Thank You for Choosing the

Beginner's Lab Kit

Welcome to the Beginner's Lab Kit, a comprehensive starter pack designed specifically for
newcomers to the world of electronics and programming. This kit includes an array of
essential components such as LEDs, resistors, a buzzer, potentiometers, photoresistors,
thermistors, push buttons, digital tubes, and an ultrasonic module. One of the standout
features of this kit is the inclusion of a multimeter, an invaluable tool that allows you to
measure current, voltage, and resistance within your circuits. This addition is particularly
useful for deepening your understanding of how each component functions.

The course sequence provided with this kit is structured around the Arduino
programming syntax, ensuring a logical and educational progression. This structure
allows you to build circuits step-by-step while learning how to write the programs that
control them. Throughout the course, you will encounter troubleshooting challenges that
enhance your understanding of the material.

For any inquiries or support, please reach out to us at [email protected]. Dive into
your learning journey with the Beginner's Lab Kit and start building, coding, and exploring
the exciting world of electronics!
 Contents
What’s Included in Your Kit ......................................................................................................................... 1

Lesson 2: Your First Circuit ........................................................................................................................... 8

Lesson 3: Measure with Multimeter ......................................................................................................... 9

Lesson4 : Ohm’s Law ....................................................................................................................................10

Lesson5 : Series Circuit vs. Parallel Circuit ........................................................................................... 11

Lesson6 : Blink LED .......................................................................................................................................15

Lesson7 : Let’s Make Traffic Lights! ........................................................................................................ 16

Lesson8 : Traffic Light with Pedestrian Button ................................................................................... 17

Lesson9 : Dimmable Desk Lamp ............................................................................................................. 19

Lesson10 : ON/OFF Desk Lamp ............................................................................................................... 20

Lesson11 : Controlling LED Arrays with Potentiometer ..................................................................21

Lesson12 : The Colors of the Rainbow ..................................................................................................22

Lesson13 : The Spectrum of Sight .......................................................................................................... 23

Lesson14 : Random Colors ........................................................................................................................24

Lesson15 : Cool or Warm Colors .............................................................................................................25

Lesson16 : Temperature Alarm ................................................................................................................ 26

Lesson17 : Morse Code .............................................................................................................................. 27

Lesson18 : Light Alarm ................................................................................................................................28

Lesson19 : Reverse Parking Alarm System .......................................................................................... 29

Lesson20 : The Pomodoro Timer ............................................................................................................ 30

Lesson21 : Siren Sound ...............................................................................................................................32

Lesson22 : Play “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” ....................................................................................34

Lesson23 : Cyber Dice ................................................................................................................................. 35

Lesson24 : Flowing Light with 74HC595 .............................................................................................. 37

Lesson 25 Show Number ........................................................................................................................... 38

 What’s Included in Your Kit
Inside our kit, you ’ ll find a variety of components and parts you’ ll use throughout this
course to build circuits. Here’s a quick guide to what’s included.

1 x Original Arduino Uno R3

A microcontroller board that ’ s the brain of your circuits. It has everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to your computer with a USB cable or
power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

1 x 400-hole Breadboard
A solderless board that lets you easily build electronic circuits. It’s filled with rows of holes
for connecting wires and components.

1
120 x Resistors (10 of each, 30 of 220Ω resistor)
A resistor is a component that obstructs the flow of electric power, thereby altering the
voltage and current within a circuit. The value of a resistor is measured in ohms,
symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). The colored stripes on a resistor indicate its
resistance value and tolerance.

25 x LEDs (5 of each color)

This colorful LED selection includes five colors: red, green, blue, yellow, and white,
meeting various lighting and signaling needs. Suitable for applications ranging from
simple status indicators to complex decorative lighting projects, these LEDs offer a rich
color choice to enhance the visual appeal of any electronic project.

2
2 x RGB LEDs
Combines red, green, and blue LEDs in one casing. It can display various colors by
adjusting the input voltage, creating millions of colors.

1 x Photoresistor
A photoresistor is a light-sensitive component that changes its resistance based on the
intensity of light it is exposed to, ideal for creating light-activated controls and sensors in
electronic projects.

1 x NTC Thermistor
A thermistor is a resistor sensitive to temperature changes. NTC thermistors decrease
resistance as temperature rises, while PTC thermistors increase resistance with
temperature.

3
1 x Active Buzzer & 1 x Passive Buzzer
A buzzer, available in active and passive types, is an audio signaling device that emits
sound when electric current is applied. It is commonly used in alarms, timers, and
notification systems.

