Geographical Information System: Dr. H. J. Chauhan Assistant Professor BVM Engg. College
Geographical Information System: Dr. H. J. Chauhan Assistant Professor BVM Engg. College
(GIS)
Dr. H. J. Chauhan
Assistant Professor
BVM Engg. College
Introduction to GIS
An information system that is designed to work with
data referenced by spatial or geographic co-ordinates.
In other words, a GIS is both a database system with
specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as
well as a set of operations for working with the data.
GIS may be thought of as a higher-order map
A system of computer hardware, software and
procedures designed to support the capture,
management, manipulation, analysis, and display of
spatially referenced data for solving complex planning
and management problems.
Why GIS is needed
Poorly maintained geospatial data
Out of date maps and statistics
Inaccurate data and information
Absence of data retrieval service
Absence of data sharing
Digital format data is compact and large quantities
can be maintained and retrieved at a greater
speed and lesser cost
Planning scenarios, decision models and
interactive process are normal functions of GIS
Ability to perform complex spatial analysis rapidly
Ability to manipulate different types of data
efficiently
Benefits of GIS
Geospatial data better maintained in a standard
format
Revision and updating easier
Geospatial data and information easier to search,
analyze and represent
Value added products can be generated
Geospatial data can be shared and exchanged
freely
Productivity and efficiency of staff is improved
Saving in time and money
Better decisions making
GIS: Components
4Ms of GIS
Measurements
Maps
Monitoring
Modeling
Components of GIS
GIS consists of the following three components
Hardware Used to store, process and display
Software Used to control and perform operations
Expertise Human element required to drive system to
meet requirements
Major software components
GIS software comprises several functionally
related components to carry out variety of
operations.
These can be grouped as follows:
Data acquisition/Input
Data processing and preprocessing
Database management (storage and retrieval)
Spatial data manipulation and analysis
Product generation: output and visualization
GIS Software Functional elements
Components Sub-components
Data acquisition/Input Digitizing and Editing