Thank You for Choosing the

Inventor Lab Kit

Embark on your electronics journey with the Inventor Lab Kit, designed for
learners and enthusiasts. Centered around the Arduino Uno R3, this kit
includes everything from basic components like LEDs and buzzers to
advanced modules such as RFID systems and ultrasonic sensors, along with
a mini-multimeter for circuit analysis.
The kit excels in educational clarity, gradually introducing beginners to
programming and circuit design. Instead of pre-written code, it guides you
step-by-step through writing your own scripts, enhancing understanding
and retention. Projects range from simple tasks like lighting LEDs and using a
joystick, to complex applications such as building a radar system and an
automatic soap dispenser.
Ideal for both beginners and those looking to expand their skills, the
Inventor Lab Kit makes learning both accessible and exciting, providing all
the tools needed to explore and innovate in the world of electronics.
For any inquiries or support, please reach out to us at
[email protected]. Dive into your learning journey with the
Beginner's Lab Kit and start building, coding, and exploring the exciting
world of electronics!
 Contents
What’s Included in Your Kit .................................................................................... 1
Lesson 2: Your First Circuit .....................................................................................15
Lesson 3: Measure with Multimeter .....................................................................16
Lesson4 : Ohm’s Law .............................................................................................17
Lesson5 : Series Circuit vs. Parallel Circuit .......................................................... 18
Lesson6 : Blink LED ................................................................................................. 22
Lesson7 : Let’s Make Traffic Lights! ......................................................................23
Lesson8 : Traffic Light with Pedestrian Button ....................................................24
Lesson9 : Dimmable Desk Lamp ......................................................................... 26
Lesson10: Morse Code ......................................................................................... 27
Lesson11: The Colors of the Rainbow ................................................................. 28
Lesson12: Siren Sound ...........................................................................................30
Lesson 13: Joystick LED Navigator ...................................................................... 32
Lesson 14: Play Dinosaur Game .......................................................................... 34
Lesson15: Cool or Warm Colors ...........................................................................35
Lesson16: Summer Fan ......................................................................................... 36
Lesson17: Exploring the I2C LCD1602 Display ................................................... 37
Lesson18: ON/OFF Desk Lamp .............................................................................38
Lesson19: Smart Trash Can ...................................................................................39
Lesson20: Automatic Soap Dispenser ................................................................ 40
Lesson21: Temperature Alarm ............................................................................. 41
Lesson22: Remote-Controlled Colorful Light ..................................................... 42
Lesson23: Play “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star” ...................................................... 43
Lesson24: The Pomodoro Timer ........................................................................... 44
Lesson25: Reverse Radar System ........................................................................ 46
Lesson26: Cyber Dice ........................................................................................... 47
Lesson27: Flowing Light with 74HC595 ................................................................49
Lesson 28: Show Number ..................................................................................... 50
Lesson 29: Plant Monitor ....................................................................................... 52
Lesson 30: Arduino Radar System ....................................................................... 53
Lesson 31: Guess Number .................................................................................... 54
Lesson 32: Stopwatch ........................................................................................... 55
Lesson 33: Exploring the RF522-RFID Module .....................................................57
Lesson 34: Access Control System ...................................................................... 58
 What’s Included in Your Kit
Inside our kit, you’ll find a variety of components and parts you’ll use
throughout this course to build circuits. Here’s a quick guide to what’s
included.

Basic Components
1 x Original Arduino Uno R3

A microcontroller board that’s the brain of your circuits. It has everything

needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to your computer
with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started.

1 x RAB Holder

Designed for both Arduino and Raspberry Pi users, it ensures stability for all
your devices. Beyond holding, it’s a tool for innovation, suitable for
everyone.

1
1 x 830-hole Breadboard

A solderless board that lets you easily build electronic circuits. It’s filled with
rows of holes for connecting wires and components.

1 x Multimeter with Red & Black Leads

This is a versatile multimeter capable of measuring voltage, current, and

resistance, as well as performing other electrical tests, making it an
indispensable tool for electronics and electrical work.

1 x Breadboard Power Module

The breadboard power module is a handy accessory for prototyping,

providing a stable 3.3V or 5V power supply from a DC adapter or USB. It fits
standard breadboards, plugs into power rails, and includes an on/off switch
and voltage regulators for consistent output, making it essential for
electronics projects.

2
120 x Resistors (10 of each, 30 of 220Ω resistor)

A resistor is a component that obstructs the flow of electric power, thereby

altering the voltage and current within a circuit. The value of a resistor is
measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω). The colored
stripes on a resistor indicate its resistance value and tolerance.

2 x 9V Battery

This is a non-rechargeable alkaline 9V battery. You need to install it in the

multimeter, or use battery cable to power the Arduino Uno R3 or the
breadboard power module.

3
65 x Jumper Wires

Connect components on the breadboard to each other and to the

Arduino board.

20 x Male-to-female DuPont Wires

Male-to-female DuPont wires are specifically designed for connecting

modules with male pin headers, like ultrasonic module, to breadboard.
These wires are essential for interfacing different components in electronic
projects, where breadboard-compatible male-to-female connections are
needed.

4
1 x USB Cable

Connects the Arduino board to a computer. Allows you to write, compile,

and transfer programs to the Arduino board. Also powers the board.

1 x Battery Cable

This cable connects a 9V battery to the DC input of a breadboard power

module or an Arduino Uno R3. It provides a convenient and portable power
source for your electronic projects.

Displays
25 x LEDs (5 of each color)

This colorful LED selection includes five colors: red, green, blue, yellow, and
white, meeting various lighting and signaling needs. Suitable for
applications ranging from simple status indicators to complex decorative
lighting projects, these LEDs offer a rich color choice to enhance the visual
appeal of any electronic project.

5
1 x RGB LED

Combines red, green, and blue LEDs in one casing. It can display various
colors by adjusting the input voltage, creating millions of colors.

1 x 74HC595 Chip

The 74HC594 is a shift register that is used to expand the input/output ports
of digital circuits by converting serial input into parallel output, thus
reducing the number of connection pins needed. This chip is suitable for
controlling a large number of output devices, such as 7-segment Display,
without occupying too many microcontroller pins.

1 x 7-segment Display (Common Cathode)

A 7-segment display is an 8-shaped component which packages 7 LEDs.

Each LED is called a segment - when energized, one segment forms part of
a numeral to be displayed.

6
1 x 4-digit 7-segment Display (Common Cathode)

A 4-digit display combines four 7-segment displays, each representing a

single digit. To reduce the number of pins needed, the segments of each
display are multiplexed, meaning each segment pin is connected to all
corresponding segment pins of the other displays.

1 x I2C LCD1602

The I2C LCD1602 is a 16x2 character display module that uses the I2C
communication protocol. This module is perfect for displaying text, such as
sensor data or status messages, in your projects.