1 x Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a variable resistor with three pins. Two pins connect to the ends of a
resistor, while the middle pin attaches to a movable wiper, dividing the resistor into two
parts. Potentiometers, often used to adjust voltage in circuits, are like the volume knobs
on radios.

10 x Small Buttons
A small push-button is used to provide a physical response when pressed, commonly
used in electronic devices to initiate actions or input commands.

4
1 x 74HC595 Chip
The 74HC594 is a shift register that is used to expand the input/output ports of digital
circuits by converting serial input into parallel output, thus reducing the number of
connection pins needed. This chip is suitable for controlling a large number of output
devices, such as 7-segment Display, without occupying too many microcontroller pins.

1 x 7-segment Display
A 7-segment display is an 8-shaped component which packages 7 LEDs. Each LED is
called a segment - when energized, one segment tables part of a numeral to be displayed.

1 x Ultrasonic Module
This is an ultrasonic module that uses ultrasonic waves to measure distances, accurately
detecting and measuring the position and distance of objects. Widely used in robotics,
obstacle avoidance systems, and automatic control fields.

5
65 x Jumper Wires
Connect components on the breadboard to each other and to the Arduino board.

10 x Male-to-female DuPont Wires

Male-to-female DuPont wires are specifically designed for connecting modules with male
pin headers, like ultrasonic module, to breadboard. These wires are essential for
interfacing different components in electronic projects.

1 x USB Cable
Connects the Arduino board to a computer. Allows you to write, compile, and transfer
programs to the Arduino board. Also powers the board.

6
1 x 9V Battery
This is a non-rechargeable alkaline 9V battery. You need to install it on the multimeter.

1 x Multimeter with Red & Black Leads

This is a versatile multimeter capable of measuring voltage, current, and resistance, as
well as pertableing other electrical tests, making it an indispensable tool for electronics
and electrical work.

7
 Lesson 2: Your First Circuit
After completing the lesson, answer the following questions

1. Remove the red wire from the breadboard and experiment by placing it in different
holes on the breadboard. Observe any changes in the LED. Sketch the hole positions that
allow the LED to light up.

2. What happens if you reverse the pins of the LED? Will it light up? Why or why not?

The LED does not light up because it has unidirectional conductivity; the current must
flow from the anode to the cathode in order to work.

8
 Lesson 3: Measure with Multimeter
Answer this question after completing “Know More about Multimeter!”

1. Now that you have a detailed understanding of how to use a multimeter, consider
which multimeter setting you would use to measure the following electrical values?

Measurement Object Multimeter Setting

9V volts DC 20V

1K ohms 2kΩ

40 milliamps 200mA

110 volts AC 200V~

Fill out this table during “Measuring with a Multimeter”

Type Units Measurement Results Notes

Voltage Volts ≈5.13 volts

Current Milliamps ≈13.54 milliamps

Resistance Ohms ≈378.88 ohms

9
 Lesson4 : Ohm’s Law
Fill out the following table during “Exploring Ohm's Law with Practical Experiments”

1. Substitute the 220-ohm resistor with other resistors of different values as listed below.
Record the LED ’ s brightness changes with each substitution to observe how resistance
affects the current and, consequently, the light output.

Resistor Observations

100Ω Brighter

1KΩ Bright

10KΩ Dimmer

1MΩ Nearly Off

You will notice that only with the 100Ω resistor is the LED brighter than with the previous
220Ω resistor. With higher resistances, the brightness of the LED diminishes until it
completely turns off at 1MΩ. Why is this the case?

According to Ohm’s Law (I = V/R), as resistance increases while the voltage is held
constant, the current through the LED decreases, thus dimming the LED. At 1MΩ, the
current is too small to light up the LED.

2. After observing the effects of changing resistance, maintain the resistor at 220 ohms
and change the circuit’s voltage supply from 5V to 3.3V. Record any changes in the LED’s
brightness.

You will find that the LED is slightly dimmer at 3.3V than at 5V. Why is this?

With Ohm’s Law, knowing the resistance and the new voltage, the current should be I =
V/R. With a decrease in voltage while resistance stays the same, the current decreases,
dimming the LED.

10
 Lesson5 : Series Circuit vs. Parallel Circuit
Complete the following questions during “Diving into Series Circuits”

1. What happens if you remove one LED? Why does this occur?

In a series circuit, if you remove one LED, the other LED will not light up. This is because in
a series circuit, the current must flow through every component in the path. Removing
one LED breaks the circuit, preventing current from flowing through the remaining LED.

