Week 8 Module on Cloud Computing

Introduction to Docker Container

• Overview of Docker:
• Definition: Docker is a container management service, first released in March
2013.
• Key Features: Develop, ship, and run applications anywhere, making it popular
in Agile-based development projects.
• Main Purpose: It allows developers to package applications in containers,
ensuring they can be deployed across any environment.
• Benefits of Docker:
• Reduces development size by providing a smaller OS footprint.
• Facilitates seamless collaboration between development, QA, and operations
teams.
• Containers are lightweight and scalable, deployable on physical, virtual machines,
and cloud environments.
• Docker Components:
• Docker for Mac/Linux/Windows: Platforms for running Docker on respective
OS.
• Docker Engine: Builds Docker images and manages containers.
• Docker Hub: Registry for hosting Docker images.
• Docker Compose: Used to define multi-container applications.
• Docker vs. Traditional Virtualization:
• In traditional virtualization, hypervisors are used to run multiple OS on virtual
machines.
• Docker uses containers to run apps natively, sharing the host OS kernel and
reducing resource consumption.

Green Cloud Computing

• Green Cloud Concept:
• Definition: Green Cloud computing focuses on energy-efficient processing,
utilizing cloud infrastructure while minimizing environmental impact.
• Advantages of Cloud Computing:
• Cost reduction on tech infrastructure, streamlining processes, improved
accessibility, and reduced capital costs.
• Challenges:
• Data centers consume large amounts of power, contributing to carbon
emissions and increasing operational costs.
• Importance of Energy Efficiency:
• Data centers consume significantly more energy per square foot than typical
 buildings, with cooling systems costing millions annually.
• Energy expenses in data centers are expected to account for up to 50% of
operational costs in the coming years.
• Green Cloud Framework:
• Focuses on reducing carbon emissions by optimizing cloud resource management
for energy efficiency.
• Large companies like Google, Microsoft, and Amazon are adopting strategies to
reduce energy costs, such as building data centers near hydroelectric power
sources.

Sensor Cloud Computing

• Sensor Cloud Overview:
• Combines sensor networks with cloud infrastructure to handle real-time data from
various sources (e.g., IoT, RFID, mobile phones).
• Challenges of Sensor Networks:
• Limited scalability, proprietary designs, and difficulty in data sharing and
resource management.
• Sensor networks are application-specific, making them inflexible for new
or changing requirements.
• Advantages of Sensor Cloud:
• Integrates large-scale sensor networks with cloud computing for real-time data
processing and decision-making.
• Enables users to access, process, visualize, and share large amounts of sensor data
from different applications.
• Allows cross-disciplinary applications across organizational boundaries.
• Virtual Sensors:
• Virtual sensors emulate physical sensors and manage the data flow between the
physical and digital environments.
• They provide distribution and location transparency, allowing for complex
processing tasks in sensor networks.

IoT Cloud
• Overview of IoT Cloud:
• The Internet of Things (IoT) extends network connectivity to physical devices
("things") that can collect and exchange data.
• Basic IoT Architecture:
• IoT systems consist of three building blocks: Things, Gateway, and
Network & Cloud.
• IoT applications rely heavily on cloud computing to store and process data
generated by IoT devices.
 • IoT System Characteristics:
• Scalability: Can handle large numbers of connected devices, networks, and vast
amounts of data.
• Big Data: Requires advanced processing to extract patterns and support real-time
decisions.
• Heterogeneous Systems: IoT systems often consist of various sensors, devices,
and network types, necessitating IoT gateways to manage them.
• Role of Cloud in IoT:
• Cloud platforms provide scalable computing resources to handle IoT data,
enabling IoT systems to function efficiently across wide geographic areas.
• Cloud services offer flexibility for firmware updates, processing, and managing
IoT devices.