Actuators
1 x L293D Chip

The L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver IC that allows you to control the
speed and direction of two DC motors simultaneously. It is ideal for robotics
and automation projects, providing reliable and efficient motor control.

7
1 x Motor

The 3V motor is a compact and efficient DC motor designed for

low-voltage applications. It is ideal for small electronics projects, toys, and
hobbyist robotics, providing reliable performance with low power
consumption.

1 x Pump

This is the DC 2.5-6V mini submersible water pump, ideal for small-scale
projects like tabletop fountains, aquariums, and hydroponic systems. This
pump employs centrifugal mechanics, using an electric motor to convert
rotational energy into fluid dynamic energy, efficiently moving water
through its system.

8
1 x Servo

A servo is a precise and versatile motor used for accurate control of angular
or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. Commonly used in robotics,
automation, and remote control systems, it ensures reliable and smooth
movement for various applications.

1 x Tube

This is a 20cm long, 6mm diameter clear tube used to direct water from the
outlet of a water pump.

1 x Stepper Motor

The 28BYJ-48 is a 5-wire unipolar stepper motor that operates at 5V. It is

ideal for applications requiring precise control of rotation, such as robotics,
3D printers, and automation projects.

9
1 x ULN2003 Module

The ULN2003 module is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor

array used to drive stepper motors, relays, and other inductive loads. It
features seven open-collector Darlington pairs, making it ideal for
interfacing with TTL and CMOS logic levels in various control applications.

1 x 3-leaf Fan Blade

The soft 3-leaf fan blade is a flexible and safe fan accessory designed for
use with 3V motors. Made from soft, durable materials, it minimizes the risk of
injury.

Sounds
1 x Active Buzzer & 1 x Passive Buzzer

A buzzer, available in active and passive types, is an audio signaling device

that emits sound when electric current is applied. It is commonly used in
alarms, timers, and notification systems.

10
Sensors
1 x Photoresistor

A photoresistor is a light-sensitive component that changes its resistance

based on the intensity of light it is exposed to, ideal for creating
light-activated controls and sensors in electronic projects.

1 x NTC Thermistor

A thermistor is a resistor sensitive to temperature changes. NTC thermistors

decrease resistance as temperature rises, while PTC thermistors increase
resistance with temperature.

1 x Potentiometer

A potentiometer is a variable resistor with three pins. Two pins connect to

the ends of a resistor, while the middle pin attaches to a movable wiper,
dividing the resistor into two parts. Potentiometers, often used to adjust
voltage in circuits, are like the volume knobs on radios.

11
10 x Small Buttons

A small push-button is used to provide a physical response when pressed,

commonly used in electronic devices to initiate actions or input commands.

1 x Ultrasonic Module

This is an ultrasonic module that uses ultrasonic waves to measure distances,

accurately detecting and measuring the position and distance of objects.
Widely used in robotics, obstacle avoidance systems, and automatic
control fields, it is a key component for environmental perception and
spatial navigation.

1 x Joystick Module

A joystick module, also known as a joystick sensor, is an input device that

measures the movement of a knob in two directions, horizontal (X-axis) and
vertical (Y-axis).

12
1 x Soil Moisture Module

A capacitive sensor for detecting soil moisture, corrosion-resistant, and

operates at 3.3V to 5.5V. Outputs moisture value, with wetter soil giving a
smaller analog value.

1 x RC522-RFID Module with a Tag and a White Card

The RC522 RFID reader module, operating at a frequency of 13.56MHz, is

designed to communicate with RFID tags adhering to the ISO 14443A
standard. This compact and versatile device is ideal for applications in
access control, inventory tracking, and contactless payment systems due
to its ability to interface with microcontrollers via a 4-pin SPI connection,
supporting data rates up to 10 Mbps.

13
Others
1 x Relay Module

A relay module enables microcontrollers to control high-voltage devices by

providing an electrically isolated switch. It is ideal for applications requiring
the control of AC or high-current loads from low-voltage digital signals.

1 x IR Receiver

The SL838 infrared receiver is a component that receives infrared signals

and can independently receive infrared rays and output signals
compatible with TTL level. It is similar in size to a normal plastic-packaged
transistor and is suitable for all kinds of infrared remote control and infrared
transmission.

1 x Remote Control

This 21-key remote, compact at 85x39x6mm, has an 8-meter range and is

powered by a 3V lithium battery. With a 38KHz infrared frequency and
durable PET surface, it ensures over 20,000 uses, making it perfect for various
devices.

14
 Lesson 2: Your First Circuit
After completing the lesson, answer the following questions

1. Remove the red wire from the breadboard and experiment by placing it
in different holes on the breadboard. Observe any changes in the LED.
Sketch the hole positions that allow the LED to light up.

2. What happens if you reverse the pins of the LED? Will it light up? Why or
why not?
The LED does not light up because it has unidirectional conductivity; the current must
flow from the anode to the cathode in order to work.

15
 Lesson 3: Measure with Multimeter
Answer this question after completing “Know More about Multimeter!”

Now that you have a detailed understanding of how to use a multimeter,

consider which multimeter setting you would use to measure the following
electrical values?
Measurement Object Multimeter Setting
9V volts DC 20V
1K ohms 2kΩ
40 milliamps 200mA
110 volts AC 200V~

Fill out this table during “Measuring with a Multimeter”

Type Units Measurement Results Notes

Voltage Volts ≈5.13 volts
Current Milliamps ≈13.54 milliamps
Resistance Ohms ≈378.88 ohms

16
 Lesson4 : Ohm’s Law
Fill out the following table during “Exploring Ohm's Law with Practical
Experiments”

1. Substitute the 220-ohm resistor with other resistors of different values as

listed below. Record the LED’s brightness changes with each substitution to
observe how resistance affects the current and, consequently, the light
output.
Resistor Observations
100Ω Brighter
1KΩ Bright
10KΩ Dimmer
1MΩ Nearly Off

You will notice that only with the 100Ω resistor is the LED brighter than with
the previous 220Ω resistor. With higher resistances, the brightness of the LED
diminishes until it completely turns off at 1MΩ. Why is this the case?
According to Ohm’s Law (I = V/R), as resistance increases while the voltage
is held constant, the current through the LED decreases, thus dimming the
LED. At 1MΩ, the current is too small to light up the LED.

2. After observing the effects of changing resistance, maintain the resistor

at 220 ohms and change the circuit’s voltage supply from 5V to 3.3V.
Record any changes in the LED’s brightness.
You will find that the LED is slightly dimmer at 3.3V than at 5V. Why is this?
With Ohm’s Law, knowing the resistance and the new voltage, the current
should be I = V/R. With a decrease in voltage while resistance stays the
same, the current decreases, dimming the LED.