2. Measure the voltage of each component in the series circuit.

Circuit Resistor Voltage LED1 Voltage LED2 Voltage Total Voltage

2 LEDs ≈1.13 volts ≈1.92 volts ≈1.92 volts ≈4.97 volts

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3. Measure the current of each component in the series circuit.

Circuit LED1 Current LED2 Current

2 LEDs ≈4.43 milliamps ≈4.43 milliamps

4. If another LED is added to this circuit, resulting in three LEDs, how does the brightness
of the LEDs change? why? How do the voltages across the three LEDs change?

Adding another LED to a series circuit with already two LEDs will generally result in a
decrease in the brightness of each LED. This happens because the total voltage of the
power source is divided among more components, resulting in a lower voltage drop
across each LED than when there were only two. Consequently, less current flows through
each LED, reducing their brightness.

As for the voltages across the three LEDs, each LED will now have a smaller portion of the
total circuit voltage across it. If the power source's voltage remains the same, this voltage
is divided by three, assuming all LEDs have similar electrical characteristics. Therefore, the
voltage across each LED in the circuit will be approximately one third of the total voltage
provided by the power source.

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Complete the following questions during “Diving into Parallel Circuits”

1. In this parallel circuit, what happens if one LED is removed? Why does this occur?

In a parallel circuit, if one LED is removed, the other LEDs in the circuit will continue to
light up. This occurs because each LED in a parallel circuit has its own independent path to
the power source. Removing one LED does not interrupt the current flow to the other
LEDs, so they remain unaffected and continue to operate as normal. This setup allows
each component in a parallel circuit to operate independently of the others.

2. Record the measured voltage in the table.

Circuit Path1 Voltage Path2 Voltage

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 2 LEDs ≈5.00 volts ≈5.00 volts

3. Record the measured current in the table.

Circuit LED1 Current LED2 Current Total Current

2 LEDs ≈12.6 milliamps ≈12.6 milliamps ≈25.3 milliamps

4. If another LED is added to this circuit, what happens to the brightness of the LEDs?
Why? Record your answer in your handbook.

When another LED is added to a parallel circuit, the brightness of the existing LEDs
typically remains unchanged. This is because each LED in a parallel circuit has its own
direct path to the power source, so the voltage across each LED remains constant
regardless of how many LEDs are added. Each LED gets the full voltage it requires to
operate at its intended brightness. Therefore, adding more LEDs does not affect the
brightness of the already present LEDs, provided the power supply can sustain the total
current demand of the circuit. Make sure to record this in your handbook for future
reference.

14
 Lesson6 : Blink LED
Complete the following table during the ”Bringing LEDs to Life”

1. Record the measured voltage in the table for Pin 3.

State Pin 3 Voltage

HIGH ≈4.95 volts

LOW 0.00 volts

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Upload the above code, and you'll find the LED repeatedly blinking at a 3-second
interval. If you just want it to turn on and off once, what should you do?

You can move the commands that turn the LED on and off from the loop() function to the
setup() function. The setup() function runs only once when the program starts, so this
change will make the LED light up and turn off a single time. Here's how you can adjust
your code:

void setup() {
// Setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(3, OUTPUT); // set pin 3 as output

digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // Light up the LED on pin 3

delay(3000); // Wait for 3 seconds
digitalWrite(3, LOW); // Switch off the LED on pin 3
}

void loop() {
// Main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

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 Lesson7 : Let’s Make Traffic Lights!
Complete the following question during “Writing Pseudo-code for a Traffic Light”

Think about what needs to happen for your circuit to act like a traffic light. In the space
provided in your log, write down the pseudo-code describing how your traffic light will
function. Use plain English.

To simulate a traffic light using an Arduino, you would need a setup with three LEDs (red,
yellow, and green) and a sequence that controls the lighting in a way that mimics
real-world traffic lights. Here's a simple pseudo-code outline that you can write down in
your log to describe how this traffic light circuit might function:
Setup:
Define pins for the red, yellow, and green LEDs.
Set all these pins as outputs.
Main Loop:
Turn on the red LED for 5 seconds.
Turn off the red LED.
Turn on the yellow LED for 2 seconds.
Turn off the yellow LED.
Turn on the green LED for 5 seconds.
Turn off the green LED.
Repeat the cycle.

