730  4.9
c) 4.562  3.99870  452.6755  452.33  52.79904  53

d) 14.84  0.55  8.02  0.142  0.1

Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", 92
Chapter 2