17
 Lesson5 : Series Circuit vs. Parallel Circuit
Complete the following questions during “Diving into Series Circuits”

1. What happens if you remove one LED? Why does this occur?

In a series circuit, if you remove one LED, the other LED will not light up. This is
because in a series circuit, the current must flow through every component
in the path. Removing one LED breaks the circuit, preventing current from
flowing through the remaining LED.

2. Measure the voltage of each component in the series circuit.

Circuit Resistor Voltage LED1 Voltage LED2 Voltage Total Voltage
2 LEDs ≈1.13 volts ≈1.92 volts ≈1.92 volts ≈4.97 volts

18
3. Measure the current of each component in the series circuit.
Circuit LED1 Current LED2 Current
2 LEDs ≈4.43 milliamps ≈4.43 milliamps

4. If another LED is added to this circuit, resulting in three LEDs, how does
the brightness of the LEDs change? why? How do the voltages across the
three LEDs change?

Adding another LED to a series circuit with already two LEDs will generally
result in a decrease in the brightness of each LED. This happens because
the total voltage of the power source is divided among more components,
resulting in a lower voltage drop across each LED than when there were
only two. Consequently, less current flows through each LED, reducing their
brightness.
As for the voltages across the three LEDs, each LED will now have a smaller
portion of the total circuit voltage across it. If the power source's voltage
remains the same, this voltage is divided by three, assuming all LEDs have
similar electrical characteristics. Therefore, the voltage across each LED in
the circuit will be approximately one third of the total voltage provided by
the power source.

19
Complete the following questions during “Diving into Parallel Circuits”

1. In this parallel circuit, what happens if one LED is removed? Why does this
occur?

In a parallel circuit, if one LED is removed, the other LEDs in the circuit will
continue to light up. This occurs because each LED in a parallel circuit has
its own independent path to the power source. Removing one LED does
not interrupt the current flow to the other LEDs, so they remain unaffected
and continue to operate as normal. This setup allows each component in a
parallel circuit to operate independently of the others.

2. Record the measured voltage in the table.

Circuit Path1 Voltage Path2 Voltage
2 LEDs ≈5.00 volts ≈5.00 volts

20
3. Record the measured current in the table.
Circuit LED1 Current LED2 Current Total Current
2 LEDs ≈12.6 milliamps ≈12.6 milliamps ≈25.3 milliamps

4. If another LED is added to this circuit, what happens to the brightness of

the LEDs? Why? Record your answer in your handbook.

When another LED is added to a parallel circuit, the brightness of the

existing LEDs typically remains unchanged. This is because each LED in a
parallel circuit has its own direct path to the power source, so the voltage
across each LED remains constant regardless of how many LEDs are added.
Each LED gets the full voltage it requires to operate at its intended
brightness. Therefore, adding more LEDs does not affect the brightness of
the already present LEDs, provided the power supply can sustain the total
current demand of the circuit. Make sure to record this in your handbook
for future reference.

21
 Lesson6 : Blink LED
Complete the following table during the ”Bringing LEDs to Life”

1. Record the measured voltage in the table for Pin 3.

State Pin 3 Voltage
HIGH ≈4.95 volts
LOW 0.00 volts
After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Upload the above code, and you'll find the LED repeatedly blinking at a
3-second interval. If you just want it to turn on and off once, what should
you do?
You can move the commands that turn the LED on and off from the loop()
function to the setup() function. The setup() function runs only once when
the program starts, so this change will make the LED light up and turn off a
single time. Here's how you can adjust your code:
void setup() {
// Setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(3, OUTPUT); // set pin 3 as output

digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // Light up the LED on pin 3

delay(3000); // Wait for 3 seconds
digitalWrite(3, LOW); // Switch off the LED on pin 3
}

void loop() {
// Main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

22
 Lesson7 : Let’s Make Traffic Lights!
Complete the following question during “Writing Pseudo-code for a Traffic
Light”

Think about what needs to happen for your circuit to act like a traffic light.
In the space provided in your log, write down the pseudo-code describing
how your traffic light will function. Use plain English.
To simulate a traffic light using an Arduino, you would need a setup with
three LEDs (red, yellow, and green) and a sequence that controls the
lighting in a way that mimics real-world traffic lights. Here's a simple
pseudo-code outline that you can write down in your log to describe how
this traffic light circuit might function:
Setup:
Define pins for the red, yellow, and green LEDs.
Set all these pins as outputs.
Main Loop:
Turn on the red LED for 5 seconds.
Turn off the red LED.
Turn on the yellow LED for 2 seconds.
Turn off the yellow LED.
Turn on the green LED for 5 seconds.
Turn off the green LED.
Repeat the cycle.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

Take a look at the intersections around your home. How many traffic lights
are there usually? How do they coordinate with each other?
In urban areas, intersections often have traffic lights to manage the flow of
vehicles and pedestrians efficiently. The number of traffic lights at an
intersection can vary widely depending on its size and complexity. A simple
four-way intersection typically has at least four traffic lights, one facing
each direction of traffic. More complex intersections may have additional
lights for turn lanes, pedestrian crossings, and other traffic management
needs.

23
Lesson8 : Traffic Light with Pedestrian Button
After completing “Building the Circuit”, answer the following question

1. Your traffic light is a mix of series and parallel circuits. Discuss which parts
of your circuit are in series and why. Then, explain which parts are in parallel
and why.
In the circuit, the button and its 10K pull-down resistor are connected in
series. This setup ensures that when the button is pressed, it properly
changes the state of pin 8 by connecting it directly to ground when not
pressed, preventing floating inputs.
The three LEDs connected to pins 3, 4, and 5 are in parallel with each other.
Each LED operates independently because they are connected to
separate control pins and share a common power supply. This setup allows
each LED to function without affecting the others, which is crucial for a
traffic light system.