Complete the following question during “Writing Pseudo-code for a Traffic Light”

Take a look at the intersections around your home. How many traffic lights are there
usually? How do they coordinate with each other?

In urban areas, intersections often have traffic lights to manage the flow of vehicles and
pedestrians efficiently. The number of traffic lights at an intersection can vary widely
depending on its size and complexity. A simple four-way intersection typically has at least
four traffic lights, one facing each direction of traffic. More complex intersections may
have additional lights for turn lanes, pedestrian crossings, and other traffic management
needs.

16
Lesson8 : Traffic Light with Pedestrian Button
After completing “Building the Circuit”, answer the following question

1. Your traffic light is a mix of series and parallel circuits. Discuss which parts of your
circuit are in series and why. Then, explain which parts are in parallel and why.

In the circuit, the button and its 10K pull-down resistor are connected in series. This setup
ensures that when the button is pressed, it properly changes the state of pin 8 by
connecting it directly to ground when not pressed, preventing floating inputs.

The three LEDs connected to pins 3, 4, and 5 are in parallel with each other. Each LED
operates independently because they are connected to separate control pins and share a
common power supply. This setup allows each LED to function without affecting the
others, which is crucial for a traffic light system.

Fill out this table during “Code Creation”

1. Fill in the table with the measured voltage at pin 8 when the Button is pressed and not
pressed. Then fill in the corresponding high and low level states.

Button State Pin 8 Voltage Pin 8 State

Release 0.00 volts LOW

Press ≈4.97 volts HIGH

Complete the following question upon completion of this lesson

1. During testing, you may notice that the green LED only blinks while the pedestrian
button is kept pressed, but pedestrians can’t cross the road while continuously pressing
the button. How can you modify the code to ensure that once the pedestrian button is
pressed, the green LED lights up long enough for a safe crossing without requiring
continuous pressing? Please write down the pseudo-code solution in your handbook.

To ensure the green LED lights up for pedestrians without requiring the button to be
continuously pressed, and to continue the normal traffic light cycle afterwards, you can
adjust your pseudocode to check for a button press and then change the state of
operation based on that press. Here's an optimized and clearer version of the pseudocode

17
that reflects these changes:
Setup:
Define pins for red, yellow, and green LEDs as output
Define the button pin as input
Main Loop:
Check if the button is pressed
If button is pressed:
Turn off all LEDs
Turn on green LED for pedestrians
Delay 10 seconds
Else:
Execute normal traffic light cycle:
Turn on green LED (for vehicles), turn off other LEDs
Delay 10 seconds
Turn on yellow LED, turn off other LEDs
Delay 3 seconds
Turn on red LED, turn off other LEDs
Delay 10 seconds

18
 Lesson9 : Dimmable Desk Lamp
Fill out this table during “Build the Circuit”

1. Rotate the potentiometer clockwise from position 1 to 3 and measure the resistance at
each point, and record the results in the table.

Measurement Point Resistance (kilohm)

1 1.52

2 5.48

3 9.01

2. How do you think the voltage at A0 would change when the potentiometer is turned
clockwise and counterclockwise?

You can think of the potentiometer as consisting of two resistors connected in series
within the circuit. According to the measurement of resistances, the resistance between
A0 and GND increases as the potentiometer is turned clockwise. Since the current remains
constant in a series circuit, according to Ohm's Law (voltage = current × resistance), an
increase in resistance leads to an increase in the voltage at A0. Therefore, turning the
potentiometer clockwise increases the voltage at A0, while turning it counterclockwise
decreases it, as the resistance decreases.

Complete the following question upon completion of this lesson

1. If you connect the LED to a different pin, such as pin 8, and rotate the potentiometer,
will the brightness of the LED still change? Why or why not?

If you connect the LED to pin 8 on an Arduino UNO and rotate the potentiometer, the
brightness of the LED will not change. This is because pin 8 does not support PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation), which is necessary for adjusting brightness levels using the
analogWrite() function. On an Arduino UNO, the pins that support PWM and can thus be
used to control the brightness of an LED through analogWrite() are pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and
11.

