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Circuit Theorems Lecture 1

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36 views21 pages

Circuit Theorems Lecture 1

Uploaded by

sanasniraj37
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CIRCUIT THEOREMS

DR. KISHOR M. SONAWANE


DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
FERGUSSON COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),
PUNE
IMPORTANT FORMULAE
1. RT = R1 + R2 + R3 ............... Series circuit
1 1 1 1
2. = + + ............. Parallel circuit
RT R1 R2 R3
3. When R1 and R2 are in series across a supply V then voltage across
R2 by Voltage divider formula

R2  V
VR 2 =
R1 + R2

4. When R1 and R2 are in parallel then the current through R2 by


Current divider formula

R1  I T R2  I T
I2 = I1 =
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Current divider formula:
The current I has been divided into I1 and I2 into two parallel branches
with the resistance R1 and R2 and V is the voltage drop across the
resistance R1 and R2.
As we know,
V = IR...........(1)
Then the equation of the current is
written as:
V V
I1 = and I 2 =
R1 R2

Let the total resistance of the circuit be R and is given by the equation
shown below:
R1 R2
R= ..................(2)
R1 + R2
Equation (1) can also be written as:

V
I = ..........................(3)
R
Now, putting the value of R from the equation (2) in the equation (3) we will
get

V ( R1 + R2 )
I= .....................(4)
R1 R2
But,
V = I1 R1 = I 2 R2 .....................(5)

Putting the value of V = I1R1 from the equation (5) in equation (4), we
finally get the equation as Putting the value of V = I1R1 from the equation
(5) in equation (4), we finally get the equation as

I1 R1 ( R1 + R2 ) I1
I= = ( R1 + R2 )...........(6)
R1 R2 R2
And now considering V = I2R2 the equation will be:

I 2 R2 ( R1 + R2 ) I1
I= = ( R1 + R2 )...........(7)
R1 R2 R1
Thus, from the equation (6) and (7) the value of the current I1 and
I2 respectively is given by the equation below:
R2 R1
I1 = I and I 2 = I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Thus, in the current division rule, it is said that the current in any of
the parallel branches is equal to the ratio of opposite branch resistance
to the total resistance, multiplied by the total current.
Voltage divider formula:
The voltage division rule can be understood by considering a series
circuit shown below. In a series circuit, voltage is divided, whereas the
current remains the same.

Let us consider a voltage source V or E with the resistance r1 and


r2 connected in series across it.
As we know,
I = V/R or we can say I = E/R
Therefore, the current (i) in the loop ABCD will be:

V
i= ................... (8)
r1 + r2
and V1 = ir1................... (9)
By putting the value of I from equation (8) in equation (9) the voltage
across the resistance r1 and r2 respectively are given by the equation
shown below as:

V  R1 V  R2
V1 = and V2 =
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Thus, the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the
value of that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series
elements divided by the total resistance of the series elements.
Thevenin's theorem : A linear two
terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of
a voltage VTh in series with an
impedance ZTh , where VTh is the
open circuit voltage at the
terminals and ZTh is the input or
equivalent impedance at the
terminals when the independent
source are turned off.
Finding VTh and ZTh
Finding ZTh when circuit has dependant sources
Circuit with Load
Thevenin’s Theorem Procedure:
I : Make output terminal Open and find
the equivalent voltage ( Veq= VTh )
II : Make voltage source Short and find
equivalent resistance ( Req )
III : Connect them in Thevenin equivalent
circuit and find the required quantity.
Norton's Theorem : a linear two
terminal circuit can be replaced by
an equivalent circuit consisting of a
current source IN in parallel with an
impendence ZN , where IN is the
short circuit current through the
terminals and ZN is the input or
equivalent impedance at the
terminals when the independent
source are turned off.
RN = RTh
Finding Norton current IN

𝐼𝑁 = 𝑖𝑠𝑐

𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝐼𝑁 =
𝑅𝑇ℎ
Norton’s Theorem Procedure:
I : Make output terminal Short and find
the equivalent voltage (Ieq)
II : Make voltage source Short and find
equivalent resistance ( Req )
III : Connect them in Norton’s equivalent
circuit and find the required quantity.
Thevenin and Norton Equivalent

𝑽𝑻𝒉 = 𝒗𝒐𝒄

𝑰𝑵 = 𝒊𝒔𝒄

𝒗𝒐𝒄 𝑽𝑻𝒉
𝑹𝑻𝒉 = = = 𝑹𝑵
𝒊𝒔𝒄 𝑰𝑵
Thevenin’s Theorem Norton’s Theorem

1. It is used when a complex network 1.It is used when a complex network


contains one or many voltage contains one or many current sources.
sources.
2. Mostly used in analysis of voltage. 2. Mostly used in analysis of current.
3. It has a single equivalent voltage 3. It has a single equivalent current
source (Veq) when terminals are open source (Ieq) when terminals are short
circuited. circuited.
4. The Thevinin equivalent resistance 4. The Norton equivalent resistance
(Req) is in series with Veq. (Req) is in parallel with Ieq.
5. 5.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Maximum power : transferred to the
load when the load resistance equals
the Thevenin resistance as seen from
the load (RL = RTh)
2
𝑉𝑇ℎ
𝑅𝐿 =𝑅𝑇ℎ 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
4𝑅𝑇ℎ

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