Fill out this table during “Code Creation”

1. Fill in the table with the measured voltage at pin 8 when the Button is
pressed and not pressed. Then fill in the corresponding high and low level
states.
Button State Pin 8 Voltage Pin 8 State
Release 0.00 volts LOW
Press ≈4.97 volts HIGH

24
Complete the following question upon completion of this lesson

1. During testing, you may notice that the green LED only blinks while the
pedestrian button is kept pressed, but pedestrians can’t cross the road
while continuously pressing the button. How can you modify the code to
ensure that once the pedestrian button is pressed, the green LED lights up
long enough for a safe crossing without requiring continuous pressing?
Please write down the pseudo-code solution in your handbook.
To ensure the green LED lights up for pedestrians without requiring the
button to be continuously pressed, and to continue the normal traffic light
cycle afterwards, you can adjust your pseudocode to check for a button
press and then change the state of operation based on that press. Here's
an optimized and clearer version of the pseudocode that reflects these
changes:
Setup:
Define pins for red, yellow, and green LEDs as output
Define the button pin as input
Main Loop:
Check if the button is pressed
If button is pressed:
Turn off all LEDs
Turn on green LED for pedestrians
Delay 10 seconds
Else:
Execute normal traffic light cycle:
Turn on green LED (for vehicles), turn off other LEDs
Delay 10 seconds
Turn on yellow LED, turn off other LEDs
Delay 3 seconds
Turn on red LED, turn off other LEDs
Delay 10 seconds

25
 Lesson9 : Dimmable Desk Lamp
Fill out this table during “Build the Circuit”

1. Rotate the potentiometer clockwise from position 1 to 3 and measure

the resistance at each point, and record the results in the table.
Measurement Point Resistance (kilohm)
1 1.52
2 5.48
3 9.01

2. How do you think the voltage at A0 would change when the

potentiometer is turned clockwise and counterclockwise?
You can think of the potentiometer as consisting of two resistors connected
in series within the circuit. According to the measurement of resistances, the
resistance between A0 and GND increases as the potentiometer is turned
clockwise. Since the current remains constant in a series circuit, according
to Ohm's Law (voltage = current × resistance), an increase in resistance
leads to an increase in the voltage at A0. Therefore, turning the
potentiometer clockwise increases the voltage at A0, while turning it
counterclockwise decreases it, as the resistance decreases.

Complete the following question upon completion of this lesson

1. If you connect the LED to a different pin, such as pin 8, and rotate the
potentiometer, will the brightness of the LED still change? Why or why not?
If you connect the LED to pin 8 on an Arduino UNO and rotate the
potentiometer, the brightness of the LED will not change. This is because pin
8 does not support PWM (Pulse Width Modulation), which is necessary for
adjusting brightness levels using the analogWrite() function. On an Arduino
UNO, the pins that support PWM and can thus be used to control the
brightness of an LED through analogWrite() are pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11.

26
 Lesson10: Morse Code
Answer the following question during “Building the Circuit”

1. What will happen if you connect the cathode of an active buzzer

directly to GND and the anode to 5V? Why?
If you connect the cathode of an active buzzer directly to GND and the
anode to 5V, the buzzer will emit a continuous sound. This happens
because the internal oscillator in the buzzer is activated by the 5V power,
causing it to generate sound until the circuit is disconnected.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Using the Morse code table provided, write a code to send the message
“Hello”.
In Morse code, "Hello" would be encoded as follows based on the
characters:
 H: ....
 E: .
 L: .-..
 L: .-..
 O: ---
Putting it together, the Morse code for "Hello" is:
.... . .-.. .-.. ---
In practical communication, there's usually a longer pause between words
to differentiate them clearly, but since "Hello" is a single word, the code is
continuous with spaces only separating individual letters.

27
 Lesson11: The Colors of the Rainbow
Fill out this table during “Code Creation - Lighting Up an RGB LED”

1. If you want other colors, what should you do? Refer to the diagram
below and fill in your ideas in your handbook.

Color Red Pin Green Pin Blue Pin

Red HIGH LOW LOW
Green LOW HIGH LOW
Blue LOW LOW HIGH
Yellow HIGH HIGH LOW
Pink HIGH LOW HIGH
Cyan LOW HIGH HIGH
White HIGH HIGH HIGH

28
Fill out this table during “Code Creation - Displaying Colors”

1. Now you can adjust the values of pins 9, 10, and 11 separately, and
record the observed colors in your handbook.
Red Pin Green Pin Blue Pin Color
0 128 128 Dark blue
128 0 255 Purple
128 128 255 Light blue
255 128 0 Orange

Fill out this table during “Code Creation - Parameterized Functions”

1. Choose some of your favorite colors and fill in the table with their RGB
values.
Color Red Green Blue

29
 Lesson12: Siren Sound
Answer the following question during “Build the Circuit”

1. What will happen if you connect the cathode of an passive buzzer

directly to GND and the anode to 5V? Why?
If you connect the cathode of a passive buzzer directly to GND and the
anode to 5V, unlike an active buzzer, the passive buzzer will not make any
sound by itself because it does not have a built-in oscillator.
A passive buzzer requires an external signal to generate sound. Typically,
you need to drive it with a square wave (oscillating voltage) at the desired
frequency to create audible sounds.

Answer the following questions during “Code Creation - Make the Passive
Buzzer Sound”

1. If you switch the code and circuit pins to 7 or 8, which are not PWM pins,
will the buzzer still make a sound? You can test and then write your answer
in the handbook.
Even though pin 8 is not a PWM pin, the tone() function can still generate a
precise square wave on it, effectively driving a passive buzzer to produce
sound. This flexibility allows you to use any digital pin for sound output
without being limited to PWM-capable pins. When you call the tone(pin,
frequency) function, Arduino configures a timer to toggle the pin state
(from HIGH to LOW and back to HIGH) at the specified frequency, creating
a square wave. This square wave drives the passive buzzer, making it emit
sound at the frequency of the generated wave.

30
2. To explore how frequency and duration in tone(pin, frequency, duration)
affect the sound of the buzzer, please modify the code under two
conditions and fill in the observed phenomena in your handbook:
 Keeping frequency at 1000, gradually increase duration, from 100, 500,
to 1000. How does the sound of the buzzer change, and why?
 100 ms duration: The sound is a short beep.
 500 ms duration: The sound is a longer beep, clearly audible and
lasting half a second.
 1000 ms duration: The sound is even longer, lasting for a full second.
As you increase the duration, the sound emitted by the buzzer lasts
longer. The pitch or frequency of the sound remains constant (as it is set
at 1000 Hz), which means the tone's "note" doesn't change, but the
length of time you hear it increases. This is useful for signaling different
durations of alerts where the urgency or type of alert can be
distinguished by the length of the tone.

 Keeping duration at 100, gradually increase frequency, from 1000, 2000,

to 5000. How does the sound of the buzzer change, and why?
 1000 Hz frequency: The sound is a medium-pitched beep.
 2000 Hz frequency: The sound has a higher pitch compared to 1000
Hz.
 5000 Hz frequency: The sound is much higher-pitched, likely
perceived as sharper and possibly uncomfortable at close range.
Increasing the frequency while keeping the duration constant results
in a change in the pitch of the sound. Higher frequencies produce
higher-pitched sounds. This principle is useful for distinguishing
between different types of notifications or signals based on their
urgency or importance, with higher pitches often used for more
urgent alerts.