19
 Lesson10 : ON/OFF Desk Lamp
Complete the following questions upon completion of this lesson

1. What would happen if you set digital pin 7 to INPUT only? Why?

void setup() {
pinMode(9, OUTPUT); // Set pin 9 as output
pinMode(7, INPUT); // Set pin 7 as input with an internal pull-up resistor
Serial.begin(9600); // Serial communication setup at 9600 baud
}

Setting digital pin 7 to INPUT mode in your Arduino sketch, as opposed to INPUT_PULLUP,
can lead to potential instability in the signal read from the pin. When a pin is configured
as INPUT only and not connected to either a definitive high or low voltage through
external circuitry, it becomes what is known as "floating." A floating pin is not in a stable
high or low state; its state can fluctuate based on electrical noise or interference from the
environment. This fluctuation can lead to unpredictable readings when you attempt to
read the pin's state via digital input functions, resulting in erroneous or inconsistent data
being received by the microcontroller.

2. If pin 7 is set only to INPUT, what adjustments would need to be made to the circuit?
If pin 7 on your Arduino is set to INPUT mode and you want to ensure stable and
predictable readings, you should add an external pull-up resistor to the circuit. This
involves connecting a 10k Ω resistor between pin 7 and the 5V power supply on the
Arduino. The pull-up resistor ensures that the input pin is at a high state (logic level 1)
when there is no other input signal present.

20
 Lesson11 : Controlling LED Arrays with
Potentiometer
Answer the following questions before proceeding to “Code Creation”

1. Write your pseudocode for the LED array.

Pseudocode serves as a program sketch, written in plain language to simplify

understanding. Your task is to create pseudocode for an LED array that reacts to a
potentiometer. As the potentiometer’s value increases, more LEDs will light up.

Here's a simplified pseudocode that outlines the control of an LED array based on the
input from a potentiometer:
Declare readValue variable.
Setup.
Declare 3 digital pin outputs.
Main Loop.
If the potentiometer’s value is below 200, all LEDs should be off.
If the value is between 200 and 600, the first LED should be on.
If the value is between 600 and 1000, the first two LEDs should be on.
If the value exceeds 1000, all LEDs should be on.
Delay for a short time.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. In the last code, we determine the number of LEDs to light up based on the value of the
potentiometer. How can we modify the code so that, while lighting up the LEDs, their
brightness changes in accordance with the potentiometer?

To modify your code so that the brightness of the LEDs changes in accordance with the
potentiometer value, you can use the analogWrite() function instead of digitalWrite(). The
analogWrite() function allows you to control the LED brightness through PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation).

21
 Lesson12 : The Colors of the Rainbow
Fill out this table during “Code Creation”

1. If you want other colors, what should you do? Refer to the diagram below and fill in
your ideas in your handbook.

Color Red Pin Green Pin Blue Pin

Red HIGH LOW LOW

Green LOW HIGH LOW

Blue LOW LOW HIGH

Yellow HIGH HIGH LOW

Pink HIGH LOW HIGH

Cyan LOW HIGH HIGH

White HIGH HIGH HIGH

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 Lesson13 : The Spectrum of Sight
Fill out this table during “Code Creation”

1. Now you can adjust the values of pins 9, 10, and 11 separately, and record the
observed colors in your handbook.

Red Pin Green Pin Blue Pin Color

0 128 128 Dark blue

128 0 255 Purple

128 128 255 Light blue

255 128 0 Orange

2. Choose some of your favorite colors and fill in the table with their RGB values.

Color Red Green Blue

23
 Lesson14 : Random Colors
After completing the lesson, answer the following questions

1. If you change the code from randomSeed(analogRead(A0)) to randomSeed(0), how

will the colors of the RGB LED change, and why?

If you change the code from randomSeed(analogRead(A0)) to randomSeed(0), the

randomness of the RGB LED colors will be affected. The function randomSeed(seed) is
used to initialize the pseudo-random number generator in Arduino, which influences the
sequence of random numbers generated by functions like random().

Using analogRead(A0) as the seed value reads a somewhat random value from analog pin
A0, which is typically affected by environmental noise and other factors, leading to
different seed values each time the program starts. This means the sequence of random
numbers (and thus the colors) will vary each time the Arduino is reset.

In contrast, setting the seed with a fixed value like randomSeed(0) initializes the random
number generator with the same starting point every time the program runs. This results
in the same sequence of random numbers, and therefore, the RGB LED will show the same
color pattern every time you reset or power on the Arduino. This removes the
randomness in the color changes of the LED.

2. What are some situations where randomness is used to solve problems in everyday life,
aside from randomly picking colors for decoration and choosing lottery numbers?

Randomness is used in various everyday contexts to solve problems, including:

 Board Games: Rolling dice to determine moves, ensuring each game is different and
fair.