Course Summary and Research Areas

• Cloud Computing Fundamentals:
• NIST Model: Introduction to cloud computing, its architecture, deployment, and
service models.
• XaaS Models: Explores Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service
(PaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
• Data Management: Techniques for handling big data in the cloud (e.g.,
MapReduce, GFS, HDFS).
• Cloud Security:
• Key Topics: Access control, identity management, trust, reputation, and risk in
cloud environments.
• Emerging Research Areas:
• Fog Computing: Bringing cloud services closer to edge devices to reduce
latency.
• Green Cloud: Optimizing energy efficiency in cloud data centers.
• Container Technology: Usage of Docker and other container technologies in
modern cloud environments.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Docker Container
1. What is Docker?
• Docker is a container management service that allows developers to develop,
ship, and run applications anywhere.
2. What are the main features of Docker?
• The main features are its ability to facilitate development, shipping, and running
of containers across various environments.
3. What is the goal of Docker?
 • The goal is to provide interoperability and simplify the process of application
deployment across different systems.
4. Why are Docker containers considered lightweight?
• Docker containers share the host OS kernel, making them smaller and faster
compared to virtual machines.
5. What are the components of Docker?
• Components include Docker for Mac, Linux, Windows, Docker Engine, Docker
Hub, and Docker Compose.
6. What is Docker Engine used for?
• It is used for building Docker images and creating Docker containers.
7. What is the role of Docker Hub?
• Docker Hub is a registry for hosting and sharing Docker images.
8. How does Docker differ from traditional virtualization?
• Docker uses containers, which share the host OS, whereas traditional VMs have
separate OS layers, making Docker more resource-efficient.
9. What is a Dockerfile?
• A Dockerfile is a build script used to create Docker images automatically.
10.What does Docker Compose do?
• Docker Compose defines and manages applications that use multiple Docker
containers.

Green Cloud (Lecture 37)

11.What is Green Cloud computing?
• Green Cloud aims to achieve efficient processing and utilization of computing
infrastructure while minimizing energy consumption.
12.Why is energy consumption a challenge in cloud computing?
• Data centers consume significant energy, with cooling systems being major
contributors to operational costs.
13.What percentage of energy costs do data centers typically account for?
• Energy can account for up to 50% of data center operational costs.
14.What is a two-tier data center architecture?
• It consists of Access and Core layers with full mesh core networks and load
balancing via ICMP.
15.What is the significance of Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)?
• PUE is a metric for measuring energy efficiency in data centers.
16.What are some initiatives taken by cloud service providers to reduce energy costs?
• Companies like Amazon and Google are building data centers near hydroelectric
power sources to reduce energy expenses.
 17.What is the environmental impact of data centers?
• Data centers’ carbon emissions are comparable to the emissions of small countries
like Argentina or the Netherlands.
18.What is a Green Broker in cloud computing?
• A Green Broker analyzes user requirements, calculates costs and carbon
footprints, and schedules applications with carbon-aware policies.
19.How does Green Cloud computing aim to improve data center efficiency?
• By focusing on optimizing energy efficiency while maintaining high service
performance.
20.What are the open issues in Green Cloud computing?
• Maximizing efficiency of green data centers and enabling developing regions to
benefit from cloud technology are key research areas.

Sensor Cloud (Lecture 38)

21.What is Sensor Cloud computing?
• Sensor Cloud integrates large-scale sensor networks with cloud computing
infrastructure, enabling data collection, sharing, and processing.
22.What are Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)?
• WSNs consist of small, low-power nodes with sensing, processing, and
communication capabilities, useful in domains like healthcare and defense.
23.What are the limitations of traditional sensor networks?
• They are difficult to scale, vendor-specific, and have insufficient resources for
large-scale applications.
24.How does Sensor Cloud address these limitations?
• It integrates sensor data with cloud computing, enabling real-time processing,
data sharing, and scalable applications.
25.What are virtual sensors in a Sensor Cloud?
• Virtual sensors emulate physical sensors, providing customized data views while
abstracting physical sensor details.
26.What is the role of the Sensor Cloud Proxy?
• It manages sensor network connectivity and exposes sensor resources as cloud
services.
27.What is a use case of Sensor Cloud in traffic management?
• Traffic flow sensors provide real-time data to optimize trips, and additional
sensors can offer localized weather information.
28.What are the benefits of using virtual sensors in Sensor Cloud?
• Virtual sensors enable better resource sharing, scalability, and the ability to handle
complex queries by combining sensor data.
 29.What is a one-to-many virtual sensor configuration?
• One physical sensor is shared among many virtual sensors, with middleware
managing access and sampling frequency.
30.What are derived virtual sensors?
• Derived sensors combine data from multiple physical sensors to compute more
complex metrics, such as environmental safety.