31
 Lesson 13: Joystick LED Navigator
Answer the following question during “Code Creation- Read from Joystick
Module”
1. The X and Y axes of the joystick module return analog values, while the
SW pin returns a digital value. In previous steps, we’ve already seen these
values on the Serial Monitor.
Please summarize the differences between digital and analog values in
Arduino programming.
In Arduino programming:
 Analog Values: Continuous values ranging from 0 to 1023,
corresponding to 0V to 5V, captured by the Arduino's analog-to-digital
converter (ADC). These values provide detailed information about signal
magnitude, as seen with the joystick's X and Y axes.
 Digital Values: Discrete values of 0 or 1, representing low (0V) or high (5V)
states. The SW pin on your joystick uses a digital signal to indicate
whether it's pressed or not, ideal for binary on/off decisions.
Analog inputs offer detailed signal intensity, while digital inputs are used for
simple presence or absence detection.

Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Controlling LEDs

Based on Joystick Movements”
1. In the last code, we controlled the corresponding LEDs based on the X
and Y values of the joystick. How would you modify the code to adjust the
brightness of these LEDs while they are lit?
To control the brightness of LEDs based on the X and Y values of the joystick,
you should utilize PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) via the analogWrite()
function instead of digitalWrite(). This approach allows you to set varying
levels of LED brightness correlating with the joystick's position, rather than
merely switching the LEDs on or off.
Here's an improved code snippet to demonstrate this concept:
Here’s how you could modify the code:
void loop() {
// Read the joystick values
int xValue = analogRead(xPin);
int yValue = analogRead(yPin);

32
 int swValue = digitalRead(swPin);

// First, turn off all LEDs

analogWrite(ledLeft, 0);
analogWrite(ledRight, 0);
analogWrite(ledUp, 0);
analogWrite(ledDown, 0);

// Check joystick positions and set LEDs accordingly

if (yValue < 412) {
// Joystick up
analogWrite(ledUp, yValue / 4);
} else if (yValue > 612) {
// Joystick down
analogWrite(ledDown, yValue / 4);
} else if (xValue < 412) {
// Joystick left
analogWrite(ledLeft, xValue / 4);
} else if (xValue > 612) {
// Joystick right
analogWrite(ledRight, xValue / 4);
}
// Add a small delay to stabilize readings
delay(100);
}

2. What is the difference in behavior of the LED connected to pin 8

compared to those on other pins, and why?
The LED connected to pin 8 on the Arduino Uno R3 only toggles between
on and off states without any variation in brightness.
This is because pin 8 does not support PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). On
the Arduino Uno R3, PWM is only available on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. The
absence of PWM capability on pin 8 means that the analogWrite() function,
which adjusts LED brightness through varying voltage levels, cannot be
used on this pin. As a result, you can only use digitalWrite() to turn the LED
fully on or off with no intermediate states.

33
 Lesson 14: Play Dinosaur Game
Answer the following question during “2. Prepare the Servo”
1. If the servo is connected to pin 8 or another non-PWM pin on an Arduino,
will it still operate correctly? Why or why not?
You can test this first before answering.

When you connect a servo motor to a pin on an Arduino, it's generally

recommended to use a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pin.
However, the Arduino's Servo library is designed to facilitate servo control
beyond just PWM pins by using software emulation to generate the
necessary signals.
This software-based approach means that servo control pulses are
managed internally by the library, not dependent on the microcontroller's
hardware PWM capabilities. As a result, the Servo library enables the use of
any digital pin—including non-PWM ones like pin 8—to effectively control a
servo.

Answer the following question during “3. Ready the Photoresistor”

1. Read the resistance value under the current ambient light and record it
in the table below.

Environment Resistance (kilohm)

Normal Light ≈5.48

Bright Light ≈0.16
Darkness ≈1954

34
 Lesson15: Cool or Warm Colors
Fill out this table during “Code Creation”

1. Open Paint or any color picking tool, find what you consider the warmest
and coolest colors, and record their RGB values in your handbook.

Color Type Red Green Blue

Warm Color 246 52 8
Cool Color 100 150 255

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. Note that the “lower bounds” of either range may be larger or smaller
than the “upper bounds”, so the map() function may be used to reverse a
range of numbers, for example:
y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, 1);
The function also handles negative numbers well, so that this example is
also valid and works well.
y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100);
For y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100);, if x equals 20, what should y be? Refer to the
following formula to calculate it.

For x=20 using the mapping formula y = map(x, 1, 50, 50, -100); the value of
y would be approximately −8.16.

35
 Lesson16: Summer Fan
Fill out this table during “Build the Circuit”
1. With 1,2EN connected to 5V, use a multimeter to measure the voltage at
pin 3 (1Y) when pin 2 (1A) is connected to 5V and when it is connected to
GND. Record the measurements in the table.
1,2EN 1A 1Y
5V 5V ≈5.04V
5V 0V ≈0V
After completing the lesson, answer the following question
1. How should the code be modified if you want to control the motor’s
direction as well?
 Modify the motorRotate() function to include direction control by using
both motor control pins.
 Add a parameter to the motorRotate() function to specify direction.
 Adjust the calls to motorRotate() in the main loop to include direction
control based on button presses.
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(button1) == LOW) {
motorRotate(0, 0); // Turn off the motor
} else if (digitalRead(button2) == LOW) {
motorRotate(150, -1); // Motor runs backward at low speed
} else if (digitalRead(button3) == LOW) {
motorRotate(200, 1); // Motor runs forward at medium speed
} else if (digitalRead(button4) == LOW) {
motorRotate(250, 1); // Motor runs forward at high speed
}
}
void motorRotate(int speed, int direction) {
if (direction >= 0) {
analogWrite(motor1A, speed);
analogWrite(motor2A, 0);
} else {
analogWrite(motor1A, 0);
analogWrite(motor2A, speed);
}
}
36
Lesson17: Exploring the I2C LCD1602 Display
After completing the lesson, answer the following question
1. If you wish to display 'Let’s count' beginning from the fifth column of the
first row on the I2C LCD1602, how should you adjust the code, and what
visual effect would you observe?
To start displaying "Let's count" from the seventh column of the first row on
the I2C LCD1602, you would adjust the lcd.setCursor() function by setting
the cursor to the sixth column (since column indices start at 0). Here's how
you can modify the code and what you might observe:
void loop() {
lcd.setCursor(6, 0); // Sets cursor to the fifth column (index
6) of the first row.
lcd.print("Let's count"); // Displays "Let's count".
lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // Moves cursor to the first column of
the second line.
lcd.print("Count: "); // Displays "Count: ".
lcd.print(count); // Prints current count next to "Count:
".
delay(1000); // Pauses for one second.
count++; // Increments counter.
lcd.clear(); // Clears the display for the next
iteration.
}

Starting from the seventh column, the text "Let's count" will begin to display
further right on the display. The text "Let's count" has 11 characters, so it will
extend to the seventeenth column, but since the LCD1602 has only 16
columns, the last character will not be visible on the display. This truncation
results in only "Let's coun" being visible, with the last "t" cut off due to the
edge of the display.
Thus, careful planning of the display layout is essential to ensure all desired
text is properly visible on the LCD screen.