 Music Playlists: Shuffling songs to keep your listening experience fresh and
unpredictable.

 Food Choices: Randomly picking a restaurant or meal can make decision-making

easier and more fun when you're unsure what to eat.

 Seating Arrangements: Drawing seats at random for events to mix guests and
encourage social interactions.

 Movie Nights: Using a random draw to pick a movie when everyone has different
preferences.

24
 Lesson15 : Cool or Warm Colors
Fill out this table during “Code Creation”

1. Open Paint or any color picking tool, find what you consider the warmest and coolest
colors, and record their RGB values in your handbook.

Color Type Red Green Blue

Warm Color 246 52 8

Cool Color 100 150 255

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Note that the “lower bounds” of either range may be larger or smaller than the “upper
bounds”, so the map() function may be used to reverse a range of numbers, for example:
y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, 1);
The function also handles negative numbers well, so that this example is also valid and
works well.
y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100);
For y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100);, if x equals 20, what should y be? Refer to the following
formula to calculate it.

For x=20 using the mapping formula y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100); the value of y would be
approximately −8.16.

25
 Lesson16 : Temperature Alarm
Fill out this table during “Building the Circuit”

1. Read the resistance value under the different temperature and record it in the table
below.

Environment Resistance (kilohm)

Current temperature 9.37

Higher temperature 6.10

Lower temperature 12.49

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. In the code, Kelvin and Celsius temperatures are calculated. If you also want to know
the Fahrenheit temperature, what should you do?

This is the standard method for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit and will give you the
temperature in Fahrenheit based on the Celsius value you already have from your
calculations.
F = C * 1.8 +32

2. Can you think of other situations or places where a temperature monitoring system like
the one we built today could be useful?

Temperature monitoring systems are widely applicable in everyday situations and various
environments. Here are a few simplified examples:

 Home Comfort: Automatically adjust your home heating or cooling based on

real-time temperature readings to keep your living space comfortable.

 Gardening: Monitor greenhouse temperatures to ensure plants are growing in

optimal conditions. Add automated systems to adjust temperatures as needed.

 Food Safety: Keep track of fridge and freezer temperatures to ensure food remains
safe to eat, especially in restaurants or during food transport.

 Healthcare: Monitor and log temperatures in storage areas for temperature-sensitive

medicines and vaccines to ensure they remain effective.

26
 Lesson17 : Morse Code
Answer the following question during “Building the Circuit”

1. What will happen if you connect the cathode of an active buzzer directly to GND and
the anode to 5V? Why?

If you connect the cathode of an active buzzer directly to GND and the anode to 5V, the
buzzer will emit a continuous sound. This happens because the internal oscillator in the
buzzer is activated by the 5V power, causing it to generate sound until the circuit is
disconnected.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Using the Morse code table provided, write a code to send the message “Hello”.

In Morse code, "Hello" would be encoded as follows based on the characters:

 H: ....

 E: .

 L: .-..

 L: .-..

 O: ---

Putting it together, the Morse code for "Hello" is:

.... . .-.. .-.. ---

In practical communication, there's usually a longer pause between words to differentiate
them clearly, but since "Hello" is a single word, the code is continuous with spaces only
separating individual letters.

27
 Lesson18 : Light Alarm
Fill out this table during “Building the Circuit”

1. Read the resistance value under the current ambient light and record it in the table
below.

Environment Resistance (kilohm)

Normal Light ≈5.48

Bright Light ≈0.16

Darkness ≈1954

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Cunning thieves might choose to steal at night, and if a painting disappears, the
photoresistor might not be able to detect any change in light, thus failing to trigger an
alarm. What can be done to improve this flaw?

One solution is to install a light source in front of the painting. This not only ensures that
the painting is clearly visible and illuminated but also means that any disturbance or
removal of the painting will immediately trigger the photoresistor's alarm by altering the
light level detected.

28
 Lesson19 : Reverse Parking Alarm System
After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. If you want the distance detected by this device to be more accurate to decimals, how
should you modify the code?

To make the distance measurement more accurate to decimals, you can modify the
calculation in the measureDistance function to use floating-point arithmetic instead of
integer arithmetic. This will allow the result to include decimal values, providing more
precise measurements.
float distance = duration * 0.034 / 2.0;

The distance variable in measureDistance function is changed to float to support decimal

values.

The calculation for distance uses floating-point arithmetic by dividing by 2.0 instead of 2.