IoT Cloud (Lecture 39)

31.What is IoT Cloud computing?
• IoT Cloud integrates Internet of Things (IoT) devices with cloud services to
process, store, and analyze sensor data.
32.What are the key components of an IoT system?
• Components include Things (sensors), Gateway, Network, and Cloud.
33.How does cloud computing benefit IoT systems?
• Cloud platforms provide scalable storage and processing power to manage the
vast data generated by IoT devices.
34.What challenges do IoT systems face?
• Challenges include scalability, data processing speed, real-time responses, and
distributed architecture.
35.What is the role of IoT gateways?
• Gateways connect sensors to the cloud, manage communication, and provide
processing at the network's edge.
36.What is the relationship between IoT and Big Data?
• IoT generates vast amounts of data that require Big Data technologies for analysis
and decision-making.
37.What is a motivating example of IoT Cloud in vehicular data services?
• Cloud platforms manage vehicular data to provide services like intelligent
parking and vehicle warranty analysis.
38.What are the building blocks of an IoT platform?
• The key blocks are sensors, gateways, cloud infrastructure, and data analytics
tools.
39.How does IoT Cloud address the issue of heterogeneous systems?
• IoT Cloud platforms manage the integration of various types of sensors and
networks, ensuring smooth communication and data sharing.
40.What is the significance of edge computing in IoT Cloud?
• Edge computing processes data close to the source (IoT devices) to reduce latency
and improve real-time decision-making.
Course Summary (Lecture 40)
41.What are the main cloud service models?
• IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), and SaaS
(Software-as-a-Service).
42.What are the deployment models in cloud computing?
• Public Cloud, Private Cloud, Hybrid Cloud, and Community Cloud.
43.What is a Service Level Agreement (SLA)?
• SLAs define the expected service performance and terms between a cloud service
provider and its users.
44.What are the research trends in cloud computing?
• Trends include Fog Computing, Green Cloud, Sensor Cloud, and Container
Technology.
45.What is cloud federation?
• Cloud federation allows multiple cloud providers to collaborate, sharing resources
and services across different clouds.
46.What is cloud migration?
• Cloud migration involves moving data, applications, and services from on-
premise infrastructure to the cloud.
47.How is cloud metering and monitoring performed?
• Metering tracks resource usage for billing, and monitoring ensures services run
efficiently and securely.
48.What are microservices in cloud architecture?
• Microservices are small, independent services that work together to build
applications in a scalable and flexible manner.
49.What are some performance challenges in cloud systems?
• Performance challenges include maintaining availability, reliability, and
scalability under varying workloads.
50.What is virtualization in cloud computing?
• Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical
machine, optimizing resource usage.
51.What are some security issues in cloud computing?
• Security concerns include data privacy, identity management, and protection from
side-channel attacks.
52.What is Fog Computing?
• Fog Computing extends cloud services closer to the edge of the network, reducing
latency and bandwidth consumption.
53.How does cloud computing support Big Data analytics?
• Cloud platforms provide the scalable storage and processing resources required
 for managing and analyzing large datasets.
54.What are the advantages of container technology in cloud computing?
• Containers are lightweight, efficient, and portable, making them ideal for
microservices and agile development.
55.What are the key issues in cloud resource management?
• Resource management involves optimizing the allocation of computational,
storage, and network resources in the cloud.
56.What is cloud bursting?
• Cloud bursting is a hybrid cloud technique where workloads run in a private
cloud until additional capacity is needed, and then spill over to a public cloud.
57.What is cloud orchestration?
• Cloud orchestration automates the management and coordination of various cloud
services to optimize performance and cost-efficiency.
58.What is the role of cloud service composition?
• Cloud service composition involves integrating multiple services to form more
complex applications.
59.What is the significance of Green and Energy Management in Cloud Computing?
• Managing energy efficiently reduces operational costs and minimizes the
environmental impact of data centers.
60.What is the future of cloud computing?
• The future lies in further integration with IoT, edge computing, AI-driven
optimizations, and increasing adoption of green technologies.