37
 Lesson18: ON/OFF Desk Lamp
Fill out this table during “Build the Circuit”
1. Now, use a multimeter to measure the continuity between the COM and
NC to validate the working principle of the relay module.

State NO or NC connected to the COM terminal?

Default NC
S pin High NO

Complete the following questions upon completion of this lesson

1. What would happen if you set digital pin 7 to INPUT only? Why?
void setup() {
pinMode(9, OUTPUT); // Set pin 9 as output
pinMode(7, INPUT); // Set pin 7 as input with an internal pull-up
resistor
Serial.begin(9600); // Serial communication setup at 9600 baud
}

Setting digital pin 7 to INPUT mode in your Arduino sketch, as opposed to

INPUT_PULLUP, can lead to potential instability in the signal read from the
pin. When a pin is configured as INPUT only and not connected to either a
definitive high or low voltage through external circuitry, it becomes what is
known as "floating." A floating pin is not in a stable high or low state; its state
can fluctuate based on electrical noise or interference from the
environment. This fluctuation can lead to unpredictable readings when you
attempt to read the pin's state via digital input functions, resulting in
erroneous or inconsistent data being received by the microcontroller.
2. If pin 7 is set only to INPUT, what adjustments would need to be made to
the circuit?
If pin 7 on your Arduino is set to INPUT mode and you want to ensure stable
and predictable readings, you should add an external pull-up resistor to the
circuit. This involves connecting a 10kΩ resistor between pin 7 and the 5V
power supply on the Arduino. The pull-up resistor ensures that the input pin is
at a high state (logic level 1) when there is no other input signal present.

38
 Lesson19: Smart Trash Can
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Read the Distance”

1. If you want the distance detected by this device to be more accurate to

decimals, how should you modify the code?
To enhance the accuracy of the distance measurements in your Arduino
code and include decimal precision, you will need to adjust the calculation
in the measureDistance() function. Currently, the distance is calculated
using integer math, which truncates any decimal places. To achieve
decimal accuracy, you can modify the calculation to use floating-point
arithmetic instead of integer arithmetic.
Here’s how you can modify the code:
 Change the data type of distance from long to float to allow for
decimal values.
 Adjust the formula to ensure it performs floating-point calculations.
Here is the modified portion of the measureDistance() function:
float measureDistance() {
digitalWrite(TRIGGER_PIN, LOW); // Ensure Trig pin is low before
a pulse
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIGGER_PIN, HIGH); // Send a high pulse
delayMicroseconds(10); // Pulse duration of 10
microseconds
digitalWrite(TRIGGER_PIN, LOW); // End the high pulse

long duration = pulseIn(ECHO_PIN, HIGH); // Measure the duration

of high level on Echo pin
float distance = duration * 0.034 / 2.0; // Calculate the distance
(in cm) with decimal precision
return distance;
}

39
 Lesson20: Automatic Soap Dispenser
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Making the Water
Pump Work”

1. In this project, you connected the water pump using a specific driver
and setup. What do you think would happen if you reversed the
connections of the pump? Would the pump work in reverse, stop working,
or something else? Try this out and reflect on the outcome.

You will find that if you were to reverse the connections of the pump in your
project, the pump would still operate effectively and continue to pump
water. It would not work in reverse, stop working, or cause any damage.
Reversing the connections does not change the function of the pump due
to its bidirectional capability. The pump will continue to move water from its
inlet to its outlet as designed.

40
 Lesson21: Temperature Alarm
Fill out this table during “Building the Circuit”

1. Read the resistance value under the different temperature and record it
in the table below.
Environment Resistance (kilohm)
Current temperature 9.37
Higher temperature 6.10
Lower temperature 12.49

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. In the code, Kelvin and Celsius temperatures are calculated. If you also
want to know the Fahrenheit temperature, what should you do?
This is the standard method for converting Celsius to Fahrenheit and will give
you the temperature in Fahrenheit based on the Celsius value you already
have from your calculations.
F = C * 1.8 +32
2. Can you think of other situations or places where a temperature
monitoring system like the one we built today could be useful?
Temperature monitoring systems are widely applicable in everyday
situations and various environments. Here are a few simplified examples:
 Home Comfort: Automatically adjust your home heating or cooling
based on real-time temperature readings to keep your living space
comfortable.
 Gardening: Monitor greenhouse temperatures to ensure plants are
growing in optimal conditions. Add automated systems to adjust
temperatures as needed.
 Food Safety: Keep track of fridge and freezer temperatures to ensure
food remains safe to eat, especially in restaurants or during food
transport.
Healthcare: Monitor and log temperatures in storage areas for
temperature-sensitive medicines and vaccines to ensure they remain
effective.

41
 Lesson22: Remote-Controlled Colorful Light
Fill out this table during “Code Creation - Getting the Key Values”
1. Please carefully press each key on the remote control and record the
corresponding key values in the table in your manual.

Key Name Key Value Key Name Key Value

POWER 0x45 0 0x16
MODE 0x46 1 0xC
MUTE 0x47 2 0x18
PLAY/PAUSE 0x44 3 0x5E
BACKWARD 0x40 4 0x8
FORWARD 0x43 5 0x1C
EQ 0x7 6 0x5A
- 0x15 7 0x42
+ 0x9 8 0x52
CYCLE 0x19 9 0x4A
U/SD 0xD

42
 Lesson23: Play “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Array”

1. You can also pertable operations on the elements in the array, such as
changing to Serial.println(melody[i] * 1.3),What data will you get and why?
The number 1.3 is a floating-point number. When an integer from the
melody array (which is of type int) is multiplied by 1.3, the result of the
operation is automatically promoted to a floating-point number (float).
For each note frequency in this array, multiplying by 1.3 and then printing
the result will yield:
340.6
340.6
509.6
509.6
572.0
572.0
509.6
...

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. If you replace the passive buzzer in the circuit with an active buzzer, can
you positively play “Twinkle Twinkle Little Star”? Why?
If you replace the passive buzzer with an active buzzer to play "Twinkle
Twinkle Little Star," it won't work as intended. Active buzzers can only
produce a single tone because they have a built-in oscillator. Therefore,
you cannot control the pitch to play the melody accurately; you would
only hear a repetitive beep in the rhythm of the song, not the actual notes.