29
 Lesson20 : The Pomodoro Timer
Answer the following question during “Coding Creation - millis()”

1. If the delay(100) is changed to delay(1000), what will happen to the program? Why?

if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {

previousMillis = currentMillis; // Save the last time the buzzer beeped
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Make a voice
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // silence
}

In the original code, the buzzer beeps for about 100 milliseconds every 1000 milliseconds
(1 second, as set by the interval variable), followed by a silence of 900 milliseconds. After
the modification, the buzzer will beep for 1000 milliseconds every 1000 milliseconds, and
then almost immediately beep again, as the next interval starts almost right away. Thus,
changing the delay from 100 to 1000 milliseconds turns the buzzer from emitting brief
beeps to continuous sound, which becomes more annoying and unsuitable for the
original intent.

Changing delay(100) to delay(1000) in your code will make the buzzer sound for a full
second instead of just a short beep, as it increases the pause time when the buzzer is on.
This results in longer buzzer noises and less frequent program cycles, potentially making
the program less responsive to other tasks during these intervals.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

Think about other places in your life where you can ‘hear’ time. List a few examples and
write them in your handbook!

Hearing time is an intriguing concept, and there are several everyday scenarios where we
can experience this. Here are a few examples you might consider noting down:

 Clocks and Watches: The ticking of analog clocks or the specific beeps from digital
watches that signal each passing second or minute.

 Kitchen Timers: The ticking and final alarm of a mechanical or digital kitchen timer
counting down cooking or baking time.

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 School Bells: The ringing of bells in schools that mark the beginning and end of
periods or breaks.

 Public Transport Announcements: The beeping or chimes that precede

announcements at train stations or on buses, marking the imminent departure or
arrival.

 Microwave Oven: The beeping sound when the timer ends, signaling that the heating
process is complete.

 Fitness Trackers or Sports Watches: The beeps or alarms that indicate the
completion of a set time during workouts or intervals.

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 Lesson21 : Siren Sound
Answer the following question during “Build the Circuit”

1. What will happen if you connect the cathode of an passive buzzer directly to GND and
the anode to 5V? Why?

If you connect the cathode of a passive buzzer directly to GND and the anode to 5V,
unlike an active buzzer, the passive buzzer will not make any sound by itself because it
does not have a built-in oscillator.

A passive buzzer requires an external signal to generate sound. Typically, you need to
drive it with a square wave (oscillating voltage) at the desired frequency to create audible
sounds.

Answer the following questions during “ Code Creation - Make the Passive Buzzer
Sound”

1. If you switch the code and circuit pins to 7 or 8, which are not PWM pins, will the
buzzer still make a sound? You can test and then write your answer in the handbook.

Even though pin 8 is not a PWM pin, the tone() function can still generate a precise square
wave on it, effectively driving a passive buzzer to produce sound. This flexibility allows
you to use any digital pin for sound output without being limited to PWM-capable pins.
When you call the tone(pin, frequency) function, Arduino configures a timer to toggle the
pin state (from HIGH to LOW and back to HIGH) at the specified frequency, creating a
square wave. This square wave drives the passive buzzer, making it emit sound at the
frequency of the generated wave.

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2. To explore how frequency and duration in tone(pin, frequency, duration) affect the
sound of the buzzer, please modify the code under two conditions and fill in the observed
phenomena in your handbook:

 Keeping frequency at 1000, gradually increase duration, from 100, 500, to 1000. How
does the sound of the buzzer change, and why?

 100 ms duration: The sound is a short beep.

 500 ms duration: The sound is a longer beep, clearly audible and lasting half a
second.

 1000 ms duration: The sound is even longer, lasting for a full second.

As you increase the duration, the sound emitted by the buzzer lasts longer. The pitch
or frequency of the sound remains constant (as it is set at 1000 Hz), which means the
tone's "note" doesn't change, but the length of time you hear it increases. This is
useful for signaling different durations of alerts where the urgency or type of alert can
be distinguished by the length of the tone.

 Keeping duration at 100, gradually increase frequency, from 1000, 2000, to 5000. How
does the sound of the buzzer change, and why?

 1000 Hz frequency: The sound is a medium-pitched beep.

 2000 Hz frequency: The sound has a higher pitch compared to 1000 Hz.

 5000 Hz frequency: The sound is much higher-pitched, likely perceived as sharper

and possibly uncomfortable at close range.

Increasing the frequency while keeping the duration constant results in a change
in the pitch of the sound. Higher frequencies produce higher-pitched sounds. This
principle is useful for distinguishing between different types of notifications or
signals based on their urgency or importance, with higher pitches often used for
more urgent alerts.

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Lesson22 : Play “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Array”

1. You can also pertable operations on the elements in the array, such as changing
to Serial.println(melody[i] * 1.3),What data will you get and why?
The number 1.3 is a floating-point number. When an integer from the melody array
(which is of type int) is multiplied by 1.3, the result of the operation is automatically
promoted to a floating-point number (float).

For each note frequency in this array, multiplying by 1.3 and then printing the result will
yield:
340.6
340.6
509.6
509.6
572.0
572.0
509.6
...

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. If you replace the passive buzzer in the circuit with an active buzzer, can you positively
play “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star”? Why?

If you replace the passive buzzer with an active buzzer to play "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star,"
it won't work as intended. Active buzzers can only produce a single tone because they
have a built-in oscillator. Therefore, you cannot control the pitch to play the melody
accurately; you would only hear a repetitive beep in the rhythm of the song, not the actual
notes.

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 Lesson23 : Cyber Dice
Answer the following questions during “Understanding the 7-Segment Display”

1. If a segment lights up, refer to this diagram to record the segment’s pin number and
approximate position in the Handbook’s table.

Pin Segment Number Position

1 A The top

2 B The top right

3 C The bottom right

4 D The bottm

5 E The bottm left

6 F The top left

7 G The middle

8 decimal point The dot

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2. From the tests above, it is known that the display in the kit is common cathode, which
means you only need to connect the common pin to GND and provide a high voltage to
the other pins to light up the corresponding segments. If you want the display to show
the number 2, which pins should be provided with a high voltage? Why?

For the number 2, the segments a, b, d, e, and g need to be activated (set to high voltage)
because these are the segments that form the number 2 on the display. The segments f, c,
and dp (decimal point, if present) should remain off (low voltage) as they are not part of
the number 2 display.

So, the pins that should be provided with a high voltage are those connected to the a, b, d,
e, and g segments to correctly display the number 2.

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 Lesson24 : Flowing Light with 74HC595
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Lighting Up LEDs”

1. What happens if we change MSBFIRST to LSBFIRST in

shiftOut(DS, SHcp, MSBFIRST, B11101110);? Why?

If you change MSBFIRST to LSBFIRST, the order of the bits is reversed, and the byte is
shifted out starting from the least significant bit (the rightmost one). If you are using the
shift register to control LEDs, changing the bit order will reverse the order in which the
LEDs light up. Instead of lighting up in the sequence originally programmed, they will
light up in the reverse order.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. If we want to have three LEDs lit at a time and have them appear to "flow," how should
the elements of the datArray[] array be modified?

You would start with the first three LEDs on and then move one LED to the right in each
subsequent pattern until the last three LEDs are on. Here’s how you could define these
patterns in binary:
B11100000: LEDs 1, 2, 3 are on; others are off.
B01110000: LEDs 2, 3, 4 are on; others are off.
B00111000: LEDs 3, 4, 5 are on; others are off.
B00011100: LEDs 4, 5, 6 are on; others are off.
B00001110: LEDs 5, 6, 7 are on; others are off.
B00000111: LEDs 6, 7, 8 are on; others are off.

byte dataArray[] = { B11100000, B01110000, B00111000, B00011100, B00001110,

B00000111 };

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 Lesson 25 Show Number
Fill out this table during “Binary Numbers for Digits 0 to 9”

1. Now that we know the binary representations for digits 0 and 2, please fill in the binary
numbers for the remaining digits in the table below.

Number Binary

0 B00111111

1 B00000110

2 B01011011

3 B01001111

4 B01100110

5 B01101101

6 B01111101

7 B00000111

8 B01111111

9 B01101111

Fill out this table during “Binary Conversion”

1. Please convert the binary numbers representing digits 0 to 9 into decimal and
hexadecimal numbers using a calculator, and fill in the table. This will give you a quick
reference guide for base conversions.

Number Binary Decimal Hexadecimal

0 B00111111 63 0x3F

1 B00000110 6 0x06

2 B01011011 91 0x5B

3 B01001111 79 0x4F

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4 B01100110 102 0x66

5 B01101101 109 0x6D

6 B01111101 125 0x7D

7 B00000111 7 0x07

8 B01111111 127 0x7F

9 B01101111 111 0x6F

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