43
 Lesson24: The Pomodoro Timer
Answer the following question during “Coding Creation - millis()”

1. If the delay(100) is changed to delay(1000), what will happen to the

program? Why?
if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval) {
previousMillis = currentMillis; // Save the last time the buzzer
beeped
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, HIGH); // Make a voice
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzerPin, LOW); // silence
}

In the original code, the buzzer beeps for about 100 milliseconds every 1000
milliseconds (1 second, as set by the interval variable), followed by a
silence of 900 milliseconds. After the modification, the buzzer will beep for
1000 milliseconds every 1000 milliseconds, and then almost immediately
beep again, as the next interval starts almost right away. Thus, changing
the delay from 100 to 1000 milliseconds turns the buzzer from emitting brief
beeps to continuous sound, which becomes more annoying and unsuitable
for the original intent.
Changing delay(100) to delay(1000) in your code will make the buzzer
sound for a full second instead of just a short beep, as it increases the pause
time when the buzzer is on. This results in longer buzzer noises and less
frequent program cycles, potentially making the program less responsive to
other tasks during these intervals.
After completing the lesson, answer the following question

Think about other places in your life where you can ‘hear’ time. List a few
examples and write them in your handbook!
Hearing time is an intriguing concept, and there are several everyday
scenarios where we can experience this. Here are a few examples you
might consider noting down:
 Clocks and Watches: The ticking of analog clocks or the specific beeps
from digital watches that signal each passing second or minute.
 Kitchen Timers: The ticking and final alarm of a mechanical or digital

44
 kitchen timer counting down cooking or baking time.
 School Bells: The ringing of bells in schools that mark the beginning and
end of periods or breaks.
 Public Transport Announcements: The beeping or chimes that precede
announcements at train stations or on buses, marking the imminent
departure or arrival.
 Microwave Oven: The beeping sound when the timer ends, signaling
that the heating process is complete.
 Fitness Trackers or Sports Watches: The beeps or alarms that indicate the
completion of a set time during workouts or intervals.

45
 Lesson25: Reverse Radar System
After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. In this project, we used an active buzzer to serve as an alert mechanism,

but a passive buzzer could also be used to achieve similar functionality. If
you were to replace the active buzzer with a passive buzzer, how should
the code be modified?
If you decide to replace the active buzzer with a passive buzzer in your
Arduino project, you will need to modify the code that controls the buzzer
because passive buzzers require an alternating signal to produce sound,
unlike active buzzers that only need a high signal to beep.
Here’s how you can modify the beep() function in your code to work with a
passive buzzer:
// Function to make passive buzzer beep
void beep() {
// Generate a tone on the buzzer pin
tone(BUZZER_PIN, 2000); // 2000 Hz frequency
delay(100); // Beep duration: 100 milliseconds
noTone(BUZZER_PIN); // Stop the tone
}

46
 Lesson26: Cyber Dice
Answer the following questions during “Learn the 7-Segment Display”

1. If a segment lights up, refer to this diagram to record the segment’s pin
number and approximate position in the Handbook’s table.

Pin Segment Number Position

1 A The top
2 B The top right
3 C The bottom right
4 D The bottm
5 E The bottm left
6 F The top left
7 G The middle
8 decimal point The dot

47
2. From the tests above, it is known that the display in the kit is common
cathode, which means you only need to connect the common pin to GND
and provide a high voltage to the other pins to light up the corresponding
segments. If you want the display to show the number 2, which pins should
be provided with a high voltage? Why?

For the number 2, the segments a, b, d, e, and g need to be activated (set

to high voltage) because these are the segments that form the number 2
on the display. The segments f, c, and dp (decimal point, if present) should
remain off (low voltage) as they are not part of the number 2 display.
So, the pins that should be provided with a high voltage are those
connected to the a, b, d, e, and g segments to correctly display the
number 2.

48
 Lesson27: Flowing Light with 74HC595
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Lighting Up LEDs”

1. What happens if we change MSBFIRST to LSBFIRST in

shiftOut(DS, SHcp, MSBFIRST, B11101110);? Why?
If you change MSBFIRST to LSBFIRST, the order of the bits is reversed, and the
byte is shifted out starting from the least significant bit (the rightmost one). If
you are using the shift register to control LEDs, changing the bit order will
reverse the order in which the LEDs light up. Instead of lighting up in the
sequence originally programmed, they will light up in the reverse order.

After completing the lesson, answer the following question

1. If we want to have three LEDs lit at a time and have them appear to
"flow," how should the elements of the datArray[] array be modified?
You would start with the first three LEDs on and then move one LED to the
right in each subsequent pattern until the last three LEDs are on. Here’s how
you could define these patterns in binary:
B11100000: LEDs 1, 2, 3 are on; others are off.
B01110000: LEDs 2, 3, 4 are on; others are off.
B00111000: LEDs 3, 4, 5 are on; others are off.
B00011100: LEDs 4, 5, 6 are on; others are off.
B00001110: LEDs 5, 6, 7 are on; others are off.
B00000111: LEDs 6, 7, 8 are on; others are off.

byte dataArray[] = { B11100000, B01110000, B00111000, B00011100,

B00001110, B00000111 };

49
 Lesson 28: Show Number
Fill out this table during “Binary Numbers for Digits 0 to 9”

1. Now that we know the binary representations for digits 0 and 2, please fill
in the binary numbers for the remaining digits in the table below.
Number Binary
0 B00111111
1 B00000110
2 B01011011
3 B01001111
4 B01100110
5 B01101101
6 B01111101
7 B00000111
8 B01111111
9 B01101111

Fill out this table during “Binary Conversion”

1. Please convert the binary numbers representing digits 0 to 9 into decimal

and hexadecimal numbers using a calculator, and fill in the table. This will
give you a quick reference guide for base conversions.
Number Binary Decimal Hexadecimal
0 B00111111 63 0x3F
1 B00000110 6 0x06
2 B01011011 91 0x5B
3 B01001111 79 0x4F
4 B01100110 102 0x66

50
5 B01101101 109 0x6D
6 B01111101 125 0x7D
7 B00000111 7 0x07
8 B01111111 127 0x7F
9 B01101111 111 0x6F

51
 Lesson 29: Plant Monitor
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Read Soil Moisture”

1. In the code provided, we understand that higher moisture content results

in a lower sensor value, and moisture is typically expressed as a percentage.
How can we modify the code to display the soil moisture level as a
percentage?
To display the soil moisture level as a percentage, you first need to
understand the range of values returned by your moisture sensor when it is
completely dry and completely wet. These values can then be used to
map the sensor's analog output to a percentage scale, where 0% indicates
completely dry and 100% indicates completely wet.
Here’s how you can modify your code to calculate and display the soil
moisture as a percentage:
const int moisturePin = A1; // Define the pin where the soil moisture
sensor is connected

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communication at 9600
baud rate
}

void loop() {
int moistureValue = analogRead(moisturePin); // Read the analog
value from the moisture sensor
Serial.print("Raw Moisture Value: ");
Serial.println(moistureValue); // Output the raw sensor value to
the serial monitor for observation

// Map the moisture value from the sensor's possible range (0 to 1023)
to a percentage (0% to 100%)
float moisturePercent = map(moistureValue, 0, 1023, 100, 0);
Serial.print("Moisture Percentage: ");
Serial.print(moisturePercent);
Serial.println("%"); // Output the calculated moisture percentage
delay(1000); // Delay for one second before the next reading to
reduce data flooding
}

52
 Lesson 30: Arduino Radar System
Answer the following question during “3. Preparing the Ultrasonic Module”
1. In the above code, the ultrasonic module takes a reading every degree.
If you feel that the readings are too frequent and want to take a reading
every 5 degrees, how should the code be modified?
To modify the code so that the ultrasonic module takes a reading every 5
degrees instead of every degree, you would need to adjust the loop that
controls the servo's movement. Specifically, you would change the
increment in the for-loop from 1 to 5. This will cause the servo to move 5
degrees on each iteration of the loop, thus reducing the frequency of the
readings.
Here’s how you can adjust the loop in the code:
void loop() {
// rotates the servo from 15 to 165 degrees in steps of 5 degrees
for (int i = 15; i <= 165; i += 5) {
...
}
// rotates the servo from 165 to 15 degrees in steps of 5 degrees
for (int i = 165; i >= 15; i -= 5) {
...
}
}

53
 Lesson 31: Guess Number
After completing the lesson, answer the following question
What additional components can be added to enhance the fun of the
game? What roles do they play in the game?
To enhance the fun of the number guessing game, consider adding these
components:
 Sound Effects with a Speaker or Buzzer: Provide auditory feedback for
correct or incorrect guesses, making the game more engaging.
 RGB LEDs or LED Strips: Use visual effects like flashing colors for feedback,
making the game visually exciting.
 Scoreboard with an Additional Display: Show scores or a timer to add
competitiveness.
 Wi-Fi or Bluetooth Module: Enable remote play or multiplayer modes,
allowing players to compete from different locations.
 Touchscreen Display: Upgrade the interface for a more interactive and
modern gameplay experience.
These additions can make the game more interactive, competitive, and
enjoyable.

54
 Lesson 32: Stopwatch
Answer the following question during “Learn 4-Digit 7-Segment Display”
1. If you want the leftmost digit (d1) of the 4-digit 7-segment display to show
“2”, what should be the levels of d1~d4 and a~g pins?

Pin HIGH or LOW 7-segment Display HIGH or LOW

d1 LOW a HIGH
d2 HIGH b HIGH
d3 HIGH c LOW
d4 HIGH d HIGH
e HIGH
f LOW
g HIGH
dp LOW

55
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Scrolling Numbers
on One Digit”
In programming, bitwise operations like AND and OR are crucial for
manipulating individual bits of data. The bitwise AND operation (&),
compares each bit of its operands, resulting in 1 if both bits are 1, and 0
otherwise. Conversely, the bitwise OR operation (|), results in 1 if at least
one of the bits is 1, and 0 only if both bits are 0.
Given this information, consider the expression (B01011011 >> 2) | 1. After
right-shifting the binary number B01011011 by 2 positions, what is the result
of applying the bitwise OR with 1?
1) Right-Shifting: The operation B01011011 >> 2 shifts the bits of B01011011
to the right by 2 positions:
 Original: 01011011
 After shifting: 00010110
2) Bitwise OR with 1: The bitwise OR operation (00010110 | 1) involves
combining the right-shifted number with 1. Here's what happens:
 Before OR: 00010110
 After OR: 00010111
Conclusion
The final result of (B01011011 >> 2) | 1 is 00010111, which is 23 in decimal.
The | 1 operation ensures that the least significant bit (LSB) is set to 1, which
slightly increases the number if the LSB was initially 0. This shows how
right-shifting decreases the value by reducing its magnitude (dividing by
powers of 2), while the OR operation can be used to ensure a specific bit
pattern, such as setting the LSB.

56
Lesson 33: Exploring the RF522-RFID Module
After completing the lesson, answer the following question
1. Now that you understand how to use the RC522-RFID module for reading
or writing card or tag information and displaying it on an LCD, how would
you design a common access control system for everyday use? Describe
your design approach.
For designing a practical access control system for everyday use, my
approach would focus on usability, security, and scalability. Here's a
breakdown of my design strategy:
System Components
 RFID Reader (RC522): To handle user identification through RFID cards or
tags, which are easy to distribute and manage.
 Microcontroller (Arduino): Acts as the central processing unit to control
the RFID reader, process the input, and manage the output actions.
 LCD Display (I2C LCD1602): To provide real-time feedback to users, such
as access status or instructions.
 Buzzer: For auditory feedback, indicating access granted or denied,
which enhances the user experience.
 Keypad: Allows for an alternative form of entry via pin code, offering a
backup in case RFID tags are forgotten or lost.
User Interaction
 Users would either swipe their RFID card or enter a pin code. The system
would immediately provide visual feedback on the LCD and audible
feedback via the buzzer.
 For successful authentication, the door unlocks for a predetermined time
and then relocks automatically.
 For denied access, the system displays a message and sounds an alert.

57
 Lesson 34: Access Control System
Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Making the Stepper
Motor Rotate”
1. If you want to achieve a full rotation in one direction and then a full
rotation in the opposite direction, continuing in this cycle, how should the
code be modified?
To modify the code so that the stepper motor completes a full rotation in
one direction and then reverses to complete a full rotation in the opposite
direction, continuously cycling between the two directions, you can adjust
the loop() function in your Arduino sketch. Here’s how you can do it:
 Set the number of steps to make a full revolution. Since your stepper
motor requires 2048 steps per revolution (as defined by the STEPS
constant), you'll use this number to move the motor a full turn.
 Use the stepper.step() function with positive and negative values.
Positive values will rotate the motor in one direction, and negative
values will rotate it in the opposite direction.
Here’s the modified version of your loop() function:
void loop() {
// Set the speed of the stepper
stepper.setSpeed(5);

// Rotate clockwise
stepper.step(STEPS); // Move 2048 steps (one full revolution)
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

// Rotate counterclockwise
stepper.step(-STEPS); // Move -2048 steps (one full revolution in
the opposite direction)
delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second
}

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Answer the following question during “Code Creation - Access Control
System”
1. Now that a basic access control system has been set up, what
additional components could be added to enhance its functionality and
flexibility?
Here are some additional components that could be integrated into your
access control system to enhance its functionality and flexibility:
 Buzzer for Audio Feedback: Provides audio feedback for access events,
enhancing user interaction with signals for granted or denied access,
and system alerts.
 Matrix Keypad for Code Entry: Allows pin code entry as an alternate
authentication method, useful for users without RFID cards or for systems
requiring dual-factor authentication.
 Camera for Visual Identification: Captures images or videos for
additional security verification and maintains a visual log of access
events.
 Motion Sensors: Detects presence before reaching the control point,
activating the system or alerting security to unauthorized access
attempts.

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